03a: Hematopoiesis

Question 1

Marrow contains (stromal/parenchymal) elements.

Answer 1

Both

Question 2

(X) marrow is hematopoietically active and predominant in children under the age of (Y).

Answer 2

X = red
Y = 4

Question 3

T/F: After reaching a certain age, red marrow is completely replaced by adipocytes.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Yellow marrow is primarily made up of:

Answer 4

Adipocytes

Question 5

In adults, (X) marrow is confined to:

Answer 5

X = red

1. Ends of long bones
2. Middle of some flat bones
3. Axial skeleton

Question 6

T/F: Conversion between red and yellow marrow is dynamic, not irreversible.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Most prevalent cells in adult bone marrow:

Answer 7

Stromal cell

Question 8

Stroma SC is (X).

Answer 8

X = Mesenchymal SC

Question 9

Stroma is referred to as (X) tissue. Give specific examples (in marrow).

Answer 9

X = supporting

Adipocytes, reticular cells, connective tissue, blood supply

Question 10

What’s parenchyma? Give specific examples (in marrow).

Answer 10

The functional tissue of an organ;

In marrow, it’s the developing blood cells (hematopoietic islands)

Question 11

Parenchyma SC is (X).

Answer 11

X = Hematopoietic SC

Question 12

Marrow stromal cells function to:

Answer 12

Regulate and support hematopoiesis

Question 13

List the general successive stages of differentiation in cell lines.

Answer 13

Stem cell to Progenitor to Precursor

Question 14

Least prevalent cells in marrow:

Answer 14

Stem cells

Question 15

Stem cells are capable of which divisions/differentiations?

Answer 15

1. Renew themselves (divide)

2. Totipotency (differentiate into any cell)

Question 16

PHSC, aka (X), can become:

Answer 16

X = Pluripotential Hematopoietic SC

1. CMP (Common myeloid progenitor)
2. CLP (Common lymphoid progenitor)
3. Another PHSC

Question 17

PHSC are (X)% of nucleated cells in marrow.

Answer 17

X = less than 0.01

Question 18

T/F: Finding any type of SC in blood is problematic.

Answer 18

False - PHSC can be found in circulating blood

Question 19

Progenitors are capable of which divisions/differentiations?

Answer 19

1. Renew themselves

2. Restricted differentiation

Question 20

CLP will eventually give rise to which cell(s)?

Answer 20

T or B lymphocytes

Question 21

CMP gives rise to a variety of CFUs. What are CFUs?

Answer 21

Also Progenitors (but more specialized/restricted)

Question 22

Precursors are capable of which divisions/differentiations?

Answer 22

Can ONLY generate daughters that are more differentiated than themselves

Question 23

The suffix “blast” is designated for:

Answer 23

First precursor cell in each lineage

Question 24

Myeloblasts are (X) and will ultimately form:

Answer 24

X = precursors

Granulocytes

Question 25

Proerythroblasts are (X) and will ultimately form:

Answer 25

X = precursors Erythrocytes

Question 26

(Presence/absence) of CD marker is helpful in:

Answer 26

Either presence of absence; identifying certain differentiating cell

Question 27

T/F: all cells, upon further differentiation, will stop expressing a CD marker they may have expressed before.

Answer 27

False - some stop expressing an old CD market, but others will continue expressing it

Question 28

T/F: CD molecules are functionally significant to cell.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Erythropoiesis is regulated by substances present in (X) cells. List them.

Answer 29

X = stromal 1. GCSF 2. SCF 3. IL3 4. EPO (erythropoietin)

Question 30

EPO is regulated by:

Answer 30

1. Oxygen levels 2. Renin-Angiotensin system 3. Other hormones (like insulin)

Question 31

List the progenitors involved in erythropoiesis.

Answer 31

1. CMP 2. BFU-E 3. CFU-E

Question 32

Which RBC progenitor is most reliant on EPO?

Answer 32

CFU-E

Question 33

A progenitor cell, such as (X) in RBC cell line, can be normally found in peripheral blood. Which characteristic must it have?

Answer 33

X = BFU-E It's motile

Question 34

The normoblasts are:

Answer 34

The precursors of erythrocytes

Question 35

Reticulocytes leave the marrow by passing through:

Answer 35

Piercing through endothelial cells

Question 36

T/F: Aside from nucleus, ribosomes are the only organelles found in a developing RBC.

Answer 36

False - also have mitochondria and ER

Question 37

T/F: when the reticulocyte leaves the marrow, it has not finished Hb production.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F: when the reticulocyte leaves the marrow, it has formed the biconcave shape.

Answer 38

False - shape is formed within the circulation

Question 39

Granulocytes leave the marrow as:

Answer 39

Either band cells or the mature forms

Question 40

Band cells are present in peripheral blood at about (X)%

Answer 40

X = 3

Question 41

"Myeloid" pertains to which cell(s)?

Answer 41

All WBC except lymphocytes

Question 42

(X) granules are the first to form in neutrophil.

Answer 42

X = azuriphilic (aka primary)

Question 43

Megakaryocytes normally reside in peripheral blood at about (X)%

Answer 43

X = 0 Shouldn't be in peripheral blood! (Reside exclusively in the marrow)

Question 44

Megakaryocytes release (mature/immature) (X) into the (Y).

Answer 44

Immature; X = platelets Y = marrow sinus

Question 45

T/F: platelets mature in marrow and then enter circulation.

Answer 45

False - fully mature in circulation

Question 46

Megakaryocytes are (X)ploid cells because they undergo (Y) division.

Answer 46

``` X = poly Y = endomitotic ```

Question 47

(X) number of platelets produced per megakaryocyte

Answer 47

X = about 8000

Question 48

T/F: cytokines are manufactured signaling molecules for cells.

Answer 48

False - they're natural signaling molecules

Question 49

How are cytokines being used as exogenous drugs?

Answer 49

Any given cytokine can be used to facilitate/repress lineage(s) of cells

Question 50

Physiological definition of anemia

Answer 50

Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 51

List causes of anemia

Answer 51

1. Blood loss (trauma, genetic) 2. Kidney disease 3. Bone marrow cancer

Question 52

Too many RBC is a condition called (X) and can cause (Y). How?

Answer 52

``` X = polycythemia Y = anemia ``` Blood too viscous

Question 53

Which organ(s) responsible for EPO?

Answer 53

Kidney and liver

Question 54

Do sickle cell anemia patients have too many or too few RBC?

Answer 54

Have normal amount, but deformed shape

Question 55

What's the general definition of leukemia?

Answer 55

"Cancer of the blood" - abnormal proliferation of leukocytes

Question 56

What are some signs of acute leukemia in blood smear?

Answer 56

1. Too few mature WBC | 2. Bone marrow cells seen

Question 57

T/F: in acute leukemia, the immature blood cells in the marrow stop diving/replicating.

Answer 57

False - rapidly replicate, but don't differentiate

Question 58

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 58

Thymus (after release from marrow)

Question 59

The mature (X) WBC is a macrophage. When does full maturation take place?

Answer 59

X = monocyte After cell leaves blood