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Veterinary Public Health > Zoonosis > Flashcards

Zoonosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is zoonosis?
* By definition zoonosis involves at least ___ hosts and a ______.
* The hosts include:
1. ___________ and
2. one of __________ animal species

A

two, pathogen, humans, vertebrate

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2
Q

Of pathogens affecting humans,
60% are ?

A

animal-borne (zoonotic)

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3
Q

Globally, 2.5 billion cases related to zoonotic infections
are recorded, resulting in 2.7 million deaths each year

A
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4
Q

80% of the source of zoonosis are _____________

A

mammals

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5
Q

Why are most zoonosis (99%) from domestic animals?

A

96% of global mammal biomass is human & livestock.
We are more genticlaly related to mammals than fish and amphibians, so this is logical.

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6
Q

How many transmitted by rodents? Bats?

A

85, 27

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7
Q

Classification of zoonosis based on?

A
  1. Etiological agent
  2. Number of hosts involved
  3. Direction of transmission
  4. Route of transmission (air/breath, contact, food, soil, vector, water = 7 Fs)
  5. Scale of the disease, social panic, & policy-makers priority (pandemic, neglected, or bioterrorism i. e. CDC List A, B & C)
  6. Government consensus/priority for One-Health approach
  7. Ecological source for its transmission cycle (aquatic, sylvatic, domestic)
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8
Q

Zoonosis
classification based
on etiological agents

A
  1. Prion
  2. Virus
  3. Bacteria
  4. Fungi
  5. Protozoa
  6. Cestodes
  7. Trematodes
  8. Nematodes
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9
Q

Classification of zoonosis based on direction of transmission

A
  1. Anthropozoonoses (animals are main host): animal-to-human
     Viruses: Rabies, avian or swine influena, rift valley fever,
     Bacteria: anthrax, brucella, leptospira, plague, lyme, tularemia, psittachosis
     Parasites: hydatidosis
  2. Zooanthropozonoses (humans are main host): human-to-animal
     Ameoba, diphtheria, human
    M. tuberculosis from human to parrot, cat or Mokey
  3. Amphixenoses (maintained by both): migrate either direction between animal and humans equally
     non-host specific
    Salmonella, Staphylococcus, streptococcus,
    E.coli
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10
Q

Classification of zoonosis based on number of host
species (maintenance cycles) required for transmission

A

e.g. Rabies –> in absence of humans, rabies can maintain in env?, same with anthrax.
2. one is serving as final host, the other is serving as an intermediate host where larvae grow. Cattle = intermediate?
3. Invertebrate arthropod; if sit in vertebrate they will die in vertebrate.
4. Need inanimate such as soil

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11
Q

Which pathogens have a high impact on global level?

A

Plague
Cholera
inflouenza virus
Coronavirus

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12
Q

What are the Three CDC categories of bioterrorism agents:?

A
  1. List A: 3 bacteria, 3 viruses, & 1 toxin
  2. List B: 11 bacteria, 3 viruses, & 3 toxins
  3. List C: 4 newly emerging viruses
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13
Q

List A - CDC bioterrorism agents?

A

Causing devastating impact on public health and panic in society, leading to social disruption. This list includes:
1. Anthrax.
- Previously used by terrorists in 2001.
- Cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, or neurological symptoms

  1. Plague:
    - Previously used by terrorists.
    - Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms
  2. Tularemia:
    - Previously used by terrorists.
    - Respiratory symptoms
  3. Botulism toxin
  4. Viral hemorrhagic fevers
    - Not used previously by terrorists.
    - Neurological and respiratory symptoms
    a. Filovirus: Ebola and Murburg
    b. Bunyavirus: Crimean-Congo virus
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14
Q

Most bioterrorism
agents target

A
  1. respiratory systems
  2. Nervous system
  3. Cardiovascular system
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15
Q

List B

A
  1. Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei)
  2. Glanders (Burkholderia mallei)
  3. Brucellosis (Brucella species)
  4. Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
  5. Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
  6. Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii)
  7. Viral encephalitis [alphaviruses (e.g., eastern and western equine encephalitis)]
    5-7 = vector borne
  8. Toxin:
    1. Ricin
    2. Staph. aureus enterotoxin B,
    3. Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens
  9. Food threats:
    1. Salmonella
    2. Shigella
    3. E.coli O157
  10. Water bioterrorism threats:
    1. Vibrio cholera
    2. Cryptosporidium
      8-10 = food and water borne
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16
Q

List C

A

We do not know much about them, so they are emerging pathogens. The US government files them under “could be used as bio”
Nipah virus –> Pig Rinderpest, comes from bats
Hantavirus
West Nile Virus (Flavivirus)
Japanese Encephalitis

Observe any morbidity or mortality in these animals, affect public unless you stop the spread. These would be an early warning or indicator that something is wrong.

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17
Q

Classification of zoonosis based
on government priority
Neglected zoonosis diseases become an emerging/re-emerging disease; hence, some of
the neglected zoonosis are now priority for control in a One-Health approach in the USA
1. 27 Neglected (forgotten) zoonosis diseases
2. 8 Zoonotic pathogens of One-Health priority

A
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18
Q

What are the4 27 neglected zoonoses reported to the CDC in the USA?

A

Brucella, psitaccosi, trich, lepto, etc (relisren)

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19
Q

U.S. Govt changed their mind about the 27 neglected, and picked the top 8 zoonosis of most concern in the USA with a One-Health significance

A
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20
Q

Classification of zoonosis based on
animal species & ecological source for
transmission cycle of zoonosis

A
  1. Aquatic
  2. Domestic/urban
  3. Sylvatic (wildlife)
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21
Q

Fish-borne zoonotic diseases affect mainly fishermen,
aquaculture workers and seafood consumers

A

Enteric virus = norovirus, Hep A, sapo virius?
Enteric bacteria = enterobateriace, salmonella, e.coli, shigella, vibrio, campylo
Enteric protozoa = giard, crypto
Universally present in vertebrates.

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22
Q

List the Fish-borne zoonotic bacterial diseases

A
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23
Q
A

Hand of a farmer with necrotic fasciitis caused by
a Vibrio vulnificus outbreak at his eel farm

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24
Q
A

Fish handlers at risk
E. rhusiopathiae
has a characteristic
purplish, swollen, painful,
hardened rash known as
erysipeloid…..but Do NOT
produce PUS!

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25
Q
A

Man with a tender nodule on the
dorsum of his right hand
(‘swimmer granuloma’) caused by
Mycobacterium marinum

Also causes pneumonia?

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26
Q

Diphyllobothrium is the ?

A

Longest tapeworm in the human intestine. 10m, releases 1 million eggs each day and affects 20 million people globally. We can get this from eating fish.

  1. Cestodes:

    Diphyllobothrium is the most important
    fish-borne zoonosis caused by a cestode
    (tapeworm) parasite, affecting 20 million
    people globally
     The adult tape worm can reach >10 m in
    length, with more than 3,000 proglottids.
     Immature eggs are discharged from the
    proglottids (up to 1,000,000 eggs per
    day per worm)
27
Q

Fishborne zoonotic parasites of humans?

A
  1. cestodes - Diphyllobothrium
  2. Nematodes: Anisakis
    1. Trematodes:
      >45 million persons globally are
      infected with fish-borne zoonotic
      trematodes.
      The life cycle of trematodes
      depends on three types of hosts;
  4. primary snail hosts,
  5. secondary fish hosts,
  6. definitive hosts like humans,
    dogs or fish-eating birds
    Opisthorchis & Clonorchis liver flukes
    = LIVER CANCER
28
Q

 Reptiles are a natural reservoir with very high prevalence of ____________.
 Reptiles have relatively high contribution
to human infections, especially in _______.

A

Salmonella, children

29
Q

Mosquito-borne vial zoonosis

A
  1. Zika
  2. EEE
  3. Western Equine Encephalitis
  4. West Nile Virus

2-4 –> bite from Culex mosquito –> brain eating viruses

30
Q

Bacte4rial zoonosis

A

. Salmonella
2. E. coli
3. Campylobacter
4. Aeromonas
5. Rickettsia sp.:
 bite of mites or ticks from snake, lizard, tortoises
6. Anaplasma phagocytophilum:
 bite of ticks from infected lizard
7. Borellia:
 bite of ticks from infected lizard, tortoises, snake
8. Coxiella:
 bite of ticks from infected lizard, snake
9. Ehrlichia:
 bite of ticks from infected lizard

31
Q

Protozoa zoonosis

A
  1. Cryptosporidium
  2. Giardia
  3. Leishmania:
     bite of sand flies from
    lizards
32
Q

Zoonotic worms that come from birds?

A
33
Q

Avian-borne zoonosis

A

 Avian influenza
 Coronavirus (SARS)
* Chikungunya
 Japanese encephalitis virus
 Eastern equine encephalitis virus
* West Nile virus
 New Castle disease
 etc

34
Q

Avian-borne bacterial zoonosis

A

 Salmonella
 Campylobacter
 E. coli
 Pasteurella multocida
 Yersinia enterocolitica
 Mycobacterium avium –> TB
 Psittacosis
 etc

Particularly in egg - why?
Fecal material on the outside of the egg.

35
Q
A

Contact with
nasal secretion:
 Chlamydia psittaci

Transmit psittacosis

36
Q
A

Pasteurella multocida

37
Q

Fungus from birds

A
  1. Cryptococcus
    neoformans:
     contact with feces of
    infected pigeons and
    starlings
  2. Histoplasma
    capsulatum:
     breath of infected pigeon
    or bat feces
38
Q

Protozoa from birds?

A
  1. Cryptosporidium:
     contact with feces of
    infected birds or foodborne
    by ingestion under cooked
    meat and eggs
39
Q

Pet-borne zoonotic parasites

A

toxocara is a roundworm, nematode. Larave penetrate our skin and cause cutaneous larva migrans

40
Q

Pet-borne vector-borne zoonotic disease

A

Bite of dogs transmits
90% of rabies

41
Q

Pet-borne zoonosis transmission routes to humans

A
42
Q

Rabies, echino, barto –> severe if happens

A
43
Q

Important livestock & poultry-borne zoonosis of humans

A

Bovine TB, chlamydia, listeria, Q fever –> humans
Pig trich, swine, Hep E, etc –> humans
Horses:

44
Q

How many serotypes of Salmonella exist?

A

2500 different serotypes
of Salmonella have been recognized

45
Q

Salmonella bacteria are widespread
in the:
1. environment and
2. Animals` gastrointestinal
tract:
 fish
 amphibians
 reptiles,
 birds,
 mammals

A
46
Q

What is the role of wildlife, rodents, bats, wild birds, their movements & their contacts with humans (e. g. bush meat) in zoonosis

A
47
Q

Avian influenza
Pandemic in 2004. Miratory birds brought this influenza to poultry industry in asia and then this came to the public. resulting in 20 billion USD losses.

Bovine TB in UK, badger are a reservoir –> cattle industry –> humans; killed all of the cows and the badgers costing 15 billion

Ebola come from monkey, chimp, bat –> humans

MERS , Nipah, corona

A
48
Q

Rodent viruses

A
49
Q

Rodent bacteria

A
50
Q

Zoonosis classification
based on
transmission routes
AKA 7 F’s

A
51
Q

Animal bites/scratches/licks
transmit zoonosis
Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections
1. Rabies – causes agitation, anxiety, confusion, hallucination, and hydrophobia
2. Pasteurella multocida – cause wound infection of soft tissues and gangrene
3. Bartonella henselae - a facultative intracellular microbe of red blood cells.
In the USA, bartenellosis is more common in under the age of 20

A
52
Q

Zoonosis transmitted by damaged skin?

A

 Anthrax
 Erysipelothryx
 Pasteurella

53
Q

Route of transmission of zoonotic pathogens

A
  1. Direct contact &
  2. Food-borne
     Both routes are the two major
    transmission highways of
    zoonosis from animals to humans
     A single pathogen
    uses multiple routes
54
Q

Zoonotic disease control

A
55
Q

Control of zoonotic diseases

A
56
Q

. Eliminate zoonosis by eliminating its source

A

– mass culling/killing then burning animals

  • Culling reservoir animals for zoonosis to control at its source
    1. Culling 50,000 goats in The Netherlands – to control Q fever
    2. Culling 35,000 badgers in UK – to control bovine TB
    3. Culling over 4 million cattle in UK – to control BSE (‘mad cow’ disease)
    4. Killed and burnt 6.5 million food animals in UK - to control FMD in 2001 (technically a zoonosis but difficult for us to get so he said it isn;t)
57
Q

Rather mass culling/killing, selectively remove the infected individual animals
* Removal of infected individual can be accomplished in three ways, namely
1. Test and slaughter/cull infected animals – successfully eliminated brucellosis, tuberculosis, glanders, dourine
2. Test, isolate, and treat infected individual animals by drug –
3. Isolate the entire herd (also called quarantine) that may have been exposed to a source of infection for the longest
incubation period of the diseases in question –

Trepanosome –> transmitted via sex in equids

A
58
Q
A
59
Q

Rather than mass culling/killing or mass medication,
mass vaccination of animals against zoonosis. How?

A

Q fever –> 20 km
Mycobacterium –> 10 km

60
Q

How much proportion of animals in the population
be vaccinated to control zoonosis?

A
61
Q

Licensed animal vaccines have double function:
immunization of animals reduces zoonotic disease transmission to human

A
62
Q

Vaccination or medication of humans to protect them from zoonosis

A
63
Q

How to 5. Break/control the transmission routes of zoonosis

A
64
Q

Minimize unnecessary
intensive contact with
animals whose health
condition is not tested
 Children
 Pregnant
 elderly
 immune-compromised humans

A

Veterinary Public Health (24 decks)

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