Glands, cells, hormones

Question 1

gastric glands

Answer 1

mucous cells 
chief cells 
parietal cells 
stem cells 
gastroendocrine cells

Question 2

in the gastric pit, where are the surface mucous cells located?

Answer 2

in the “pit” i.e opening of the pit, area

Question 3

in the gastric pit, where are parietal cells located?

Answer 3

in the neck region

this region is known as the “isthmus”

Question 4

in the gastric pit, what cells are in the body?

Answer 4

chief cells predominate followed by enteroendocrine cells,

Question 5

Mucous cells of the fundus

what is their mucous made from

Answer 5

two types: mucous neck cells and the mucous surface cells

neck cells are located in the opening of the pit

mucous is made from 95% water and % mucins

mucous layer traps bicard inons and neutralixes microenvironment adjacnte to the apical region of the surface mucous cells to an alkaline pH

Question 6

chief cells

Answer 6

predominate in the lower third of gastric pit

no present in cardiac region, not found in pyloric antrum

in apical regions, contains pepsinogen secretory granules.

pepsinogen is a proenzyme

converted in acidic environment to a proteolytic enzyme

exocytosis of pepsinogen is rapid, stimulated by feeding

Question 7

gastric glands of the fundus region contain two major cells

Answer 7

chief cells (peptic) and parietal cells

Question 8

Parietal cells

Answer 8

also called oxynitic cells. secrete HCL and intrinsic factor.

after stimulation, vesicles fuse with apical membrane.

carbonic anhydrase AND “H, K-ATPase” is localized into microvilli projecting into the lumen of the intracellular canaliculus.

Question 9

What receptors are on the bottom of a parietal cell?

Answer 9

histamine receptor, ACh receptor, and gastrin receptor

Question 10

pepsinogen can be released by stimulation of what neurotransmitter

Answer 10

ACh

Question 11

autoimmune gastritis

Answer 11

caused by antibodies to H,K-ATPase, in the parietal cell, and intrinsic factor

destruction of parietal cells causes a reduction in HCL (“achlorhydria”) and a lock of synthesis of intrinsic factor

result: B vit 12 deficiency disrupts formation of red blood cells in bone marrow

Question 12

a patient is achlorhydriia and anemic, what is a possible problem? what would be suitable treatment?

Answer 12

she has autoimmune gastritis, requiing Vit B 12 supplimentation

Question 13

how HCL secretion works in parietal cells

Answer 13

parasympathetic stimulation via ACh and the peptide gastrin, produced by enteroendorcrine cells of the pyloric antrum, stimulate parietal cells to secrete HCL

ACh stimulate also stimulates gastrin release

Question 14

gastric juice contains two protective layers

Answer 14

an alkaline mucosa and an acidic gel (HCL and PEPSIN).

Question 15

where does helicobacter pylori reside and under what conditions?

Answer 15

in the pyloric antrum region, under both the alkaline conditions of the mucosal gel and the acidic environment above it.

Question 16

h pylori produces what

Answer 16

is is associated with peptic ulcers

Question 17

peptide hormones produced by the GI endocrine cells have the following functions

Answer 17

regulation of water, electrolyte metabolism, and enzyme secretion

regulation of GI motility and mucosal growth

stimulation of the release of other peptide hormones

Question 18

Secretin

Answer 18

released by cells in the duodenal glands of lieberkuhn when gastric content enters the duodenum

secretin stimulates pancreatic and duodenal bicarb (from brunners glands)

Question 19

brunners glands release ___ from stimulation by

Answer 19

bicarbonate from stimulation by secretin

Question 20

____ together with CCK stimulates growth of exocrine pancreas

Answer 20

secretin

Question 21

secretin stimulates ______ cells to release a proteolytic enzyme, and inhibits _____ release and reduce HCL

Answer 21

chief cells, gastrin release

Question 22

Gastrin

Answer 22

produced by G cells located in pyloric antrum

there are three forms

main function is to stimulate function of HCL from parietal cells

can also activate CCK to stimulate gallbladder contraction

Question 23

CCK

Answer 23

peptide hormone

produced in duodenum

stimulates gallbladder contraction and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi when proteins and fat rich chyme enters duodenum

Question 24

GIP

Answer 24

glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide

formally called gastric inhibitory peptide, produced by duodenum, stimulates insulin release when glucose detected in small intestines

Question 25

how do you distinguish pyloric glands from cardiac and gastric glands

Answer 25

they’re much more tortuous

simple tubular and branched

Question 26

muscularis externa of stomach

Answer 26

three layers, inner most circular, internal oblique, longitudinal directions

Question 27

distal pyloric antrum

Answer 27

where annular pyloric spinchter forms