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ANIMAL INF.DISEASES 2-part 3 > 1. HORSES: Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) > Flashcards

1. HORSES: Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) Flashcards

Hevosen tarttuva kohtutulehdus

1
Q

disease

A

-HIGHLY contagious equine metritis

-sexually transmitted disease of horses

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2
Q

caused by

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

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3
Q

characterized by

A

-ACUTE, SELF-LIMITING, suppurative metritis endometritis

-ACUTE, SELF-LIMITING, suppurative metritis and infertility

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4
Q

agent

A

> Taylorella equigenitalis
gram -
non-motile coccobacillus

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5
Q

serotypes? biotypes?

A

-1 serotype

-2 biotypes:
> streptomycin-SENSITIVE (more common)
and
>streptomycin-RESISTANT

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6
Q

survival ?

A

-do not survives longterm in free-living form in environment

-Can infect and replicate in free-living AMOEBAE (at least 1 week)

-susceptible to most common disinfectants

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7
Q

HR

A

> horses

> donkeys under experimental conditions

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8
Q

notifiable?

A

notifiable disease

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9
Q

where ?

A

-HAS been detected in EU, North and South America, Africa and Asia

> is eradicated in some countries

> can be absent or rare in some breeds of horses (ex. Thoroughbreds) due to control programs

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10
Q

infected horses ?

A

DO NOT become systemically ill or die

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11
Q

infection rate

A

less or same than 100%

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12
Q

clinical disease

A

30-40%

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13
Q

transmission: excretion (sometimes intermittent)

A

-semen, vaginal discharge, placenta

> STALLIONS can be found in urethral fossa and its associated sinus, distal urethra, exterior of penis and prepuce and occasionally in pre-ejaculatory fluid of stallions

> MARES maintain bacteria on clitoris, particularly in clitoral sinuses and fossa, but few carry it in uterus

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14
Q

transmission: transmitted

A

-in utero (breeding or AI, transplacental infection)

-fomites

-contact of external genitalia of foal with T.equigenitalis - positive placenta or clitoral area

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15
Q

transmission: route

A

venereal (sukupuoliteitse)

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16
Q

transmission: stallions

A

stallions can become carriers for many months or even years

17
Q

distribution 21-23

A

EU, Norway, UK, Baltics, USA

18
Q

outbreaks: 21-23

A

UK, Baltics, UK, DENMARK

19
Q

IP

A

10-14 days (2-14d)

20
Q

CS: stallions

A
  • Stallions are SUBCLINICAL CARRIERS
  • rare cases: ORCHITIS (kives infektio-turvotus ja punoitus)
21
Q

CS: MARES

A

-return to estrus after shortened estrus cycle

-mucopurulent, grayish-white vaginal discharge

-variable degrees of endometritis(=kohdun limakalvon tulehdus) , cervicitis(=kohdunkaulan tulehdus) and vaginitis(=emättimen tulehdus)

-infertility for few weeks

-abortions (around 7 months gestation) are RARE !!

22
Q

can mares carry T.equigenitalis?

A

some mares carry T.equigenitalis for time

23
Q

PM: lesions?

A

-lesions are NOT pathognomonic (havaitut vauriot ei taudille taudinomaisia, ei riitä yksin diagnostiikkaan)

24
Q

PM correct/good for diagnostic ?

A

-endometritis with mucopurulent exudate

-edema, hyperemia and mucopurulent exudate on cervix

-mild multifocal salpingitis

-vaginitis

-lesions are most apparent approx. 14 days after infection

> Horse uterus>uterine body contains mucopurulent exudate

> Mucopurulent cervitis in ACUTE STAGE of disease

25
Q

DDx

A

-pyometra

-sporadic endometritis:
1. klebsiella pneumonia
2.pseudomonas aeruginosa
3.streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus
4. Escherichia coli

26
Q

diagnosis

A
  • 3 TESTS : AT 3-7 intervals
27
Q

diagnosis : material -MARES

A

-swabs from clitoral sinuses, clitoral sinuses

-cervical and endometrial swabs

-placenta

-aborted fetuses

28
Q

diagnosis: material - STALLIONS

A

-swabs from prepuce

-urethral fossa

-penile sheath (external surface of penis)

-preejucalotory fluid

29
Q

diagnosis: LAB

A

-bacterial culture: difficult to grow

-PCR

-immunological methods ( cross-reactions): slide agglutination, latex agglutination and immunostaining

-indirect immunofluorescence: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

-serology Is UNREALIABLE as diagnostic tool > can be helpful as adjunct screening test

-carrier mares may or may not be seropositive

> stallions DO NOT produce detectable antibodies to T.equigenitalis !!

30
Q

diagnosis: antibodies

A

-antibodies from day 7 after infection

-in some animals: undetectable for up to 2-3 weeks

31
Q

Tx: in carriers

A

-washing external genitalia with disinfectants: e.g. chlorhexidine

-washing of clitoral fossa and sinuses

-local antimicrobial treatments: nitrofurazone, silver sulfadiazine or gentamicin treatment

-systemic AB in some animals

-surgical excision of clitoral sinuses

32
Q

prevention

A

-surveillance / testing

-quarantine of infected animals

-treatment and moratorium on breeding from infected animals (ei käytetä breeding ollenkaan tai tietyksi ajaksi)

-good hygiene

33
Q

vaccine?

A

NO!!! (bacterial infection)

> vaccine is NOT available (bacteria)

34
Q

diagnosis: carrier stallions

A

-because carrier stallion can have few organism, cultures from these animals may be unsuccessful

-culture should be performed by laboratory experience in isolating T.equigenitalis = this organism is fastidious and difficult to grow

-it can be isolated Contagious equine metritis on chocolate (heated blood) agar

-additives (e.g. Timoney’s medium) are often incorporated to suppress growth of commensal organisms, which may otherwise prevent its recovery

-Some media take advantage of resistance of certain T.equigenitalis strains to streptomycin; however, streptomycin-sensitive biotypes are now more common, and isolation should NOT rely solely on such media

-Colonies usually become visible in 3-6days > may rarely take up 2 weeks to appear

35
Q

some mares can also

A

clear infection on their own

> unpredictable and may take several months or more in some cases

> ACUTELY infected mares may or may not be treated with ABs

> it is unclear whether treated mares eliminate organism more rapidly

ANIMAL INF.DISEASES 2-part 3 (20 decks)

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