Zeidi: Hormone signaling table 7.1 , 7.2

Question 1

Lypophilic hormones, general

Answer 1

sterioids, thyroids, retinoids

Question 2

Hydrophilic hormones, general

Answer 2

amino acid derived
polypeptides
“from lipid metabolism”

Question 3

steroid hormones

Answer 3

lypophilic

progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, vitamine D

Question 4

thyroid hormones

Answer 4

lypophilic

thyroxine

Question 5

retinoids

Answer 5

lypophilic

retinol, retinoic

Question 6

amino acid derived hormones

Answer 6

hydrophilic

histamine, serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 7

polypeptides

Answer 7

hydrophilic

insulin, glucagon, cytokines, thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 8

epinephrine (1) —> ___ receptor + _____ G protein —>

Answer 8

beta receptor, Gs

relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, contraction of heart muscle, breakdown of triacylglycerols in adipose tissue
break down of glycogen in liver and muscle
glycolysis in muscle

epinephrine- non selective agonist of all adrenergic receptors (a1, a2, beta1, beta2, beta3)

undergoes multiple GPCR signaling pathways

Question 9

histamine —> ___receptor + ___ G protein —>

Answer 9

bronchioconstriction/symptomes of allergic reactions

Gs protein

H2 receptor

Question 10

epinephrine/norepinephrine—>___ receptor + ____ G protein

Answer 10

constriction of smooth muscle

Gi alpha-adrenergic receptor

Question 11

PIP2 system

Answer 11

receptor for vasopressin, epinephrine alpha1

Gq protein

leads to protein kinase C activation. this activates

PIP2—> IP3 and DAG —> Ca efflux, calmodulin dependent activation kinase (cAM) and myosin light chain kinase (MLC)

also causes gene transcription

Question 12

cAMP system

Answer 12

receptor for glucagon, epinephrine (beta, Gs), epinephrine (alpha 2, Gi)

Question 13

RTK

Answer 13

insulin hormone

binds to its receptor RTK to regulate glucose metabolism

Ras-dependent signaling and RAS-independent signaling

Question 14

primary structure of insulin

Answer 14

composed of an “A” and “B” chain

A = 21 aa
B = 20 aa 

A chain and B chain connected by two disulfide bonds
A chain has one additional S-S chain on itself

Question 15

insulin secondary and tertiary structure

Answer 15

6 subunits with a zinc in the middle. inactive form is stored as a hexamer in the body.

Question 16

cAMP system leads to two diverging and then re-emerging downstream signaling events

Answer 16

Gs activates adenylate cyclase which then makes cAMP which then activates protein kinase A, which then phosphorylates CREB, which then translocate into the nucleus and activates genes

Question 17

PIP2 system has what downstream signaling effects

Answer 17

Gq activates phospholipase C, which then cleaves PIP2 to produce diacylglycerol (DAG) and IP3

IP3 causes Ca release from ER/SR, to effects:

Ca activates calmodulin, which activates CaM kinase and myosin light chain

Protein kinase C translocates to membrane where DAG activatrs it