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CFoM > 06a: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

06a: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular material is composed of:

A
  1. Fibers

2. Ground substance

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2
Q

List the subtypes of embryonic connective tissue.

A

Just mesenchyme

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3
Q

Embryonic (X) gives rise to which adult CT?

A

X = mesenchyme

All!

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4
Q

Mesenchymal tissue is composed of (X) cells that are (not/intra/inter) connected and derived from (Y) embryonic layer.

A

X = multi potential
Interconnected;
Y = mesoderm

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5
Q

T/F: Undifferentiated mesenchymal SC are only found in developing embryo.

A

False - persist in adult (look like fibroblasts)

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6
Q

List the subtypes of adult connective tissue.

A
  1. Connective tissue proper

2. Specialized connective tissue

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7
Q

List the subtypes of adult connective tissue proper.

A
  1. Loose (areolar)

2. Dense, irregular

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8
Q

In loose, areolar CT, (X) dominate and there’s lower (Y) quantity.

A 
X = cells
Y = fiber
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9
Q

In dense, irregular CT, (X) dominate and there’s lower (Y) quantity.

A 
X = fibers
Y = cell
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10
Q

T/F: Thickness of fibers in loose CT and dense, irregular CT is the same.

A

False - thicker in dense, irregular CT

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11
Q

Speak to the amount of ground substance in loose CT versus dense, irregular CT.

A

More ground substance in loose CT

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12
Q

List the subtypes of adult specialized connective tissue.

A
  1. Adipose
  2. Bone
  3. Cartilage
  4. Blood
  5. Dense, regular
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13
Q

What characterizes dense, regular CT?

A

Tightly packed fibers that are organized in one direction

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14
Q

Give examples of dense, regular CT.

A
  1. Tendon (M to B)
  2. Ligament (B to B)
  3. Aponeuroses (M to M)
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15
Q

List the general structural functions of CT.

A
  1. Connect epithelium to underlying tissue
  2. Encapsulate organ
  3. Resist forces
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16
Q

Principal cell of CT is (X). What’s its function?

A

X = fibroblast

Synthesize, maintain, and degrade all extracellular material

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17
Q

T/F: Fibroblast is constrained by surrounding matrix.

A

True

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18
Q

What might a fibroblast look like in a LM slide?

A

Flat, fusiform nucleus with long cytoplasmic processes

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19
Q

Extracellular material contains which fiber type(s)?

A

Elastin, collagen, reticular fibers

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20
Q

Ground substance composed of which compound(s)?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Adhesive glycoproteins
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21
Q

Collagen is made inside (X) and secreted by (Y).

A

X = Y = fibroblast

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22
Q

Collagen constitutes (X)% of total protein mass in body.

A

X = 20-30

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23
Q

Basic unit of collagen is (X). These units are arranged in (Y) structure.

A 
X = alpha chain
Y = triple helix
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24
Q

T/F: Collagen construction involves transcription, translation, and post-translational modification of alpha chains.

A

True

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25
Q

What’s procollagen?

A

The triple helix that forms from combination of 3 alpha chains

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26
Q

What’s tropocollagen?

A

Modified procollagen; frayed ends have been cleaved off upon entering extracellular space

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27
Q

A collagen fibril is composed of:

A

Self-assembled tropocollagen

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28
Q

Type (X) collagen assembles into fibers with (Y) appearance.

A 
X = 1
Y = banded
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29
Q

Type 1 Collagen (fibers/fibrils) are visible in LM.

A

Fibers

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30
Q

Type 1 Collagen (fibers/fibrils) are visible in EM.

A

Both

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31
Q

Type 1 collagen accounts for (X)% of all collagen.

A

X = 90

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32
Q

What are the key properties of type 1 collagen?

A

High tensile strength and stretch resistance

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33
Q

Cartilage extracellular material composition.

A

50% ground substance (proteoglycans) and 50% type 2 collagen

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34
Q

Type 2 collagen appearance in LM.

A

Not visible (due to size/orientation)

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35
Q

Type 2 collagen fibers appearance in EM.

A

Don’t assemble into fibers! Random fibrillar network

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36
Q

Main component of reticular fibers is:

A

Type 3 collagen

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37
Q

(X) collagen fibers have high number of glycosylated residues with adjacent (Y).

A 
X = Type 3
Y = hydroxylated groups
38
Q

Large changes in organ volume is possible due to (X) fibers forming a (Y).

A 
X = anastomosing type 3 collagen
Y = flexible scaffold
39
Q

(X) are (Y), which means they stain black with silver salts.

A 
X = reticular fibers (type 3 collagen)
Y = argyophilic
40
Q

External/basal lamina is formed by (X). Describe the arrangement/structure.

A

X = type 4 collagen

Meshwork of dimers

41
Q

Which type of collagen fibers act as “anchoring” fibers?

A

Type 7 collagen

42
Q

Elastic fibers are typically found in high concentrations in tissues with which property?

A

Tissues that undergo short-term changes in volume

43
Q

Elastic fibers can be selectively stained with:

A

Verhoeff’s stain (or resourcin-fuschin)

44
Q

Elastic fibers are primarily known for which property?

A

Distensibility (allow stretching of tissues to several times their length and then return to their original form)

45
Q

Why might elastic fibers usually be found with (X)?

A

X = collagen

To prevent over stretching of the structure

46
Q

Fibrillin is a (X) that’s found in (Y) fibers.

A 
X = glycoprotein
Y = elastic
47
Q

Describe structure of elastic fiber.

A

Elastin core surrounded by microfibrils made mostly of Fibrillin

48
Q

Describe the shape/form of elastin.

A

It’s amorphous (no clear shape/form)

49
Q

(Hydrophilic/hydrophobic) (X) has a strong tendency to curl up.

A

Hydrophobic;

X = elastin

50
Q

Cross-links, called (X), regulate elasticity and provide structure in (Y).

A 
X = desmosines
Y = elastin
51
Q

Marfan syndrome is a result of:

A

Genetic defect in Fibrillin (FBN1) gene

52
Q

Which fiber(s) present in ground substance?

A

None; it’s non-fibrillar

53
Q

GAGs are composed of (short/long), (branched/unbranched) chains of (X) units.

A

Long, unbranched (linear)

X = (no more than) 300 repeating disaccharide

54
Q

GAGs are electrically (positive/negative/neutral) due to which part(s) of the structure?

A

Very electronegative;

Carboxylated and sulfated sugars

55
Q

T/F: Hyaluronic Acid is a type of GAG.

A

True

56
Q

What makes Hyaluronic Acid unique?

A

Unlike other GAGs:

  1. Non-sulfated
  2. Can have up to 25,000 repeating units
  3. Spun from cell membrane (instead of being synthesized in cell)
57
Q

Dermatan sulfate is a(n) (X).

A

X = GAG

58
Q

What’s the function of the massive electro(positivity/negativity) in GAGs?

A

Electronegativity;

Attracts positive ion (Na) that pulls water along with it (thus, causing hydration)

59
Q

Hydration is critical in ground substance because:

A
  1. Prevents charged GAGs from repelling each other
  2. Enables pliable medium to resist compressive forces
  3. Allows diffusion of nutrients and gases
60
Q

Describe basic structure of proteoglycan.

A

A protein with one or more GAG chains.

61
Q

T/F: The attachment of GAGs on proteoglycan involves hydrogen bonding.

A

False - covalently attached

62
Q

Many different proteoglycans attach to:

A

Hyaluronic acid (the non-sulfated GAG)

63
Q

Neutrophils pass through ground substance by secreting:

A

Cathepsins and gelatinases

64
Q

Pathogenic bacteria pass through ground substance by secreting:

A

Hyaluronidase

65
Q

Most critical function of GAGs and proteoglycans is:

A

Hydration of the matrix

66
Q

(X) function to glue together fibers, cells, and ground material.

A

X = glycoproteins

67
Q

(X), an adhesive glycoprotein, enables cells to travel through matrix. It does this by attaching (Y) to (Z).

A 
X = fibronectin
Y = integrins of cell membrane
Z = matrix elements (fibers and GAGs)
68
Q

(X) allow(s) waste to be conveyed from and nutrients to be conveyed to the epithelium.

A

X = GAGs

69
Q

(X) adipocytes make up white adipose tissue.

A

X = unilocular

70
Q

Speak to the vascularization of white adipose tissue.

A

Highly vascular

71
Q

Functions of white adipose.

A
  1. Mechanical absorption
  2. Thermal insulation
  3. Energy storage
72
Q

How many lipid droplets found in unilocular adipocyte?

A

One

73
Q

(X) adipocytes make up brown adipose tissue.

A

X = multilocular

74
Q

Speak to the vascularization of brown adipose tissue.

A

Highly vascular

75
Q

Round nucleus typically found in (unilocular/multilocular) adipocyte.

A

Multilocular

76
Q

Functions of brown adipose.

A

Thermogenesis

77
Q

Location of brown adipose.

A

Limited to inter scapular and paravertebral areas

78
Q

About (X)% of Americans overweight/obese. And (Y)% classified as obese.

A 
X = 70
Y = 40
79
Q

Rates of adolescent obesity have (increased/decreased) by which factor in past 20 years?

A

Increased; 3x

80
Q

Levels of Leptin, a (X), (increase/decrease) with amount of stored fat.

A

X = circulating hormone (adipocytokine)

Increase

81
Q

What are the first two barriers encountered by a pathogen that tries to enter connective tissue?

A
  1. Secreted substances on epithelial lining (inhospitable surface)
  2. Basal lamina (Connective tissue barrier)
82
Q

A pathogen that breaches epithelial barrier will find itself in (X) tissue. And facing (Y) cell.

A 
X = Loose, areolar CT
Y = the macrophage
83
Q

Macrophage binds/engulfs pathogen and then releases (X) which initiate (Y).

A 
X = cytokines
Y = inflammatory response (dilation and leakiness of blood vessels)
84
Q

In response to (X), epithelial cells express (Y) that bind to (Z) on neutrophils.

A 
X = cytokines
Y = selectin receptors
Z = selectin
85
Q

T/F: Neutrophil slowing down and binding selection receptors on epithelial cells causes diapedesis.

A

False - initially binds selection receptors, then slows and firmly binds integrin receptors

86
Q

What’s NETosis?

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (neutrophil dies but lobed nucleus is degraded and leaves chromatin behind to unravel into trap)

87
Q

The “second round” of defense involves (X), which allow a more lasting response.

A

X = monocytes (macrophages)

88
Q

Describe the process of antigen presenting by (X).

A

X = monocyte

Attaches piece of digested antigen to MHC II receptor

89
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Activated, differentiated B-lymphocytes

90
Q

Plasma cells are specialized for (X). What’s unique about their appearance?

A

X = making proteins

Crescent-shaped piece of cytoplasm (cytocentrum) is site of golgi

CFoM (18 decks)

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