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EPPP B1: Clinical Psychology > 08b_Diversity Issues: Terms and Concepts > Flashcards

08b_Diversity Issues: Terms and Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Cultural Competence:

Three components

A

Awareness

Knowledge

Skills

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2
Q

Cultural Competence:

Therapist Awareness

A

Assumptions, Values, Beliefs

How one’s cultural heritage may be detrimental to members of culturally diverse groups

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3
Q

Cultural Competence:

Therapist Knowledge

A

Attempt to understand worldviews of culturally diverse clients

Understanding of history, experiences, and values of various groups

Understanding impact of oppression

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4
Q

Cultural Competence:

Therapist Skills

A

Culturally appropriate interventions

Recognize limitations of certain approaches

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5
Q

Cultural Competence:

Two Critical Processes

A

Credibility

Giving

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6
Q

Cultural Competence:

Giving

A

Client’s perception that they have received something from therapy

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7
Q

Therapeutic Giving: Examples

A

Anxiety reduction

Normalization of problems

Skill acquisition

Goal setting

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8
Q

Indigenous Healing:

Three Shared Characteristics

A

Reliance on community and family networks to provide care

Integration of religious/spiritual practices into healing process

Healing process is often conducted by traditional healer or respected member of community

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9
Q

Indigenous Healing:

Emphasis of non-Western indigenous treatments

A

Holistic perspective

Interconnectedness

Harmony

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10
Q

Indigenous Healing:

Curanderismo

A

Holistic healing practice in some Latin American countries and Hispanic American communities

Based on belief that illness arises from natural or supernatural forces

Curandero/a leads healing process with:

  • Religious and spiritual rituals
  • Herbal medicine
  • Massage
  • Other traditional methods
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11
Q

Indigenous Healing:

Ho’oponopono Overview

A

Hawaiian healing ritual that aims to restore harmony among family members by resolving a current conflict

Structured process conducted by senior family member or other respected elder

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12
Q

Indigenous Healing:

Ho’oponopono: Components

A

Identification of problem

Discussions that lead to confession, restitution, forgiveness

A meal is often shared as part of a termination ritual to complete the process

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13
Q

Indigenous Healing:

Native American Sweat Lodge Ceremony

A

Sweating combined with prayers and chanting, storytelling, and other rituals

Goal is to cleanse the body, mind, and spirit of impurities

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14
Q

Acculturation:

Overview

A

Degree of acceptance/adherence to values, attitudes, behaviors of own minority group or majority group

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15
Q

Acculturation: Berry (1987)

Four Categories of Acculturation Status

A

Integration

Assimilation

Separation

Marginalization

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16
Q

Acculturation:

Integration

A

Maintenance of own minority culture

Also incorporates many aspects of dominant culture

aka “Biculturalism”

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17
Q

Acculturation:

Assimilation

A

Relinquishment of own minority culture to accept majority culture

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18
Q

Acculturation:

Separation

A

Withdrawal from dominant culture

Accepts their own culture

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19
Q

Acculturation:

Marginalization

A

Person does not identify with their own culture or with the dominant culture

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20
Q

Acculturation: Kitano (1989)

Asian American Acculturation: Orientation

A

Based on levels of assimilation and ethnic identity

Must be considered in case formulation

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21
Q

Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)

Six Categories of Acculturation

A

Assimilated

Fused

Blended bicultural

Alternating bicultural

Separated

Marginal

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22
Q

Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)

Blended Bicultural

A

Strong integrated ethnic and American identity

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23
Q

Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)

Alternating Bicultural

A

Having distinct ethnic and American identities

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24
Q

Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)

Separated

A

Only having an ethnic identity

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25
Q

Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)

Research with African American and
Mexican American Adolescents

A

Majority described themselves as one of following:

Blended Bicultural

Alternating Bicultural

Separated

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26
Q

Worldview: Sue (1978)

Two determining factors of one’s Worldview

A

Locus of control:
Internal = IC
External = EC

Locus of responsibility:
Internal = IR
External = ER

27
Q

Worldview:

Clinical Implications

A

Differences in worldviews between therapist and client may affect interfere with treatmentprogress

28
Q

Example of differing worldviews that could affect therapeutic progress

A

White, Middle Class Therapist (IC-IR) misinterprets behavior of African-American (EC-ER) as low ego strength and excessive passivity

However, behavior may actually be a reaction to racial oppression

29
Q

Worldview: Sue and Sue (2003)

Minority groups are increasingly likely to exhibit this worldview pattern

A

IC-ER

Result of increased awareness of own racial and cultural identity, and the impact of oppression on their lives

30
Q

Worldview:

Therapist worldview that poses the greatest problem with member of minority groups

A

IC-IR

Minority client is likely to:

Challenge the therapist’s authority and trustworthiness

View therapist as part of oppressive system

Be reluctant to self-disclose

31
Q

Cultural encapsulation: Wrenn (1985)

Characteristics

A

Define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes

Disregard cultural differences

Ignore evidence that disconfirms confirms their beliefs

Rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems

Disregard their own cultural biases

32
Q

Emic vs. Etic Orientation

A

Emic = Culture-specific theories, concepts, and research strategies

Etic = Phenomena that reflect a universal orientation

33
Q

Emic Approach

A

Attempt to understand culture through the eyes of the members of that culture

34
Q

Etic Approach

A

Involves viewing people from different cultures is essentially the same

35
Q

Emic or Etic?

Whic approach is proposed to characterize traditional psychological theories and practices?

A

Etic

36
Q

High- vs. Low-Context Communication: Hall (1969)

Basic Premise

A

Differences in communication styles can lead to misunderstandings in cross-cultural therapy

37
Q

High-Context Communication:

Characteristics

A

Contextual

Depends on group understanding

Relies heavily on nonverbal cues

Helps unify culture

Slow to change

38
Q

Low-Context Communication:

One main characteristic

A

Relies on explicit verbal part of a message

39
Q

Consequences of Oppression:
Landrum and Batts (1985)

Three results of racial oppression on the mental health of African-Americans

A

Internalized oppression

Conceptual incarceration

Split-self syndrome

40
Q

Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:

Internalized oppression

A

System beating (acting out)

System blaming

Total avoidance of Whites

Denial of the political significance of race

41
Q

Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:

Manifestations of attempts to deny significance of race

A

Conspicuous consumption of material goods

Using status and educational degrees to elevate one’s self-worth

Escaping through the use of drugs, food, etc.

42
Q

Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:

Conceptual Incarceration

A

Adoption of a white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant worldview and lifestyle

43
Q

Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:

Split-Self Syndrome

A

Polarization of self into “good” and “bad” components

“Bad” components represent African-American identity

44
Q

Consequences of Oppression: Sue and Sue (2003)

Survival Mechanisms

A

Behaviors that African-Americans adopt to disguise negative feelings toward Whites to protect against harm or exploitation

45
Q

Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:

Two Survival Mechanisms

A

Playing it cool

Uncle Tom syndrome

46
Q

Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:

Uncle Tom Syndrome

A

Survival mechanism

Adopting a passive or “happy-go-lucky” demeanor

47
Q

Cultural versus Functional Paranoia:
Ridley (1984)

Overview

A

Model that describes rationale for nondisclosure by African-American therapy clients

Cultural paranoia

Functional paranoia

48
Q

Cultural Paranoia

A

Nondisclosure to White therapist by African-American

Due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood

Considered a healthy reaction to racism

49
Q

Functional Paranoia

A

Unwillingness of African-American client to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity

Due to general mistrust and suspicion

Considered a pathological reaction to racism

50
Q

Ridley’s Model of Cultural Paranoia:

Four Disclosure Modes

A

Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser

Functional Paranoiac

Healthy Cultural Paranoiac

Confluent Paranoiac

51
Q

Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser

A

Low functional paranoia
Low cultural paranoia

Willingness to self disclose to African-American or Anglo therapist

52
Q

Functional Paranoiac

A

High functional paranoia
Low cultural paranoia

Non-discloses to both African-American and Anglo therapists

Nondisclosure is primarily due to pathology

53
Q

Healthy Cultural Paranoiac

A

Low functional paranoia
High cultural paranoia

Self-disclosure to African American therapists

Reluctance to disclose to Anglo therapist due to past expenses of racism or therapist’s attitudes/beliefs

54
Q

Confluent Paranoiac

A

High functional paranoia
High cultural paranoia

Nondisclosure to African-American and Anglo therapists

Due to combination of pathology and effects of racism

55
Q

Functional Paranoiac:

Choice of therapist

A

Choice of therapist should be based on competence rather than race or culture

56
Q

Healthy Cultural Paranoiac:

Treatment Approaches

A

Confront meaning of paranoia by increasing awareness of antipathy toward Whites

Cultivate disclosure flexibility

57
Q

Confluent Paranoiac:

Choice of Therapist

A

Therapist is ideally from the same racial/ethnic group

58
Q

Clinical implications of Cultural Paranoia

A

Cultural mistrust limits effectiveness of suicide prevention programs

Unwillingness of African Americans to participate in hospice programs, DNR, or advance care directives

59
Q

Sexual Stigma, Heterosexism, and Sexual Prejudice
Herek (2004)

Origin of terminology

A

Descriptive terms designed to replace the ambiguous and imprecise term “homophobia”

60
Q

Sexual Stigma

A

Societal negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, community

61
Q

Sexual stigma:

Power and status differential

A

Sexual stigma results in view that homosexuality is inferior to heterosexuality

62
Q

Heterosexism

A

Cultural ideologies that promote or perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals

View of sexual minorities as deviant or threatening

Systemic in cultural language and laws

63
Q

Sexual Prejudice

A

Negative attitudes based on sexual orientation

Target can be homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual

EPPP B1: Clinical Psychology (24 decks)

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