03a: Hematopoiesis Flashcards
Marrow contains (stromal/parenchymal) elements.
Both
(X) marrow is hematopoietically active and predominant in children under the age of (Y).
X = red Y = 4
T/F: After reaching a certain age, red marrow is completely replaced by adipocytes.
False
Yellow marrow is primarily made up of:
Adipocytes
In adults, (X) marrow is confined to:
X = red
- Ends of long bones
- Middle of some flat bones
- Axial skeleton
T/F: Conversion between red and yellow marrow is dynamic, not irreversible.
True
Most prevalent cells in adult bone marrow:
Stromal cell
Stroma SC is (X).
X = Mesenchymal SC
Stroma is referred to as (X) tissue. Give specific examples (in marrow).
X = supporting
Adipocytes, reticular cells, connective tissue, blood supply
What’s parenchyma? Give specific examples (in marrow).
The functional tissue of an organ;
In marrow, it’s the developing blood cells (hematopoietic islands)
Parenchyma SC is (X).
X = Hematopoietic SC
Marrow stromal cells function to:
Regulate and support hematopoiesis
List the general successive stages of differentiation in cell lines.
Stem cell to Progenitor to Precursor
Least prevalent cells in marrow:
Stem cells
Stem cells are capable of which divisions/differentiations?
- Renew themselves (divide)
2. Totipotency (differentiate into any cell)
PHSC, aka (X), can become:
X = Pluripotential Hematopoietic SC
- CMP (Common myeloid progenitor)
- CLP (Common lymphoid progenitor)
- Another PHSC
PHSC are (X)% of nucleated cells in marrow.
X = less than 0.01
T/F: Finding any type of SC in blood is problematic.
False - PHSC can be found in circulating blood
Progenitors are capable of which divisions/differentiations?
- Renew themselves
2. Restricted differentiation
CLP will eventually give rise to which cell(s)?
T or B lymphocytes
CMP gives rise to a variety of CFUs. What are CFUs?
Also Progenitors (but more specialized/restricted)
Precursors are capable of which divisions/differentiations?
Can ONLY generate daughters that are more differentiated than themselves
The suffix “blast” is designated for:
First precursor cell in each lineage
Myeloblasts are (X) and will ultimately form:
X = precursors
Granulocytes
Proerythroblasts are (X) and will ultimately form:
X = precursors
Erythrocytes
(Presence/absence) of CD marker is helpful in:
Either presence of absence; identifying certain differentiating cell
T/F: all cells, upon further differentiation, will stop expressing a CD marker they may have expressed before.
False - some stop expressing an old CD market, but others will continue expressing it
T/F: CD molecules are functionally significant to cell.
True
Erythropoiesis is regulated by substances present in (X) cells. List them.
X = stromal
- GCSF
- SCF
- IL3
- EPO (erythropoietin)
EPO is regulated by:
- Oxygen levels
- Renin-Angiotensin system
- Other hormones (like insulin)
List the progenitors involved in erythropoiesis.
- CMP
- BFU-E
- CFU-E
Which RBC progenitor is most reliant on EPO?
CFU-E
A progenitor cell, such as (X) in RBC cell line, can be normally found in peripheral blood. Which characteristic must it have?
X = BFU-E
It’s motile
The normoblasts are:
The precursors of erythrocytes
Reticulocytes leave the marrow by passing through:
Piercing through endothelial cells
T/F: Aside from nucleus, ribosomes are the only organelles found in a developing RBC.
False - also have mitochondria and ER
T/F: when the reticulocyte leaves the marrow, it has not finished Hb production.
True
T/F: when the reticulocyte leaves the marrow, it has formed the biconcave shape.
False - shape is formed within the circulation
Granulocytes leave the marrow as:
Either band cells or the mature forms
Band cells are present in peripheral blood at about (X)%
X = 3
“Myeloid” pertains to which cell(s)?
All WBC except lymphocytes
(X) granules are the first to form in neutrophil.
X = azuriphilic (aka primary)
Megakaryocytes normally reside in peripheral blood at about (X)%
X = 0
Shouldn’t be in peripheral blood! (Reside exclusively in the marrow)
Megakaryocytes release (mature/immature) (X) into the (Y).
Immature;
X = platelets
Y = marrow sinus
T/F: platelets mature in marrow and then enter circulation.
False - fully mature in circulation
Megakaryocytes are (X)ploid cells because they undergo (Y) division.
X = poly Y = endomitotic
(X) number of platelets produced per megakaryocyte
X = about 8000
T/F: cytokines are manufactured signaling molecules for cells.
False - they’re natural signaling molecules
How are cytokines being used as exogenous drugs?
Any given cytokine can be used to facilitate/repress lineage(s) of cells
Physiological definition of anemia
Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
List causes of anemia
- Blood loss (trauma, genetic)
- Kidney disease
- Bone marrow cancer
Too many RBC is a condition called (X) and can cause (Y). How?
X = polycythemia Y = anemia
Blood too viscous
Which organ(s) responsible for EPO?
Kidney and liver
Do sickle cell anemia patients have too many or too few RBC?
Have normal amount, but deformed shape
What’s the general definition of leukemia?
“Cancer of the blood” - abnormal proliferation of leukocytes
What are some signs of acute leukemia in blood smear?
- Too few mature WBC
2. Bone marrow cells seen
T/F: in acute leukemia, the immature blood cells in the marrow stop diving/replicating.
False - rapidly replicate, but don’t differentiate
Where do T-lymphocytes mature?
Thymus (after release from marrow)
The mature (X) WBC is a macrophage. When does full maturation take place?
X = monocyte
After cell leaves blood
