One Health

Question 1

Quadripartite = _____, _______, _____, ______ (2021 Statement

Answer 1

FAO, WOAH, WHO & UNEP

• FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
• WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
• WHO - World Health Organization
• UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme

Question 2

One Health is an __________, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of _______, ______ and _________.

It recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely _____ and _____-dependent.

The approach mobilizes ______ sectors, _________ and ________ at varying levels of society to work together to foster well-being and tackle threats to _____ and ________, while addressing the collective need for clean ______, _____ and ____, safe and nutritious food, taking action on climate change, and contributing to sustainable development

Answer 2

One Health is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems.

It recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and inter-dependent.

The approach mobilizes multiple sectors, disciplines and communities at varying levels of society to work together to foster well-being and tackle threats to health and ecosystems, while addressing the collective need for clean water, energy and air, safe and nutritious food, taking action on climate change, and contributing to sustainable development

Question 3

Trying to integrate what already exists to turn everything into more of a one health process.

Answer 3

how do we play with all of these moving parts to get this to happen?
How does war play in this?
Food industries
where will our products be made
tourism, ecotourism, etc.

Question 4

• Hippocrates
• ________ physician (ca. 400 BC)
• Book: “_____, ______, and ________”
• First (_________) attempt to establish a causal relationship between _______ diseases and the ________

Answer 4

• Hippocrates
• Greek physician (ca. 400 BC)
• Book: “Airs, Waters and Places”
• First (documented) attempt to establish a causal relationship between human diseases and the environment

Question 5

• _______ Dynasty in China (11-13th century)
• Veterinary medicine was its own distinct discipline
• Integrated ______ _____ system, including doctors and veterinarians

Answer 5

• Zhou Dynasty in China (11-13th century)
• Veterinary medicine was its own distinct discipline
• Integrated public health system, including doctors and veterinarians

Question 6

• European culture (until 18th century)
• Human medicine was integrated into the medieval universities
• Veterinary medicine was kept in the hands of ______ (________)
• ______ ________ co-founded the first veterinary college [Lyon, France (1762)]
• Recommended human clinical training for the __________ students
• first time human and veterinary medicine combined
• it was not until claude decided to formally train veterinarians with medicine

Answer 6

• European culture (until 18th century)
• Human medicine was integrated into the medieval universities
• Veterinary medicine was kept in the hands of equerries (stables)
• Claude Bourgelat co-founded the first veterinary college [Lyon, France (1762)]
• Recommended human clinical training for the veterinary students
• first time human and veterinary medicine combined
• it was not until claude decided to formally train veterinarians with medicine

Question 7

• 19th century (mid-1800s)
• “Golden age of microbiology”
• ______ _______ (pathologist)
• very big on looking at cells, tissues, etc.
• How do diseases change cellular processes
• Linking human and veterinary medicine
• _________ medicine – similar disease _______

Answer 7

• 19th century (mid-1800s)
• “Golden age of microbiology”
• Rudolf Virchow (pathologist)
• very big on looking at cells, tissues, etc.
• How do diseases change cellular processes
• Linking human and veterinary medicine
• Comparative medicine – similar disease processes

Question 8

Calvin Schwabe, DVM (1927-2006)
* Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Epidemiology (UC Davis)
* Coined the term “______ ________”
* Veterinary Medicine and Human Health (1964)
“Veterinary medicine is the field of study concerned with the diseases and health of non-human animals. The practice of veterinary medicine is directly related to man’s well-being in a number of ways.

Studied zoonotic diseases in ________

Answer 8

Calvin Schwabe, DVM (1927-2006)
* Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Epidemiology (UC Davis)
* Veterinary Medicine and Human Health (1964)
“Veterinary medicine is the field of study concerned with the diseases and health of non-human animals. The practice of veterinary medicine is directly related to man’s well-being in a number of ways.

Studied zoonotic diseases in africa

coined one medicine

Question 9

vast majorty of animals in this world are free living animals, very small portio are ones we own/livestock. WE make up such a small % of biodiversity

Answer 9

calvin schwabe

Question 10

• One World, One Health (2004)
• Conference - “Building Interdisciplinary Bridges”
• Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
• Using case studies on
• Ebola, Avian Influenza, and Chronic Wasting Disease
• …“focused on the current and potential movements of diseases among human, domestic
  animal, and wildlife populations.”

Question 11

The Tripartite (FAO, OIE [WOAH], and WHO) (2010)
* “The FAO-OIE-WHO collaboration: sharing responsibilities and coordinating global
activities to address health risks at the animal-human-ecosystem interfaces”

Question 12

Question 13

European Union’s Horizon 2020 (H2020)
* World’s largest research and innovation programme to date
* Budget of € 80 billion (7 yr)
- called for proposals for one health
* One Health European Joint Programme
* 37 Partners – including the Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Question 14

Global challenges
* Diseases originate in wildlife and transmit among animals and humans
* Pressures we exert on wildlife habitats exacerbate this risk and jeopardizes
the diversity of life in our ecosystems
* Compromises, among other things, the discovery of new medicines
* We currently depend on medicines that are increasingly ineffective
* Anti-microbial resistance is driven by overuse among humans, livestock, and
plants
* We struggle to feed the increasingly hungry and food-insecure world
* Pandemics, anti-microbial resistance, food insecurities, loss of biodiversity,
and climate change…
* Unprecedentedly complex, interlinked, and rapidly escalating global health and
sustainability challenges

Question 15

These issues surpass the scientific expertise
of any single discipline, exceed the mandate
of any one sector or governmental ministry
…they threaten us all!

Question 16

Climate change and human activities
impact the health of our ecosystems

Potential stressors:

Pollution, toxins / pesticides,
sewage, fishing/hunting, etc.

Conversion of land to grow
crops and pasture,
deforestation, habitat loss, etc.

Question 17

Globalization and urbanization
is a socioecological reality

Pollution, lack of clean water, poor
hygiene, spread of emerging diseases,
injuries, violence, traffic accidents, etc.

Question 18

Sustainable food production ensuring
food security and food safety

Potential stressors:

Zoonoses / food-borne diseases,
contamination of drinking water, anti-
microbial resistance, etc.

Food insecurity / hunger, food
waste (~1/3 production), etc

Question 19

Animal and food sector – using a One Health
approach, we aim to develop sustainable
food systems without compromising animal
health, animal welfare, or the environment…

Question 20

Optimizing land use to control pathogen transmission
* France 1960s – policy encouraged farmers to specialize in milk production
* Jura Mountains were converted into permanent grasslands
* Destruction of hedges, increased production
* Regional ecosystem changed, and small mammal pest surged
* Negative effects on agriculture, conservation, public health, but it made more milk. But the pests –> pressure on environment
* Rodent-borne zoonotic diseases… transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis –> affects people

now under control, bringing back hedges and bring balance back

Question 21

• West Nile virus (1999) –> flavivirus
• Ebola virus
• Avian Influenza
• Chronic Wasting Disease

classic one health presentaiton

Question 22

Schistosomiasis - Corsica Island (France, 2013 & 2015)
* Snail-borne parasitic disease endemic in tropical and subtropical countries.
* 120 local people affected… multidisciplinary approach elucidated the origin of outbreak
* Destoumieux-Garzón et al. (2018) Front. Vet. Sci. 5:14

Question 23

Tour of Bell
build tower so tall to go to heaven
solution was to make everyone speak a different language, no one could speak to each other, tower destroyed

Question 24

Neglected components

Wildlife, ecological issues
Environmental science…
Soil and climate?

One health is a very human centric problem.
There is a spectrum. Everyone has different opinions on what is right and what is wrong.

Question 25

As the population continues to increase, we will need more food and the type of food we will be able to give will change. Predicted that we will need more calories as well