AP hormones

Question 1

GH is secreted via ___ every ____

Answer 1

pulsatile pattern every 2 hrs

Question 2

Direct GH effects are on

Answer 2

skeletal m., liver, bone, adipocytes

Question 3

Indirect GH effects

Answer 3

via IGF-1 from the liver

Question 4

GH actions

diabetogenic effect

Answer 4

1) increases insulin levels in blood
2) increases lipolysis of adipocytes
3) decreases blood glucose levels and utilization
4) causes insulin resistance

Question 5

GH actions

protein synthesis and organ growth

Answer 5

increases protein synthesis and organ growth

1) uptake of a.a.
2) stimulates synthesis of DNA/RNA
3) mediated by somatomedins

Question 6

GH actions

linear growth

Answer 6

increases linear growth, mediated by somatomedins

stimulates synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein

metabolism in cartilage forming cells and chondrocytes proliferation

Question 7

acromegaly

Answer 7

excess GH

mostly due to GH secreting pituitary adenoma

effects are stage-dependent:

before adolescence = gigantism
after adolescence = periosteal growth plates keep growing, organ size increases, increases in extremities, coarsening of facial features, insulin resistance AND glucose intolerance

treated with somatostatin analogue = OCTREOTIDE, inhibits GH secretion

Question 8

Prolactin in breast development

Answer 8

during adolescence stimulates mammary gland development

during pregnancy stimulates mammary alveoli development

note: it is an effect in combination with estrogen and progesteron

Question 9

Prolactin in lactogenesis, two periods of development

Answer 9

Induces synthesis of lactin, casein, and lipids

during pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone keep prolactin levels low, when E & P drop precipitously after birth, prolactin levels increase sharply and begin lactation

Question 10

Prolactin and ovulation

Answer 10

suppresses ovulation by inhibiting synthesis and secretion of GnRH

Question 11

Galactorrhea

Answer 11

prolactin excess

Question 12

prolactin and infertility

Answer 12

caused by excess prolactin

Question 13

Destruction of the anterior lobe’s effect on prolactin secretion

Answer 13

obliterated

Question 14

Destruction of lactopherins on prolactin

Answer 14

obliterated

Question 15

Destruction of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system on prolactin

Answer 15

prolactin excess- dopamine’s NF effect is obliterated

Question 16

Destruction of the hypothalamus’ effect on prolactin

Answer 16

increases, no dopamine inhibiting signals

Question 17

Bromocriptine

Answer 17

dopamine receptors that can be used to prolactin excess

Question 18

panhypopituitarism

Answer 18

condition of inadequate or absent production of anterior pituitary hormones

caused by problems that affect pit. gland and either reduce or destroy its function OR reduce/destroy hypothalamic secretion of varying pit. releasing hormones

Question 19

Causes of hypopituitarism

Answer 19

brain damage, pituitary tumors, non-pit tumors, infections

autoimmune disorders, genetic causes, idiopathic causes

Question 20

pituitary tumors

Answer 20

most pituitary tumors are adenomas, occur spontaneously

functional and non functional

functional- release active hormone excessively
non-functional, releases nothing

Question 21

Adenoma size

Answer 21

less than 1 cm = microadenoma

more than 1 cm = macroadenoma

Question 22

multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Answer 22

MEN 1

develop in 25% of patients with diagnosed pituitary adenomas

Question 23

Neuropeptides

Answer 23

ADH and oxytocin

Question 24

Precursor Neuropeptides

Answer 24

preprossophysin

Oxytocin: prepro-oxyphysin

Question 25

the amino acid differences between oxytocin and ADH

Answer 25

ADH has a Phe and Arg

Oxytocin has a Ile and Leu

Question 26

what is the major hormone concerned with regulating body fluid?

Answer 26

ADH

Question 27

triggers of ADH secretion

Answer 27

1) decreased blood pressure sense by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch –> sensory fibers to hypothalamus
2) decreased pressure sense by atrial stretch sensitive sensory neurons —-> hypothalamus
3) osmolarity above 280 mOsM @ hypothalamic osmoreceptors —> INTERNEURONS to hypothalamus —> hypothalamus
4) Angiotensin II
5) sympathetic stimulation
6) dehydration

that’s three things: atrial stretch decrease, pressure decrease at baroreceptors, and osmolarity above 280 mOsm

Question 28

which stimulation is ADH secretion most sensitive to?

Answer 28

osmolarity, a 1% change in osmolarity will cause ADH release

Question 29

ADH receptors in the blood vessels and kidneys

Answer 29

V1 in vessels - vasoconstriction

V2 in kidneys - h20 retention