08b_Diversity Issues: Terms and Concepts Flashcards
Cultural Competence:
Three components
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills
Cultural Competence:
Therapist Awareness
Assumptions, Values, Beliefs
How one’s cultural heritage may be detrimental to members of culturally diverse groups
Cultural Competence:
Therapist Knowledge
Attempt to understand worldviews of culturally diverse clients
Understanding of history, experiences, and values of various groups
Understanding impact of oppression
Cultural Competence:
Therapist Skills
Culturally appropriate interventions
Recognize limitations of certain approaches
Cultural Competence:
Two Critical Processes
Credibility
Giving
Cultural Competence:
Giving
Client’s perception that they have received something from therapy
Therapeutic Giving: Examples
Anxiety reduction
Normalization of problems
Skill acquisition
Goal setting
Indigenous Healing:
Three Shared Characteristics
Reliance on community and family networks to provide care
Integration of religious/spiritual practices into healing process
Healing process is often conducted by traditional healer or respected member of community
Indigenous Healing:
Emphasis of non-Western indigenous treatments
Holistic perspective
Interconnectedness
Harmony
Indigenous Healing:
Curanderismo
Holistic healing practice in some Latin American countries and Hispanic American communities
Based on belief that illness arises from natural or supernatural forces
Curandero/a leads healing process with:
- Religious and spiritual rituals
- Herbal medicine
- Massage
- Other traditional methods
Indigenous Healing:
Ho’oponopono Overview
Hawaiian healing ritual that aims to restore harmony among family members by resolving a current conflict
Structured process conducted by senior family member or other respected elder
Indigenous Healing:
Ho’oponopono: Components
Identification of problem
Discussions that lead to confession, restitution, forgiveness
A meal is often shared as part of a termination ritual to complete the process
Indigenous Healing:
Native American Sweat Lodge Ceremony
Sweating combined with prayers and chanting, storytelling, and other rituals
Goal is to cleanse the body, mind, and spirit of impurities
Acculturation:
Overview
Degree of acceptance/adherence to values, attitudes, behaviors of own minority group or majority group
Acculturation: Berry (1987)
Four Categories of Acculturation Status
Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalization
Acculturation:
Integration
Maintenance of own minority culture
Also incorporates many aspects of dominant culture
aka “Biculturalism”
Acculturation:
Assimilation
Relinquishment of own minority culture to accept majority culture
Acculturation:
Separation
Withdrawal from dominant culture
Accepts their own culture
Acculturation:
Marginalization
Person does not identify with their own culture or with the dominant culture
Acculturation: Kitano (1989)
Asian American Acculturation: Orientation
Based on levels of assimilation and ethnic identity
Must be considered in case formulation
Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)
Six Categories of Acculturation
Assimilated
Fused
Blended bicultural
Alternating bicultural
Separated
Marginal
Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)
Blended Bicultural
Strong integrated ethnic and American identity
Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)
Alternating Bicultural
Having distinct ethnic and American identities
Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)
Separated
Only having an ethnic identity
Acculturation: Phinney and Devich-Navarro (1997)
Research with African American and
Mexican American Adolescents
Majority described themselves as one of following:
Blended Bicultural
Alternating Bicultural
Separated
Worldview: Sue (1978)
Two determining factors of one’s Worldview
Locus of control:
Internal = IC
External = EC
Locus of responsibility:
Internal = IR
External = ER
Worldview:
Clinical Implications
Differences in worldviews between therapist and client may affect interfere with treatmentprogress
Example of differing worldviews that could affect therapeutic progress
White, Middle Class Therapist (IC-IR) misinterprets behavior of African-American (EC-ER) as low ego strength and excessive passivity
However, behavior may actually be a reaction to racial oppression
Worldview: Sue and Sue (2003)
Minority groups are increasingly likely to exhibit this worldview pattern
IC-ER
Result of increased awareness of own racial and cultural identity, and the impact of oppression on their lives
Worldview:
Therapist worldview that poses the greatest problem with member of minority groups
IC-IR
Minority client is likely to:
Challenge the therapist’s authority and trustworthiness
View therapist as part of oppressive system
Be reluctant to self-disclose
Cultural encapsulation: Wrenn (1985)
Characteristics
Define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes
Disregard cultural differences
Ignore evidence that disconfirms confirms their beliefs
Rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems
Disregard their own cultural biases
Emic vs. Etic Orientation
Emic = Culture-specific theories, concepts, and research strategies
Etic = Phenomena that reflect a universal orientation
Emic Approach
Attempt to understand culture through the eyes of the members of that culture
Etic Approach
Involves viewing people from different cultures is essentially the same
Emic or Etic?
Whic approach is proposed to characterize traditional psychological theories and practices?
Etic
High- vs. Low-Context Communication: Hall (1969)
Basic Premise
Differences in communication styles can lead to misunderstandings in cross-cultural therapy
High-Context Communication:
Characteristics
Contextual
Depends on group understanding
Relies heavily on nonverbal cues
Helps unify culture
Slow to change
Low-Context Communication:
One main characteristic
Relies on explicit verbal part of a message
Consequences of Oppression:
Landrum and Batts (1985)
Three results of racial oppression on the mental health of African-Americans
Internalized oppression
Conceptual incarceration
Split-self syndrome
Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:
Internalized oppression
System beating (acting out)
System blaming
Total avoidance of Whites
Denial of the political significance of race
Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:
Manifestations of attempts to deny significance of race
Conspicuous consumption of material goods
Using status and educational degrees to elevate one’s self-worth
Escaping through the use of drugs, food, etc.
Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:
Conceptual Incarceration
Adoption of a white, Anglo-Saxon Protestant worldview and lifestyle
Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:
Split-Self Syndrome
Polarization of self into “good” and “bad” components
“Bad” components represent African-American identity
Consequences of Oppression: Sue and Sue (2003)
Survival Mechanisms
Behaviors that African-Americans adopt to disguise negative feelings toward Whites to protect against harm or exploitation
Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:
Two Survival Mechanisms
Playing it cool
Uncle Tom syndrome
Consequences of Oppression on African Americans:
Uncle Tom Syndrome
Survival mechanism
Adopting a passive or “happy-go-lucky” demeanor
Cultural versus Functional Paranoia:
Ridley (1984)
Overview
Model that describes rationale for nondisclosure by African-American therapy clients
Cultural paranoia
Functional paranoia
Cultural Paranoia
Nondisclosure to White therapist by African-American
Due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood
Considered a healthy reaction to racism
Functional Paranoia
Unwillingness of African-American client to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity
Due to general mistrust and suspicion
Considered a pathological reaction to racism
Ridley’s Model of Cultural Paranoia:
Four Disclosure Modes
Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser
Functional Paranoiac
Healthy Cultural Paranoiac
Confluent Paranoiac
Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser
Low functional paranoia
Low cultural paranoia
Willingness to self disclose to African-American or Anglo therapist
Functional Paranoiac
High functional paranoia
Low cultural paranoia
Non-discloses to both African-American and Anglo therapists
Nondisclosure is primarily due to pathology
Healthy Cultural Paranoiac
Low functional paranoia
High cultural paranoia
Self-disclosure to African American therapists
Reluctance to disclose to Anglo therapist due to past expenses of racism or therapist’s attitudes/beliefs
Confluent Paranoiac
High functional paranoia
High cultural paranoia
Nondisclosure to African-American and Anglo therapists
Due to combination of pathology and effects of racism
Functional Paranoiac:
Choice of therapist
Choice of therapist should be based on competence rather than race or culture
Healthy Cultural Paranoiac:
Treatment Approaches
Confront meaning of paranoia by increasing awareness of antipathy toward Whites
Cultivate disclosure flexibility
Confluent Paranoiac:
Choice of Therapist
Therapist is ideally from the same racial/ethnic group
Clinical implications of Cultural Paranoia
Cultural mistrust limits effectiveness of suicide prevention programs
Unwillingness of African Americans to participate in hospice programs, DNR, or advance care directives
Sexual Stigma, Heterosexism, and Sexual Prejudice
Herek (2004)
Origin of terminology
Descriptive terms designed to replace the ambiguous and imprecise term “homophobia”
Sexual Stigma
Societal negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, community
Sexual stigma:
Power and status differential
Sexual stigma results in view that homosexuality is inferior to heterosexuality
Heterosexism
Cultural ideologies that promote or perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals
View of sexual minorities as deviant or threatening
Systemic in cultural language and laws
Sexual Prejudice
Negative attitudes based on sexual orientation
Target can be homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual
