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CFoM > 09a: Integument > Flashcards

09a: Integument Flashcards

1
Q

The integument is a(n) (X) (structure/system/other).

A

X = organ system

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2
Q

T/F: Integument is both the largest and the heaviest organ system.

A

True

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3
Q

Integumentary system accounts for (X)% of TBW.

A

X = 16

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4
Q

The integument includes:

A

Skin and its appendages (glands, hair, nails, sensory receptors)

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5
Q

Integument contains which tissue type(s)?

A

Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue in integument is (X), which includes which layers?

A

X = epidermis

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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7
Q

Connective tissue in integument is (X), which includes which layers?

A

X = dermis

Papillary and reticular layers

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8
Q

The integument forms from:

A
  1. Ectoderm (epidermis)

2. Mesenchyme (dermis)

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9
Q

Keratinocytes are derived from (X), which are distributed in/on (Y).

A 
X = stem cells
Y = stratum basale
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10
Q

Asymmetric cell division of (X) produces:

A

X = stem cell

Another SC and a committed cell

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11
Q

Symmetric cell division of (X) produces:

A

X = stem cell

Either two SC or two committed cells

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12
Q

SC division is (parallel/perpendicular) to basement membrane.

A

Can be either

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13
Q

As an embryo grows in size/surface area, SC undergo (parallel/perpendicular) division.

A

Parallel

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14
Q

As cell layers increase in stratification, SC undergo (parallel/perpendicular) division.

A

Perpendicular

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15
Q

Adult homeostasis primarily involves (parallel/perpendicular) division.

A

Both

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16
Q

What are the stages in the hair growth cycle?

A
  1. Anagen
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
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17
Q

Active hair growth occurs in (X) stage and lasts how long?

A

X = anagen

2-6 years

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18
Q

In Anagen stage, which specific structure(s) are changing?

A

Hair follicle and shaft are growing

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19
Q

Reduced hair growth occurs in (X) stage and lasts how long?

A

X = catagen

3 weeks

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20
Q

Normally, about (X)% of scalp hair is in the anagen phase.

A

X = 90

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21
Q

In the catagen phase, the (X) (shortens/grows).

A

X = hair follicle

Shortens

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22
Q

Normally, about (X)% of scalp hair is in the catagen phase.

A

X = 1

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23
Q

The resting phase of hair growth is called (X) and lasts how long?

A

X = telogen

2-4 months

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24
Q

What events occur at the end of the telogen phase?

A

Hair sheds (follicle remains); cycle restarts

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25
Q

Normally, about (X)% of scalp hair is in the telogen phase.

A

X = 10-15

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26
Q

What is the location of SC of hair?

A

Bulge region of hair follicle

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27
Q

The (X) are responsible for repopulating the hair bulb after (Y) phase.

A 
X = SC
Y = telogen
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28
Q

Hair growth/loss is strongly dependent on:

A

Receptors in hair follicle cells

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29
Q

(X) hormones regulate hair growth by:

A

X = male/female sex

Bind receptors on dermal papillae cells in bulge region

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30
Q

The hair follicle is essentially (X) cells that have grown into which integumentary layer?

A

X = epithelial

Into the dermis

31
Q

Hair plays a role in which key function(s)?

A
  1. Temp regulation

2. Sensation

32
Q

When SC divides in parallel fashion, the orientation of the mitotic spindle is:

A

Perpendicular to basement membrane

33
Q

Keratinocytes are involved in which major (X) functions of skin?

A

X = protective

  1. Against abrasion/shearing
  2. Against dehydration
  3. Against pathogens
34
Q

Tonofilaments are (X), responsible for (Y).

A 
X = bundles of keratin
Y = structural strength and elasticity
35
Q

A lipid envelope forms around the keratinocytes in which stage of differentiation? The lipid comes from (X).

A

Cells differentiating from stratum granulosum to stratum corneum cells;

X = lamellar bodies

36
Q

Physical attachment among keratinocytes is attributed to which structure(s)?

A

desmosomes

37
Q

Physical attachment between keratinocytes and basal lamina is attributed to which structure(s)?

A

hemidesmosomes

38
Q

Pemphigus is a pathology in which:

A

Body makes Ab against Desmoglein (one of the proteins in the desmosome)

39
Q

Most important components of lipid envelope in stratum corneum.

A
  1. Acylglucosylaceramide

2. Cholesterol sulfate

40
Q

List the structural proteins present in stratum corneum (from superficial to deep)?

A
  1. Involucrin
  2. Loricrin
  3. Small Pro-rich proteins
41
Q

(X) is a protein that contributes to keratin filaments bundling into (Y).

A 
X = filaggrin
Y = tonofilaments
42
Q

Cells in (dermis/epidermis) produce antimicrobial peptides.

A

Both dermis and epidermis

43
Q

Endocrine function of keratinocytes includes:

A

Vitamin D synthesis

44
Q

(X) cells contain 7-dehydrocholesterol, which can be converted to (Y) if:

A 
X = keratinocyte
Y = Pre-vitamin D3

Exposed to UV

45
Q

Pre-vitamin D3 migrates from (X) to (Y) before transportation to which organ(s)?

A 
X = epidermis
Y = blood vessels in dermis

To liver then kidney

46
Q

Increased UV exposure will (increase/decrease) Ca absorption by GI tract.

47
Q

Increased UV exposure will (increase/decrease) Ca re-absorption by kidney

48
Q

Increase vitamin D synthesis has which effect on (X) ion concentration in blood?

A

X = Ca

Increases Ca concentration (via increase absorption from GI tract/kidney)

49
Q

Pathologies associated with vitamin D deficiency are:

A
  1. Osteomalacia

2. Rickets

50
Q

Langerhans cells are resident (X) cells of the (Y) layer.

A 
X = dendritic
Y = epidermal
51
Q

Langerhans are derived from (X) in the (Y).

A 
X = CMP (common myeloid progenitor)
Y = bone marrow
52
Q

T/F: Helper T-cells present antigen to Langerhans cells.

A

False - other way around

53
Q

List steps that occur when antigen encounters Langerhans cell.

A
  1. Langerhans phagocytoses antigen
  2. Migrates to lymph nodes
  3. Presents antigen to helper T-cells
54
Q

Main function of melanocytes.

A

Protect integument and underlying tissues from UV radiation

55
Q

(X) produce pigment, (Y), that’s contained in granules called (Z).

A 
X = melanocytes
Y = melanin
Z = melanosomes
56
Q

The enzyme (X) converts (Y) to melanin.

A 
X = tyrosinase
Y = tyrosine
57
Q

Cytocrine secretion is the process by which:

A

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocyte from melanocyte

58
Q

T/F: There’s an uneven density of melanocytes in different skin regions.

59
Q

Describe impact of tanning.

A

Exposure to UV light causes photo-oxidation of melanin, which makes them darken.

60
Q

Darker skin in certain ethnic groups is a result of:

A

Increased melanin production and rate of transfer

61
Q

T/F: Dark-skinned individuals have more melanocytes.

62
Q

T/F: Dark-skinned individuals have larger melanosomes.

63
Q

T/F: Tanning causes a notable increase in melanocyte density.

64
Q

Free nerve endings in integument detect:

A

Pain and T

65
Q

Merkel cells detect:

A

Gentle touch

66
Q

Meissner corpuscles detect:

A

Light touch

67
Q

Pacinian corpuscles detect:

A

Pressure and vibration

68
Q

Hair follicle mechanoreceptors detect:

A

hair movement

69
Q

Ruffini endings detect:

A

Skin stretch and joint deformation

70
Q

Which mechanisms contribute to control of body T by integument?

A
  1. Activation of eccrine sweat glands

2. Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

71
Q

Eccrine sweat glands secrete:

A

Watery substance that decreases body T through evaporation

72
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are located entirely in (dermis/epidermis/hypodermis).

A

Gland is in dermis, but duct extends up into epidermis

73
Q

Primary activating factor of eccrine sweat glands.

A

Cholinergic innervation from sympathetic NS

CFoM (18 decks)

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