1. HORSES: Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis)

Question 1

disease

Answer 1

-HIGHLY contagious equine metritis

-sexually transmitted disease of horses

Question 2

caused by

Answer 2

Taylorella equigenitalis

Question 3

characterized by

Answer 3

-ACUTE, SELF-LIMITING, suppurative metritis endometritis

-ACUTE, SELF-LIMITING, suppurative metritis and infertility

Question 4

agent

Answer 4

> Taylorella equigenitalis
gram -
non-motile coccobacillus

Question 5

serotypes? biotypes?

Answer 5

-1 serotype

-2 biotypes:
> streptomycin-SENSITIVE (more common)
and
>streptomycin-RESISTANT

Question 6

survival ?

Answer 6

-do not survives longterm in free-living form in environment

-Can infect and replicate in free-living AMOEBAE (at least 1 week)

-susceptible to most common disinfectants

Question 7

HR

Answer 7

> horses

> donkeys under experimental conditions

Question 8

notifiable?

Answer 8

notifiable disease

Question 9

where ?

Answer 9

-HAS been detected in EU, North and South America, Africa and Asia

> is eradicated in some countries

> can be absent or rare in some breeds of horses (ex. Thoroughbreds) due to control programs

Question 10

infected horses ?

Answer 10

DO NOT become systemically ill or die

Question 11

infection rate

Answer 11

less or same than 100%

Question 12

clinical disease

Answer 12

30-40%

Question 13

transmission: excretion (sometimes intermittent)

Answer 13

-semen, vaginal discharge, placenta

> STALLIONS can be found in urethral fossa and its associated sinus, distal urethra, exterior of penis and prepuce and occasionally in pre-ejaculatory fluid of stallions

> MARES maintain bacteria on clitoris, particularly in clitoral sinuses and fossa, but few carry it in uterus

Question 14

transmission: transmitted

Answer 14

-in utero (breeding or AI, transplacental infection)

-fomites

-contact of external genitalia of foal with T.equigenitalis - positive placenta or clitoral area

Question 15

transmission: route

Answer 15

venereal (sukupuoliteitse)

Question 16

transmission: stallions

Answer 16

stallions can become carriers for many months or even years

Question 17

distribution 21-23

Answer 17

EU, Norway, UK, Baltics, USA

Question 18

outbreaks: 21-23

Answer 18

UK, Baltics, UK, DENMARK

Question 19

IP

Answer 19

10-14 days (2-14d)

Question 20

CS: stallions

Answer 20

• Stallions are SUBCLINICAL CARRIERS
• rare cases: ORCHITIS (kives infektio-turvotus ja punoitus)

Question 21

CS: MARES

Answer 21

-return to estrus after shortened estrus cycle

-mucopurulent, grayish-white vaginal discharge

-variable degrees of endometritis(=kohdun limakalvon tulehdus) , cervicitis(=kohdunkaulan tulehdus) and vaginitis(=emättimen tulehdus)

-infertility for few weeks

-abortions (around 7 months gestation) are RARE !!

Question 22

can mares carry T.equigenitalis?

Answer 22

some mares carry T.equigenitalis for time

Question 23

PM: lesions?

Answer 23

-lesions are NOT pathognomonic (havaitut vauriot ei taudille taudinomaisia, ei riitä yksin diagnostiikkaan)

Question 24

PM correct/good for diagnostic ?

Answer 24

-endometritis with mucopurulent exudate

-edema, hyperemia and mucopurulent exudate on cervix

-mild multifocal salpingitis

-vaginitis

-lesions are most apparent approx. 14 days after infection

> Horse uterus>uterine body contains mucopurulent exudate

> Mucopurulent cervitis in ACUTE STAGE of disease

Question 25

DDx

Answer 25

-pyometra -sporadic endometritis: 1. klebsiella pneumonia 2.pseudomonas aeruginosa 3.streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus 4. Escherichia coli

Question 26

diagnosis

Answer 26

- 3 TESTS : AT 3-7 intervals

Question 27

diagnosis : material -MARES

Answer 27

-swabs from clitoral sinuses, clitoral sinuses -cervical and endometrial swabs -placenta -aborted fetuses

Question 28

diagnosis: material - STALLIONS

Answer 28

-swabs from prepuce -urethral fossa -penile sheath (external surface of penis) -preejucalotory fluid

Question 29

diagnosis: LAB

Answer 29

-bacterial culture: difficult to grow -PCR -immunological methods ( cross-reactions): slide agglutination, latex agglutination and immunostaining -indirect immunofluorescence: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis -serology Is UNREALIABLE as diagnostic tool > can be helpful as adjunct screening test -carrier mares may or may not be seropositive >stallions DO NOT produce detectable antibodies to T.equigenitalis !!

Question 30

diagnosis: antibodies

Answer 30

-antibodies from day 7 after infection -in some animals: undetectable for up to 2-3 weeks

Question 31

Tx: in carriers

Answer 31

-washing external genitalia with disinfectants: e.g. chlorhexidine -washing of clitoral fossa and sinuses -local antimicrobial treatments: nitrofurazone, silver sulfadiazine or gentamicin treatment -systemic AB in some animals -surgical excision of clitoral sinuses

Question 32

prevention

Answer 32

-surveillance / testing -quarantine of infected animals -treatment and moratorium on breeding from infected animals (ei käytetä breeding ollenkaan tai tietyksi ajaksi) -good hygiene

Question 33

vaccine?

Answer 33

NO!!! (bacterial infection) >vaccine is NOT available (bacteria)

Question 34

diagnosis: carrier stallions

Answer 34

-because carrier stallion can have few organism, cultures from these animals may be unsuccessful -culture should be performed by laboratory experience in isolating T.equigenitalis = this organism is fastidious and difficult to grow -it can be isolated Contagious equine metritis on chocolate (heated blood) agar -additives (e.g. Timoney's medium) are often incorporated to suppress growth of commensal organisms, which may otherwise prevent its recovery -Some media take advantage of resistance of certain T.equigenitalis strains to streptomycin; however, streptomycin-sensitive biotypes are now more common, and isolation should NOT rely solely on such media -Colonies usually become visible in 3-6days > may rarely take up 2 weeks to appear

Question 35

some mares can also

Answer 35

clear infection on their own >unpredictable and may take several months or more in some cases >ACUTELY infected mares may or may not be treated with ABs > it is unclear whether treated mares eliminate organism more rapidly