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CFoM > 07a: Bone Histogenesis > Flashcards

07a: Bone Histogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

List the bone cell types. Put a star after the ones that are simply different forms of the same cell.

A
  1. Osteoblast*
  2. Osteocyte*
  3. Osteoprogenitor cell*
  4. Bone lining cell*
  5. Osteoclast
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2
Q

Principal cell of bone formation:

A

Osteoblast

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3
Q

Osteoblasts can be found on the (X) surface of bone. They function as (independent/interconnected) cells.

A

X = free;

Interconnected

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4
Q

(X) are capable of (Y) osteolysis. With this process, they’re managers of (Z).

A 
X = osteocytes
Y = osteocytic
Z = bone's Ca reservoir
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5
Q

(Osteoblasts/osteocytes) are interconnected via (X).

A

Osteoblasts and osteocytes;

X = gap junctions

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6
Q

(X) synthesize the osteoid, aka (Y).

A 
X = Osteoblasts
Y = organic material of bone
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7
Q

Describe process of (X) transitioning into osteocyte.

A

X = osteoblast;

Changes polarity, secretes matrix on its free surface, and becomes entrapped in lacunae

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8
Q

(X) are quiescent osteocytes.

A

X = bone lining cells

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9
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are found in/on:

A
  1. Bone marrow cavity

2. Inner cell layer (cambium) of periosteum

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10
Q

Which event(s) would lead to osteocytic osteolysis?

A

Decrease in serum Ca levels

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11
Q

The dendrites of (X) reside in (Y), which are filled with (Z).

A 
X = Osteocytes
Y = canaliculi
Z = canalicular (tissue) fluid
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12
Q

Most, (X)%, of the surface of our bones are covered by:

A

X = 90

Bone lining cells

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13
Q

How can (X) bone cells detect pressure changes?

A

X = osteocytes;

Hair-like projections (transducers) extend from dendrites to walls of canaliculi and detect changes in fluid

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14
Q

Osteocytes interconnect with:

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Blood vessels
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15
Q

Outer layer of periosteum consists of:

A
  1. Fibroblasts

2. Type I collagen

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16
Q

Inner layer of periosteum, aka (X), consists of

A

X = cambium

Osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are (X)-potent. They can become:

A

X = bi

Fibroblasts or osteoblasts

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18
Q

Principal cell of bone resorption:

A

Osteoclast

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19
Q

Osteoclast formed by:

A

Asynchronous fusion of monocyte progenitor cells

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20
Q

List the membrane domains in osteoclast.

A
  1. Ruffled border
  2. Sealing zone
  3. Basal (anti-resorptive) zone
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21
Q

Ruffled border of osteoclast contains:

A
  1. Proton pumps (pump H+ into Howship’s lacuna)

2. Cl channels

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22
Q

Sealing zone of osteoclast contains:

A

Rich in actin and integrins (link to bone)

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23
Q

Basal zone of osteoclast contains:

A

Cl/HCO3 exchangers

24
Q

Cl is entering osteoclast at (X) and leaving osteoclast at (Y).

A 
X = basal zone
Y = ruffled border
25
Which key enzyme in (X) cell allows for bone resorption? What does it (degrade/form)?
X = osteoclast Carbonic anhydrase; produces H+ and HCO3-
26
Which ion(s) are pumped into Howship's lacuna?
H+ and Cl-
27
Mineral component of bone removed by (X). Organic component degraded by (Y).
``` X = acid environment Y = lysosomal cathepsins, collagenases, metalloproteinases ```
28
What are the forms of bone histogenesis?
1. Intramembranous | 2. Endochondral
29
Intramembranous bone formation is:
Direct transformation of condensed mesenchyme
30
What are some characteristics of the (X) tissue in which intramembranous bone formation occurs?
X = connective Primitive, highly vascularized
31
In intramembranous bone formation, (X) cells lay down (Y) in locations equidistant between (Z).
``` X = osteoblasts Y = osteoid Z = cappilaries ```
32
T/F: In intramembranous bone formation, some stem cells are retained.
True
33
Primary (X) bone grows (more/less/equally as) rapidly than secondary (Y) bone.
``` X = immature, Woven Y = mature, Lamellar ``` More
34
(Woven/lamellar) bone is more cellular.
Woven
35
(Woven/lamellar) bone resorbs more slowly.
Lamellar
36
(Woven/lamellar) bone has more collagen.
Lamellar
37
(Woven/lamellar) bone has more ground substance.
Woven
38
(Woven/lamellar) bone mineralizes more rapidly and (more/less) completely.
Woven; less
39
Give examples of bone that forms via intramembranous bone formation.
Flat bones in head, maxilla, mandible, scapula
40
Endochondral bone formation is:
bone formation in cartilage model
41
Give examples of bone that forms via endochondral bone formation.
Weight-bearing axial and limb bones
42
List the tasks of chondrocytes in endochondral bone formation.
1. Increase local concentrations of PO4- and Ca 2. Remove inhibitors of mineralization 3. Provide means to precipitate and bind mineral
43
Which ion(s) is/are important in endochondral bone formation? Explain.
PO4- and Ca; bind matrix vesicles (that bud from chondrocyte membrane) and generate crystals
44
In endochondral bone formation, what's the source of free crystals that bind to (X) fibers?
X = type 10 collagen Matrix vesicles, with accumulated crystals, break apart and leave crystals in matrix
45
Which fiber type(s) are important in mineralization during endochondral bone formation?
1. Type 10 collagen (binds crystals) | 2. Type 2 collagen (bound by Type 10)
46
In endochondral bone formation, the (X) chondrocyte synthesizes:
1. Type 10 collagen 2. Alkaline phosphatase 3. Pyrophosphatase
47
In endochondral bone formation, once the blood vessel comes into (cartilage/bone), it brings along:
Bone; 1. Osteoprogenitor cells 2. Hematopoietic SC
48
Primary ossification center forms in (X).
X = diaphysis (central part of long bone)
49
Secondary ossification center forms in (X).
X = each epiphysis (end of long bone)
50
T/F: Both ossification centers form pre-natally.
False - secondary ossification center forms post-natally
51
Bone fracture healing involves (X) bone formation.
X = both endochondral and intramembranous
52
First step of fracture healing:
Formation of hematoma (clot)
53
Second step of fracture healing: Once (X) forms, (Y) begin to regenerate and, thus, (Z) become available.
``` X = fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus Y = blood vessels Z = osteoblasts (formed from cells of endosteum and periosteum) ```
54
Why/where is endochondral bone formation necessary in bone fracture repair?
Middle of bone (blood vessels take awhile to grow into middle)
55
Third step of fracture healing:
Bony (hard) callus forms
56
Final step of fracture healing:
Bone remodeling (lamellar bone replaces woven bone)
57
Why is the bony callus (small/large) in diameter?
New woven bone lacks strength of lamellar bone, so makes it up by increasing diameter of callus

CFoM (18 decks)

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