Vectors & vector-borne diseases

Question 1

1. How many times do ticks feed on us throughout their entire lifecycle?
2. Are snails considered to be vectors? What are they seen as?
3. What do snails eat?

Answer 1

1. 3x in life
2. Direct contact or ingestion of these trematodes are the main transmission
   route; so they are not vector borne diseases. Additionally, snails do not drink anything from us (no blood meal)
3. Snails can be grouped into herbivores (plants & algae) or carnivores (shrimp, worms, & insects) based on feeding

Question 2

Answer these questions for the following arthropods: Louse, Tick, Flea, Fly, Mosquito, Snail
1. What is their life span?
2. Where do they live?
3. How do they travel?

Answer 2

See image below

Question 3

1. List the three habitats that snails occupy.

Answer 3

1. Territorial = land snails, Freshwater snails (marshy, swamps, ponds), Sea snails = aquatic.

Question 4

Life-cycle, feeding habit, and
breeding sites of arthropod vectors

Lice and ticks = all life stage they drink blood, particularly lice within a day they drink several times from us/animals.
Ticks come 3 x in their life to us/animals if they are a 3 host tick, this is their max. If they are 2 host tick they come twice, if 1 host tick they come once. The rest of thie rlife they are in the bushes.

Fleas and flies = only the adult male and female drink blood, the rest don’t

Question 5

Mosquitos are considered to be an ________ organism (_________ sites). Researches/public health specialists go
here for _________ or _________ their breeding site to control spread of disease.

If you want to sample to detect if present or absent, must look where there is any small amount of ______. Small amt is enough because _________ deposit egg there and _____ emerge from there. For example, if there is a small amount of ______ in old tire or any container= suitable for mosq.

How many times do female mosquitos mate with a male?

Answer 5

aquatic, breeding, sampling, destroying, water, females, adults, water

Only once with male. That is enough sperm for entire life. Female lives only 1 month.

Question 6

There are over 100 genera of mosq, but we are only interested in which genera?
When do these mosquitos bite?

Answer 6

See image below

Question 7

The genera Aedes is active during the _____ and only the ________ mosquitos bite.

Anopheles and Culex mosquitos are active at _____. Can hide in _____ places and even _____ during the day.

In regards to human health and safety, is sleeping under nets sufficient? Explain why or why not.

Answer 7

day, female, night, dark, light

It is not sufficient because the mosquitos can bite you during the day so you must protect yourself with other things.

Question 8

There are about ______ different type of ticks in nature. All of their life stage they drink _____, both _____ and ______, except ___. In US, 4 ticks are very important because transmit anaplasma, etc.

Answer 8

900, blood, male, female, egg

Question 9

Ticks live in a bushy & leafy - go here for tick _________ or destroying their ______ site during control

To eradicate = go to ________

Female mates with male only ______.

Answer 9

sampling, breeding, bushes, once

Question 10

What are the three types of lice?

Answer 10

Three types of lice
1. Head louse
2. Pubic louse = jump from one to another person during sexual intercourse
3. Body louse

Question 11

Larvae tick drink blood
pupiae = dirnk bloood
adult = drink bloood

female mates only once, and lives only 1 month.

Question 12

Only ______ fleas, male or female, drink blood.

Female flea mates ______ with male. Researchers found the fertility of egg is very _____ and found that if they mate _______ times the fertility of the egg _______.

Answer 12

adult, once, low, several, increases

Question 13

What do the following flies eat?
1. House fly
2. Sand fly
3. Stable fly
4. Tsetse fly

Answer 13

1. Eats fecal material and waste. They do NOT eat blood.
2. Only female drinks blood.
3. Both adult male and female drink blood.
4. Both adult male and female drink blood.

Question 14

Female flies mate only once in their life just like ?

Answer 14

lice, mosq, ticks

Question 15

1. Sand flies have many names including?
2. What smell do sand flies not like?
3. T/F: The bite of a sand fly is much larger than a mosquito.

Answer 15

1. biting midges, no-see-ums, sandflea, granny nipper, or Chitra
2. They do not like the smell of citronella candle.
3. T

Question 16

How do arthropods utilize their sense organs to find their host when hunting for a blood meal?

Answer 16

Can smell you and find you based off scent.
Olfactory receptor on antenna, wings, feet. Can also see you (simple eye) and can identify whether they are landing on stone, human, animal. This is how they find their host.

Question 17

What are the volatile compounds that we emit into environment and sand flies are able to detect?

Answer 17

Some of odorant compounds in breath, urine & feces are attractant pheromones for arthropods, such as:
a. CO2 ,
b. lactic acid,
c. carboxylic acids
d. ammonia,
e. Phenols: acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-n-propylphenol and 4-methyl phenol

Feces (like our fecal smell) and urine smell.
Ketose, acetons in fecal material, as well as ammonia. When they smell that, they follow the air current.

Question 18

What do arthropods use their vision for?
What do they use thermal sensory information for?

Answer 18

Use their vision to spot a host = visual is used for locating host from near distance

They also use their thermal sensory information to detect body heat = confirms for them that the contacted or landed on the host.

Question 19

Many flies, ticks and mosquito species consume blood from _____ ___________, leading to disease transmission (i. e. any
direction is possible) between?

Answer 19

any vertebrate
 reptiles,
 birds,
 mammals and
 humans,

Question 20

What zoonotic diseases are transmitted by ticks, mosquitos, lice, flies, and fleas?

Answer 20

1. Bacteria – mostly spirochetes & Rickettsiales
2. Virus transmitted by arthropods (arbovirus) – mostly Flavivirus
3. Protozoa – mostly hematozoa: babesia, malaria, leishmania & trypanosomes
4. Helminthes – mostly trematodes & nematodes (filarial worms)

Question 21

The arthropods use their ________ mouth apparatus to inject these pathogens in to the ____ of vertebrate animals. Once the pathogen is injected, pathogens find their way to ____________ _____e.g. ricketsia = ________ cells; Babesia and Anaplasma = ____ cells and then travel to the (6) depending on the ?

Infected animal is symptomatic. Clinical signs are ?

Answer 21

tubular, skin, predilection site, endothelial, blood

lymph nodes, blood, kidney, lungs, brain, lymph vessel, etc. depending on predilection site

not specific: Fever, arthritis, headache, vomiting, muscle pain, and tiredness.

Question 22

What are the two types of transmission of pathogens by vectors?

Answer 22

1. Biological
   amplify = biological
   e.g. enterovirus, enterobacteria, protozoa. Majority of arthropods are biological aka amplify.
2. Mechanical
   if simply pick pathogen and deposit in food or on mouth = mechanical. e.g. house flies and cockroaches are mechanical transmitters of disease

Question 23

Tick borne diseases

Answer 23

ticks are very suitable for bacteria b/c they transmit a lot of bacteria e.g. lyme, borrelia, ehrlichlia, rickettsia, anaplsam, franciella, some viruses too likee tickborne encephalities, and protozoa such as babies and tarelia

Question 24

Anopheles Mosq. transmit what mainly?

Answer 24

parasites
malaria and filariasis such as heartworm or elephantiasis

Question 25

Aedes and Culex mosquitos transmit what
type of pathogens?

Answer 25

Transmit viruses:
Alphavirus species
Flavivirus species
Orthobunyavirus species

Question 26

Aedes and Culex mosquitos both transmit viruses. These viruses attack which parts of the body?

Answer 26

Culex is responsible for viruses that attack the brain. It is a brain eater virus.

Aedes is responsible for viruses that attack the kidneys, liver, heart, blood vessels –> hemorrhages. gengue, zika, yellow fever

Question 27

The Aedes mosquito transmits viruses that attack which parts of the body? What happens as a result? What viruses do they transmit?

Answer 27

It is responsible for most of blood vessel and visceral organ invasive mosquito-borne viruses
 Bleeding/hemorrhage
 Liver, kidney

 Dengue
 Zika
 Yellow fever
 Chikungunya virus
“Christine Did Your Zaddy”

Aedes
Pick visceral organ attacking virus from primates. Bring from primates –> humans.
If you want to fully eradicate4 these viruses, eradicating only from humans is not enough. You need to attack aedes and attack in humans, and attack at the level fo primates.

Question 28

The Culex mosquito transmits viruses that attack which parts of the body? What happens as a result?

Answer 28

It is responsible for most of
Neuro-invasive mosquito-borne viruses
- encephalitis

 East/West encephalitis virus
 Japanese encephalitis virus
 West Nile virus

Question 29

Culex transmits viruses from _______ animals while Aedes transmits viruses from _______.

Answer 29

farm, primates

Question 30

West nile virus is a ______ attacking virus causing neck ________, _________, _______ in animals.

Reservoir host = ______

Aedes can either inoculate into humans or hodrses.

West nile is _______ in US and well distributed throughout country.

Answer 30

brain, stiffness, confusion, seizure

birds, endemic

Question 31

Flea-borne zoonotic diseases in the U.S. are mostly ________.

1. Yersinia pestis = ?
2. Rickettsia typhi = ?
3. Bartonella henselae = ?
4. Dipylidium caninum (_____ worm of dogs & cats) – children can _______ the infected
   flea followed by acquiring ?

Answer 31

bacteria
plague
(murine typhus)
(cat scratch disease)
tape, swallow, tape worm

Question 32

What are the lice-borne zoonotic diseases?

Answer 32

Rickettsia
1. Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic Typhus Fever) bioterrosism agent

Spirochetes bacteria
1. Borrelia recurrentis (Epidemic Relapsing Fever) – human
specific (i.e. other vertebrate animals are not infected
except lice)
2. Bartonella quintana (Trench Fever or Five-day fever)

Question 33

Sand flies transmit what disease?

Answer 33

Leshmania - cutaneous and viscera

Question 34

1. What is the preferred host for flies?
2. When they do not get these animals or when bovines swipe them off with their tail they run to? If not them, who?
3. What do flies use their probiscus for? What can happen here?

Answer 34

1. preferred host = bovine speices
   bison, yack, etc.
2. equine, if no equine run to humans.
3. probiscus –> inject into bovine but then bovine swipe, they run to you, if bovine was infected then they are mechanically injecting into your body with equine infectious anemia

Question 35

Stable flies are known to transit which bacterial diseases? Viruses?

Answer 35

Bacteria:
1. Anaplasmosis
2. Anthrax

Viruses:
1. Equine Infectious Anemia

Question 36

________ and ________ are acquired by Americans when they travel abroad.

________ _______ _____ is the leading endemic mosquito-borne disease in the USA

vector born diseases in us
west nile and eee, yellow fever, powassan virus, gengue not in US but when go abrod they get bitten by aedes mosq and bring into us.

bacteria that are endemic

traval to tropics —> get protozoa

Answer 36

Malaria, Dengue, West Nile virus

Question 37

Almost 90% of pathogens are transmitted by ______. Ticks are a major problem.

Major problem in US is _____;. The second biggest problem: _____________. Third biggest problem is _______. Tularemia and rocky mountain spotted fever, etc. also present

Answer 37

ticks, lyme, Anaplasmosis/Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis.

Question 38

Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis/Ehrlichiosis, and Babesiosis are all ______ borne.

Malaria, Dengue, and West Nile Virus, Chikungunya, and St. Louis Encephalitis are all _______ borne.

Answer 38

Tick, mosquito,

Question 39

Where is lyme disease most abundant?

What is a key clinical sign that someone is infected with lyme disease?

Answer 39

In NE
vector for lyme disease = ixodes sacpularis and somethign pacifica

Bullseye lesions aka skin rash.

Question 40

What are some other clinical signs of lyme disease?

Answer 40

Lyme = fever, headache, vomiting, –>if traveled

Question 41

West nile virus is well distributed all over the _____. Very high in _______ and ______

Answer 41

US, california, arizona

Question 42

Of 27 Neglected Zoonosis in the USA, ___ are Vector-borne
diseases as per the reports of CDC

1. ______-borne diseases are
   neglected diseases in the USA
2. Of the 27 diseases, which are not vector-borne diseases?
3. Which diseases have been prioritized for One-Health by USA government in 2018?

Answer 42

19
1. Vector
2. Brucellosis, rabies, psittacosis,
leptospirosis, trichinellosis
3. Lyme, Brucella, West Nile virus,
rabies, plague

Government says no problem b;c disease of poor people, etc.Govt has to priortiize. 19 are forgotten or eneglected diseases
Brucella, rabies, psitacosis, legonella, are forgotten.

Since 2018, govt changed and now interested.

Question 43

Monitoring and
surveillance of
arthropod vectors

Answer 43

mosquitoes, flies can fly = use white and blue traps b/c they see it. if make red they don’t see.

larvae, pupae can use another trap like one in middle

drag white flag and think they got a host so they climb onto it

Question 44

After collect these samples, we can monitor in which _______ of the year they are most abundant so we can add that particular month and year into design intervention.

Answer 44

season

Question 45

In order to eliminate arthropods from their habitats, you must
kill them with chemicals ______. These chemicals include?
During what times of year should these chemicals be used?
Where do you spray these chemicals?

Answer 45

seasonally

1. Use insecticides/acaricides such as:
   a. organochlorine,
   b. organophosphorous,
   c. carbamats,
   d. pyrethrins
2. Dipping/spraying of animals or vector breeding sites
   with suitable insecticides periodically to prevent lice,
   flies, fleas, mites and ticks on skin of animals.
   a. once in April-June and
   b. once in July-September

spray on bushes or spray on your animal and for wild animals can spray rea they live.

Question 46

Doxycycline = miracle drug can be used

Question 47

In addition to treating the environment to kill these arthropods, you can also kill the pathogens in the infected animals and humans with chemicals such as?

Answer 47

a. Antimicrobials
b. Antiprotozoans

Question 48

Are there vaccines against tick-borne diseases? If so, for what species?

Are there vaccines against mosquito borne diseases?

Answer 48

pharmaceuticals for ticks –> vaccine
teach body to defend itself by vaccinating
two types: vaccine against arthropod, and vaccine against pathogen.

tickgard, gavac

mosq vaccine in development at oxford and johns hopkins
collaborating to develop vaccine

Question 49

1. List the licensed tick vaccines for cattle.
2. List the licensed vaccines for dogs.
3. List the licensed vaccines for equine, alligator, and zoo animals.
4. List the licensed vaccines for humans.

Answer 49

1. TickGARD (in Australia) and Gavac (in Latin American
   countries) to prevent
   Rippicephalus microplus
2. Borrelia Burgdorferi Bacterin against Lyme
3. West Nile Virus Vaccine
4. Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus

Question 50

wthout using vaccine and drug how cna you remove and clean the environemtn: destroy their home

mosq = water related. no mosq = no depositing egg; remove any remnabt of water in your area.

avoid dark places in house b;/c they hide there so when you enter they bite

lice and felas they like closets, bed, hair. hygiene and grooming

Question 51

Birth control –> sterilize men b/c females onle mate once in lifetime.

Question 52

physical barriers againt mosquito
- sleep under net + other physical barrier
- spray long sleeve shirt and pants with DEET, citronella, picardin, insecticides

use screens on window and doors
do same for farm aniamls so flies dont enter

for ticks = plow around farm when they try to come to farm, birds tsee them and pick them or they can die due to dehydration due to traveling long distance in sunlight

Question 53

How can you control arthropods with pheromones or volatile compounds ?

Answer 53

Attract them to yourself or animal or trap by spraying acetone, octenols then they die due to starvation in trap or via insecticide in traps, drags, and flags.

Question 54

What types of repellent can you use to protect yourself from vector-borne disease?

Answer 54

1. DEET,
2. Picaridin,
3. Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus
4. Citronella candle

Question 55

if yo dont go to endemic regions that is an optiin, but if you must go you must wear PPE –> long sleeves, long pants, shirts, sprays, etc.