1. HORSES: Contagious equine metritis (Taylorella equigenitalis) Flashcards
Hevosen tarttuva kohtutulehdus
disease
-HIGHLY contagious equine metritis
-sexually transmitted disease of horses
caused by
Taylorella equigenitalis
characterized by
-ACUTE, SELF-LIMITING, suppurative metritis endometritis
-ACUTE, SELF-LIMITING, suppurative metritis and infertility
agent
> Taylorella equigenitalis
gram -
non-motile coccobacillus
serotypes? biotypes?
-1 serotype
-2 biotypes:
> streptomycin-SENSITIVE (more common)
and
>streptomycin-RESISTANT
survival ?
-do not survives longterm in free-living form in environment
-Can infect and replicate in free-living AMOEBAE (at least 1 week)
-susceptible to most common disinfectants
HR
> horses
> donkeys under experimental conditions
notifiable?
notifiable disease
where ?
-HAS been detected in EU, North and South America, Africa and Asia
> is eradicated in some countries
> can be absent or rare in some breeds of horses (ex. Thoroughbreds) due to control programs
infected horses ?
DO NOT become systemically ill or die
infection rate
less or same than 100%
clinical disease
30-40%
transmission: excretion (sometimes intermittent)
-semen, vaginal discharge, placenta
> STALLIONS can be found in urethral fossa and its associated sinus, distal urethra, exterior of penis and prepuce and occasionally in pre-ejaculatory fluid of stallions
> MARES maintain bacteria on clitoris, particularly in clitoral sinuses and fossa, but few carry it in uterus
transmission: transmitted
-in utero (breeding or AI, transplacental infection)
-fomites
-contact of external genitalia of foal with T.equigenitalis - positive placenta or clitoral area
transmission: route
venereal (sukupuoliteitse)
transmission: stallions
stallions can become carriers for many months or even years
distribution 21-23
EU, Norway, UK, Baltics, USA
outbreaks: 21-23
UK, Baltics, UK, DENMARK
IP
10-14 days (2-14d)
CS: stallions
- Stallions are SUBCLINICAL CARRIERS
- rare cases: ORCHITIS (kives infektio-turvotus ja punoitus)
CS: MARES
-return to estrus after shortened estrus cycle
-mucopurulent, grayish-white vaginal discharge
-variable degrees of endometritis(=kohdun limakalvon tulehdus) , cervicitis(=kohdunkaulan tulehdus) and vaginitis(=emättimen tulehdus)
-infertility for few weeks
-abortions (around 7 months gestation) are RARE !!
can mares carry T.equigenitalis?
some mares carry T.equigenitalis for time
PM: lesions?
-lesions are NOT pathognomonic (havaitut vauriot ei taudille taudinomaisia, ei riitä yksin diagnostiikkaan)
PM correct/good for diagnostic ?
-endometritis with mucopurulent exudate
-edema, hyperemia and mucopurulent exudate on cervix
-mild multifocal salpingitis
-vaginitis
-lesions are most apparent approx. 14 days after infection
> Horse uterus>uterine body contains mucopurulent exudate
> Mucopurulent cervitis in ACUTE STAGE of disease
DDx
-pyometra
-sporadic endometritis:
1. klebsiella pneumonia
2.pseudomonas aeruginosa
3.streptococcus equi subsp. Zooepidemicus
4. Escherichia coli
diagnosis
- 3 TESTS : AT 3-7 intervals
diagnosis : material -MARES
-swabs from clitoral sinuses, clitoral sinuses
-cervical and endometrial swabs
-placenta
-aborted fetuses
diagnosis: material - STALLIONS
-swabs from prepuce
-urethral fossa
-penile sheath (external surface of penis)
-preejucalotory fluid
diagnosis: LAB
-bacterial culture: difficult to grow
-PCR
-immunological methods ( cross-reactions): slide agglutination, latex agglutination and immunostaining
-indirect immunofluorescence: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
-serology Is UNREALIABLE as diagnostic tool > can be helpful as adjunct screening test
-carrier mares may or may not be seropositive
> stallions DO NOT produce detectable antibodies to T.equigenitalis !!
diagnosis: antibodies
-antibodies from day 7 after infection
-in some animals: undetectable for up to 2-3 weeks
Tx: in carriers
-washing external genitalia with disinfectants: e.g. chlorhexidine
-washing of clitoral fossa and sinuses
-local antimicrobial treatments: nitrofurazone, silver sulfadiazine or gentamicin treatment
-systemic AB in some animals
-surgical excision of clitoral sinuses
prevention
-surveillance / testing
-quarantine of infected animals
-treatment and moratorium on breeding from infected animals (ei käytetä breeding ollenkaan tai tietyksi ajaksi)
-good hygiene
vaccine?
NO!!! (bacterial infection)
> vaccine is NOT available (bacteria)
diagnosis: carrier stallions
-because carrier stallion can have few organism, cultures from these animals may be unsuccessful
-culture should be performed by laboratory experience in isolating T.equigenitalis = this organism is fastidious and difficult to grow
-it can be isolated Contagious equine metritis on chocolate (heated blood) agar
-additives (e.g. Timoney’s medium) are often incorporated to suppress growth of commensal organisms, which may otherwise prevent its recovery
-Some media take advantage of resistance of certain T.equigenitalis strains to streptomycin; however, streptomycin-sensitive biotypes are now more common, and isolation should NOT rely solely on such media
-Colonies usually become visible in 3-6days > may rarely take up 2 weeks to appear
some mares can also
clear infection on their own
> unpredictable and may take several months or more in some cases
> ACUTELY infected mares may or may not be treated with ABs
> it is unclear whether treated mares eliminate organism more rapidly
