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CFoM > 06b: Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

06b: Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

(X) serves as levers for the muscles.

A

X = bone

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2
Q

(X) is solid, flexible, compressible.

A

X = cartilage

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3
Q

(Bone/cartilage) responds to (X) hormones.

A

Both;

X = growth and M/F sex

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4
Q

(Bone/cartilage) responds to mechanical pressures.

A

Both

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5
Q

Most common cartilage, (X), is found in/on (Y).

A 
X = Hyaline cartilage
Y = tracheal rings and nose
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6
Q

Matrix of hyaline cartilage has which texture?

A

Glassy and smooth

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7
Q

In hyaline cartilage, the (X) cells are dispersed in a solid with which characteristics?

A

X = chondrocytes

Highly-hydrated, fiber-reinforced

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8
Q

The CT layer, (X), envelopes which type(s) of cartilage?

A

X = perichondrium

Just about all cartilage

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9
Q

(X) matrix intimately surrounds the chondrocyte. Speak to the appearance in LM.

A

X = Territorial

Intense basophilic dye around chondrocyte (due to negatively-charged sulfates on GAGs)

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10
Q

What’s the inter-territorial matrix?

A

In LM, the paler areas (not immediately surrounding chondrocytes)

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11
Q

(X)% of hyaline cartilage is water.

A

X = 90 (in fetus) or 70 (adult)

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12
Q

Which organic substances make up hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. 50% collagen

2. 50% proteoglycans/adhesive glycoproteins

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13
Q

Type (X) collagen is the primary type found in hyaline cartilage.

A

X = 2

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14
Q

Explain the series of events that lead to hyaline cartilage’s ability to resist compression.

A
  1. Proteoglycan aggregates bind collagen fibrils
  2. Attract Na
  3. Na attracts/brings H2O
  4. Highly hydrated matrix provides turgor
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15
Q

Which type of cartilage found in epiglottis?

A

Elastic

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16
Q

Which type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Which type of cartilage found in pubic symphysis?

A

Fibrocartilage

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18
Q

Which type of cartilage found in external ear?

A

Elastic

19
Q

Which type of cartilage found in radio-ulnar joint?

A

Hyaline

20
Q

(X) cartilage provides increased flexibility and elasticity.

A

X = elastic

21
Q

Elastic cartilage has (low/high) cellular density.

A

High

22
Q

Which type of cartilage has no perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

23
Q

Which cartilage type are you likely to find where tendon attaches to bone?

A

Fibrocartilage

24
Q

First step of cartilage histogenesis.

A

Chondroblasts arise from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

25
Q

What are “clusters of chondrification”?

A

Stage in histogenesis: some Chondroblasts have withdrawn their processes and clustered

26
Q

During the later stages of histogenesis, chondrocytes are more (dispersed/clustered).

A

Dispersed; secrete matrix and spread out

27
Q

Following maturation of cartilage, further growth can occur by:

A
  1. Apposition

2. Interstitial growth

28
Q

Describe growth of (X) by apposition.

A

X = cartilage

Cells on periphery (near perichondrium) can differentiate into either chondroblasts or fibroblasts

29
Q

Describe interstitial growth of cartilage.

A

Chondrocytes undergo mitosis

30
Q

Spongy bone is also called:

A

Cancellous or Trabecular

31
Q

At every level of organization, construction of bone ensures max (X) with min (Y).

A 
X = strength
Y = materials and weight
32
Q

Bone: Each (X) consists of concentric layers, or (Y), of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, aka (Z).

A 
X = osteon
Y = lamella
Z = Haversian canal
33
Q

Bone: Helical layers of (X) sheets form cylinders. Successive helices differ in which way(s)?

A

X = collagen

They alternate directions

34
Q

Matrix of adult bone is (X)% water.

A

X = 10

35
Q

Matrix of adult bone is primarily composed of:

A
  1. 45% organic material

2. 45% mineral

36
Q

The organic matrix in bone is primarily, (X)%, composed of (Y). The rest, (Z)%, is:

A 
X = 95
Y = Type 1 collagen
Z = 5

Various glycoproteins

37
Q

Mineral in bone is:

A

Hydroxyapatite

38
Q

Describe texture of bone that’s been de-mineralized.

A

Flexible as a tendon

39
Q

Describe texture of bone that has been depleted of organic matrix.

A

Extremely brittle

40
Q

Bone formation: (X) crystals are initially deposited (on/within/around) (Y).

A

X = hydroxyapatite
Within;
Y = collagen fibrils

41
Q

Bone formation: As matrix becomes more densely calcified, (X) crystals will form (on/within/around) (Y).

A

X = hydroxyapatite
Around;
Y = collagen fibrils

42
Q

After age 40, bone loss is about (X)%. How might this increase after a decade?

A

X = 0.5

May increase to 5% loss annually after age 50

43
Q

Osteopenia is:

A

Slight decrease in amount of bone (not too serious)

44
Q

Osteoporosis occurs as a result of:

A

holes in trabecula

CFoM (18 decks)

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