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COM Anatomy, Biochemistry, OS > Intro to GI physio > Flashcards

Intro to GI physio Flashcards

1
Q

somatostatin

A

in GI tract: released by D cells in response to low pH, inhibits H secretion and other GI hormones

outside GI tract: released by delta cells of pancreas and hypothalamus

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2
Q

Histamine

A

in the stomach: stored and secreted by enterochromaffin cells (in glands). acts on Parietal cells to increase H production

stimulates acid production

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3
Q

Gastrin

hormone family
site of secretion
stimuli of secretion

A

gastrin-cck
G cells of stomach

small peptides and a.a.
distention of stomach
vagal stimulation

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4
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

hormone family
site of secretion
stimuli of secretion

A

gastrin-CCK
I cells of the duodenum and jejunum

small peptides and AA
FAs

pancreatic enzyme secretion
pancreative HCO3 secretion through potentiation of CCK (not a direct effect, it potentiates effects of secretion)
stimulation/contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of the spnicter of Oddi

stimulates growth of the exocrine pancreas and gallbladder (trophic effects)
inhibits gastric emptying

can also act as a paracrine signal

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5
Q

Secretin

hormone family
site of secretion
stimuli of secretion

A

secretin-glucagon
S cells of the duodenum
H in the duodenum, FAs in the duodenum

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6
Q

Glucose-dependent insulintropic peptide

A

secretin-glucagon family
duodenum and jejunum

FAs, a.a’s, oral glucose

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7
Q

Gastrin’s actions

A

stimulates acid secretion and mucosal growth

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8
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

gastrin secreting tumors
hypertrophy of gastric mucosa
duodenal ulcers
steatorrhea (fatty stools), pancreatic release is reduced

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9
Q

CCK actions

A

pancreatic enzyme secretion
pancreative HCO3 secretion through potentiation of CCK (not a direct effect, it potentiates effects of secretion)
stimulation/contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of the spnicter of Oddi

stimulates growth of the exocrine pancreas and gallbladder (trophic effects)
inhibits gastric emptying

can also act as a paracrine signal

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10
Q

secretin actions

A 
increases pancreatic HCO3 secretion
increases biliary HCO3 secretion
decreases H secretion
inhibits trophic effect of gastrin on gastric mucosa 
can also act as a paracrine signal
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11
Q

GIP actions

A

increases insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and decreases H secretion

oral glucose consumption is much more efficient way of releasing insulin than intravenous injection

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12
Q

ACh in the GI tract

source, action

A

cholinergic neurons

actions include salivary secretions, pancreatic secretions, gastric secretions

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13
Q

norepinephrine (NE)

source, action

A

adrenergic neurons

relaxation of smooth muscle
contraction of sphincters

increases salivary secretion

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14
Q

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

source, action

A

neurons of the mucosa and smooth muscle

actions include relaxation of smooth muscle
increase in intestinal secretion
increased in pancreatic secretion

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15
Q

GRP

source, acrion

A

gastrin releasing peptide

neurons from gastric mucosa

increases gastrin secretion

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16
Q

Enkephalins

A

neurons of the mucosa and smooth muscle

causes contraction of smooth muscle and decreases intestinal secretion

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17
Q

Neuropeptides Y

A

Neurons of the mucosa and smooth muscle.

relaxation of smooth muscle. decrease intestinal secretion.

18
Q

substance P

A

Co-release with ACh

contraction of smooth muscle, salivary secretion

19
Q

neuronal centers that control feeding and satiety are located in the

A

hypothalamus

20
Q

Lateral nuclei (LH)

A

feeding center in the hypothalamus

21
Q

ventromedial nuclei (VM)

A

satiety center

22
Q

PDA

A

paraventricular nuclei
dorsomedial nuclei
arcuate nuclei

all hypothalamic centers involved in food intake

23
Q

what stimuli are needed for hormone release?

A

physiological (food, acid, paracrine stimulation, glucose etc)

24
Q

what stimuli are needed for NT release?

A

action potentials

25
Q

alpha-MSH pw

A

neurons in arcuate nucleus secrete alpha-melanocortin (a-MSH) by pro-opiomelanocortin neurons (POMC)

alpha-MSH binds to MCR-4 present in second order neurons to INHIBIT food intake and increases metabolism

26
Q

“big picture” a-MSH

A

inhibits food intake and increases metabolism

27
Q

Neuropeptide Y pw

A

neurons in arcuate nucleus are stimulated by hunger signals to release NPY

NPY binds to Y1R

neurons that release NPY also release agouti-related peptide

AGRP is an antagonist of MCR-4

increases feeding behavior and storage of calories

28
Q

alpha-MSH and NYP/AGRP are

A

antagonists: peptides from one inhibit the other system.

AGRP is an MCR-4 antagonist.

29
Q

obesity

A

some cases have been related to mutation in the POMC and MCR4 genes

30
Q

POMC

A

neuron in the arcuate hypothalamus: releases alpha-MSH to MCR-4 and inhibits food intake

31
Q

the “vagal” circuit (basic components)

A

vagus–> NT—> hypothalamus

32
Q

Ghrelin

A

secreted mainly by endocrine cells in the stomach

binds to growth hormone, secretagogue receptors

in the hypothalamus it stimulates neurons that release NPY

stimulates neurons that release NPY (big one)

other actions include increasing:

appetite 
gastric motility 
gastric acid secretion
adipogenesis 
insulin secretion

appears to initiate the feeding response

33
Q

insulin

A

transported across the blood brain barrier

binds to receptors in satiety and hunger centers within the hypothalamus (POMC and NPY systems)

actions:

decreasing appetite
increasing metabolism

in patients with type I diabetes mellitus, there is an increase in food intake associated with the decrease in insulin

34
Q

CCK and Peptide YY

A

CCK released by I cells in the duodenum elicits satiety

CCK —> vagal —> NTS —> hypothalamic circuit –> decrease in ghrelin, decrease in gastric emptying

35
Q

PYY released by EECs

A

released by EECs (L cells) of the ileum and colon

binds to Y2 receptors of the hypothalamus, which inhibits NPY neurons and released inhibition of POMC neurons

potential as appetite suppressor

36
Q

Leptin

A

secreted by cells in adipose tissue and by endocrine cells in the stomach

binds to receptors in satiety and hunger centers within the hypothalamus (POMC and NPY systems)

appetite suppressing hormone:

decreases appetite
increases metabolism
decreases ghrelin

appears to be part of negative feedback system for the regulation of food intake

37
Q

Paracrines

A

peptides secreted by endocrine cells of the GI tract
act locally

somatostatin
histamine

38
Q

hormones

A

peptides released from endocrine cells of the GI tract through the portal circulation, through the liver, and enter systemic circulation

gastrin
CCK
secretin
GIP

39
Q

Neurocrines

A

synthesized by neurons of the GI tract and released following an action potential

ACh
NEP
VIP
GRP
enkephalins
NPY 
substance P
40
Q

Criteria for a GI hormone

A

substance must be secreted in response to physiologic stimuli

function must be independent of neural activity

it must be isolated, purified, and chemically identified, and synthesized

only four qualify: CCK, secretin, gastrin, GIP

COM Anatomy, Biochemistry, OS (34 decks)

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