09a: Integument Flashcards by Nuna H

The integument is a(n) (X) (structure/system/other).

X = organ system

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: Integument is both the largest and the heaviest organ system.

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Integumentary system accounts for (X)% of TBW.

X = 16

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The integument includes:

Skin and its appendages (glands, hair, nails, sensory receptors)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Integument contains which tissue type(s)?

Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Epithelial tissue in integument is (X), which includes which layers?

X = epidermis

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Connective tissue in integument is (X), which includes which layers?

X = dermis

Papillary and reticular layers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The integument forms from:

Ectoderm (epidermis)

2. Mesenchyme (dermis)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Keratinocytes are derived from (X), which are distributed in/on (Y).

X = stem cells
Y = stratum basale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Asymmetric cell division of (X) produces:

X = stem cell

Another SC and a committed cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symmetric cell division of (X) produces:

X = stem cell

Either two SC or two committed cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

SC division is (parallel/perpendicular) to basement membrane.

Can be either

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As an embryo grows in size/surface area, SC undergo (parallel/perpendicular) division.

Parallel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

As cell layers increase in stratification, SC undergo (parallel/perpendicular) division.

Perpendicular

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Adult homeostasis primarily involves (parallel/perpendicular) division.

Both

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the stages in the hair growth cycle?

Anagen
Catagen
Telogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Active hair growth occurs in (X) stage and lasts how long?

X = anagen

2-6 years

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In Anagen stage, which specific structure(s) are changing?

Hair follicle and shaft are growing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reduced hair growth occurs in (X) stage and lasts how long?

X = catagen

3 weeks

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normally, about (X)% of scalp hair is in the anagen phase.

X = 90

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the catagen phase, the (X) (shortens/grows).

X = hair follicle

Shortens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normally, about (X)% of scalp hair is in the catagen phase.

X = 1

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The resting phase of hair growth is called (X) and lasts how long?

X = telogen

2-4 months

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What events occur at the end of the telogen phase?

Hair sheds (follicle remains); cycle restarts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normally, about (X)% of scalp hair is in the telogen phase.

X = 10-15

What is the location of SC of hair?

Bulge region of hair follicle

The (X) are responsible for repopulating the hair bulb after (Y) phase.

``` X = SC Y = telogen ```

Hair growth/loss is strongly dependent on:

Receptors in hair follicle cells

(X) hormones regulate hair growth by:

X = male/female sex Bind receptors on dermal papillae cells in bulge region

The hair follicle is essentially (X) cells that have grown into which integumentary layer?

X = epithelial Into the dermis

Hair plays a role in which key function(s)?

1. Temp regulation | 2. Sensation

When SC divides in parallel fashion, the orientation of the mitotic spindle is:

Perpendicular to basement membrane

Keratinocytes are involved in which major (X) functions of skin?

X = protective 1. Against abrasion/shearing 2. Against dehydration 3. Against pathogens

Tonofilaments are (X), responsible for (Y).

``` X = bundles of keratin Y = structural strength and elasticity ```

A lipid envelope forms around the keratinocytes in which stage of differentiation? The lipid comes from (X).

Cells differentiating from stratum granulosum to stratum corneum cells; X = lamellar bodies

Physical attachment among keratinocytes is attributed to which structure(s)?

desmosomes

Physical attachment between keratinocytes and basal lamina is attributed to which structure(s)?

hemidesmosomes

Pemphigus is a pathology in which:

Body makes Ab against Desmoglein (one of the proteins in the desmosome)

Most important components of lipid envelope in stratum corneum.

1. Acylglucosylaceramide | 2. Cholesterol sulfate

List the structural proteins present in stratum corneum (from superficial to deep)?

1. Involucrin 2. Loricrin 3. Small Pro-rich proteins

(X) is a protein that contributes to keratin filaments bundling into (Y).

``` X = filaggrin Y = tonofilaments ```

Cells in (dermis/epidermis) produce antimicrobial peptides.

Both dermis and epidermis

Endocrine function of keratinocytes includes:

Vitamin D synthesis

(X) cells contain 7-dehydrocholesterol, which can be converted to (Y) if:

``` X = keratinocyte Y = Pre-vitamin D3 ``` Exposed to UV

Pre-vitamin D3 migrates from (X) to (Y) before transportation to which organ(s)?

``` X = epidermis Y = blood vessels in dermis ``` To liver then kidney

Increased UV exposure will (increase/decrease) Ca absorption by GI tract.

Increase

Increased UV exposure will (increase/decrease) Ca re-absorption by kidney

Increase

Increase vitamin D synthesis has which effect on (X) ion concentration in blood?

X = Ca Increases Ca concentration (via increase absorption from GI tract/kidney)

Pathologies associated with vitamin D deficiency are:

1. Osteomalacia | 2. Rickets

Langerhans cells are resident (X) cells of the (Y) layer.

``` X = dendritic Y = epidermal ```

Langerhans are derived from (X) in the (Y).

``` X = CMP (common myeloid progenitor) Y = bone marrow ```

T/F: Helper T-cells present antigen to Langerhans cells.

False - other way around

List steps that occur when antigen encounters Langerhans cell.

1. Langerhans phagocytoses antigen 2. Migrates to lymph nodes 3. Presents antigen to helper T-cells

Main function of melanocytes.

Protect integument and underlying tissues from UV radiation

(X) produce pigment, (Y), that's contained in granules called (Z).

``` X = melanocytes Y = melanin Z = melanosomes ```

The enzyme (X) converts (Y) to melanin.

``` X = tyrosinase Y = tyrosine ```

Cytocrine secretion is the process by which:

Melanosomes are transferred to keratinocyte from melanocyte

T/F: There's an uneven density of melanocytes in different skin regions.

True

Describe impact of tanning.

Exposure to UV light causes photo-oxidation of melanin, which makes them darken.

Darker skin in certain ethnic groups is a result of:

Increased melanin production and rate of transfer

T/F: Dark-skinned individuals have more melanocytes.

False

T/F: Dark-skinned individuals have larger melanosomes.

True

T/F: Tanning causes a notable increase in melanocyte density.

False

Free nerve endings in integument detect:

Pain and T

Merkel cells detect:

Gentle touch

Meissner corpuscles detect:

Light touch

Pacinian corpuscles detect:

Pressure and vibration

Hair follicle mechanoreceptors detect:

hair movement

Ruffini endings detect:

Skin stretch and joint deformation

Which mechanisms contribute to control of body T by integument?

1. Activation of eccrine sweat glands | 2. Vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Eccrine sweat glands secrete:

Watery substance that decreases body T through evaporation

Eccrine sweat glands are located entirely in (dermis/epidermis/hypodermis).

Gland is in dermis, but duct extends up into epidermis

Primary activating factor of eccrine sweat glands.

Cholinergic innervation from sympathetic NS