06b: Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

(X) serves as levers for the muscles.

Answer 1

X = bone

Question 2

(X) is solid, flexible, compressible.

Answer 2

X = cartilage

Question 3

(Bone/cartilage) responds to (X) hormones.

Answer 3

Both;

X = growth and M/F sex

Question 4

(Bone/cartilage) responds to mechanical pressures.

Answer 4

Both

Question 5

Most common cartilage, (X), is found in/on (Y).

Answer 5

X = Hyaline cartilage
Y = tracheal rings and nose

Question 6

Matrix of hyaline cartilage has which texture?

Answer 6

Glassy and smooth

Question 7

In hyaline cartilage, the (X) cells are dispersed in a solid with which characteristics?

Answer 7

X = chondrocytes

Highly-hydrated, fiber-reinforced

Question 8

The CT layer, (X), envelopes which type(s) of cartilage?

Answer 8

X = perichondrium

Just about all cartilage

Question 9

(X) matrix intimately surrounds the chondrocyte. Speak to the appearance in LM.

Answer 9

X = Territorial

Intense basophilic dye around chondrocyte (due to negatively-charged sulfates on GAGs)

Question 10

What’s the inter-territorial matrix?

Answer 10

In LM, the paler areas (not immediately surrounding chondrocytes)

Question 11

(X)% of hyaline cartilage is water.

Answer 11

X = 90 (in fetus) or 70 (adult)

Question 12

Which organic substances make up hyaline cartilage?

Answer 12

1. 50% collagen

2. 50% proteoglycans/adhesive glycoproteins

Question 13

Type (X) collagen is the primary type found in hyaline cartilage.

Answer 13

X = 2

Question 14

Explain the series of events that lead to hyaline cartilage’s ability to resist compression.

Answer 14

1. Proteoglycan aggregates bind collagen fibrils
2. Attract Na
3. Na attracts/brings H2O
4. Highly hydrated matrix provides turgor

Question 15

Which type of cartilage found in epiglottis?

Answer 15

Elastic

Question 16

Which type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs?

Answer 16

Fibrocartilage

Question 17

Which type of cartilage found in pubic symphysis?

Answer 17

Fibrocartilage

Question 18

Which type of cartilage found in external ear?

Answer 18

Elastic

Question 19

Which type of cartilage found in radio-ulnar joint?

Answer 19

Hyaline

Question 20

(X) cartilage provides increased flexibility and elasticity.

Answer 20

X = elastic

Question 21

Elastic cartilage has (low/high) cellular density.

Answer 21

High

Question 22

Which type of cartilage has no perichondrium?

Answer 22

Fibrocartilage

Question 23

Which cartilage type are you likely to find where tendon attaches to bone?

Answer 23

Fibrocartilage

Question 24

First step of cartilage histogenesis.

Answer 24

Chondroblasts arise from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Question 25

What are "clusters of chondrification"?

Answer 25

Stage in histogenesis: some Chondroblasts have withdrawn their processes and clustered

Question 26

During the later stages of histogenesis, chondrocytes are more (dispersed/clustered).

Answer 26

Dispersed; secrete matrix and spread out

Question 27

Following maturation of cartilage, further growth can occur by:

Answer 27

1. Apposition | 2. Interstitial growth

Question 28

Describe growth of (X) by apposition.

Answer 28

X = cartilage Cells on periphery (near perichondrium) can differentiate into either chondroblasts or fibroblasts

Question 29

Describe interstitial growth of cartilage.

Answer 29

Chondrocytes undergo mitosis

Question 30

Spongy bone is also called:

Answer 30

Cancellous or Trabecular

Question 31

At every level of organization, construction of bone ensures max (X) with min (Y).

Answer 31

``` X = strength Y = materials and weight ```

Question 32

Bone: Each (X) consists of concentric layers, or (Y), of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, aka (Z).

Answer 32

``` X = osteon Y = lamella Z = Haversian canal ```

Question 33

Bone: Helical layers of (X) sheets form cylinders. Successive helices differ in which way(s)?

Answer 33

X = collagen They alternate directions

Question 34

Matrix of adult bone is (X)% water.

Answer 34

X = 10

Question 35

Matrix of adult bone is primarily composed of:

Answer 35

1. 45% organic material | 2. 45% mineral

Question 36

The organic matrix in bone is primarily, (X)%, composed of (Y). The rest, (Z)%, is:

Answer 36

``` X = 95 Y = Type 1 collagen Z = 5 ``` Various glycoproteins

Question 37

Mineral in bone is:

Answer 37

Hydroxyapatite

Question 38

Describe texture of bone that's been de-mineralized.

Answer 38

Flexible as a tendon

Question 39

Describe texture of bone that has been depleted of organic matrix.

Answer 39

Extremely brittle

Question 40

Bone formation: (X) crystals are initially deposited (on/within/around) (Y).

Answer 40

X = hydroxyapatite Within; Y = collagen fibrils

Question 41

Bone formation: As matrix becomes more densely calcified, (X) crystals will form (on/within/around) (Y).

Answer 41

X = hydroxyapatite Around; Y = collagen fibrils

Question 42

After age 40, bone loss is about (X)%. How might this increase after a decade?

Answer 42

X = 0.5 May increase to 5% loss annually after age 50

Question 43

Osteopenia is:

Answer 43

Slight decrease in amount of bone (not too serious)

Question 44

Osteoporosis occurs as a result of:

Answer 44

holes in trabecula