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ACLAM 2018 > Zebrafish > Flashcards

Zebrafish Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology?

A

Gas bubble disease

Caused by gas supersaturation of water

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2
Q

Etiology? Location in body?

A

Pseudocapillaria tomentosa

Found in lumen and wall of intestine

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3
Q

GIT from a zebrafish. Etiology? Treatment?

A

Pseudocapillaria tomentosa

Treat with emamectin-medicated diet or fenbendazole in Artemia suspension

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4
Q

Etiology? Treatment?

A

Ichthyophirius multifilis (Ich)

Treat with removal of affected fish + increasing temperature to accelerate lifespan of motile form; formaldehyde immersion, salt treatment

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5
Q

Etiology and 2 sequela of infection

A

Piscinoodinium sp. (velvet disease)

Sequela

(1) damage to host cell leading to osmoregulatory impairment and secondary bacterial infection
(2) Inflammation and hyperplasia of gill epithelium lead to hypoxia

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6
Q

Etiology and 2 predisposing factors.

A

Saprolegnia in fry.

Predisposing factors–>skin wounds, handling, crowding, heavy feeding rates, immunosuppressionn, high organic loads in tanks

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7
Q

Most likely etiology and how it is transmitted.

A

Pseudoloma neurophilia

transmitted by ingestion, gets into tank via infected live/dead fish, splashing/aerosolization between tanks, debris, vertical transmission via ovaries, ova, and embryos spawned from infected adults

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8
Q

Most likely etiology and expected clinical signs

A

Pseudoloma neurophilia

Expect emaciation (aka ‘skinny dz’), lordosis, scoliosis, reduced growth, reduced female fecundity

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9
Q

Etiology and species most affected by this disease

A

Columnaris caused by Flavobacterium

Affects salmonids

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10
Q

Etiology and other species that may be affected.

A

Edwardsiella ictaluri

Causes ‘hole in the head’ in catfish

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11
Q

Primary differential for the zebrafish shown and predisposed strains.

A

Mycobacterium.

Tubingen (TU) and TAB5 more susceptible

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12
Q

Common name for this clinical sign?

A

Dropsy (edema)

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13
Q

Reason for this behavior in zebrafish

A

Hypoxemia

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14
Q

Disease model shown in the fish on the right and the mutation associated with this phenotype

A

melanoma casued by BRAF gene

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15
Q

Mutation shown? Ortholog in mice?

A

No tail (ntl)

In mice, see brachyury (T)

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16
Q

Scientific name of the zebrafish

A

Danio rerio

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17
Q

What is it called when adult male fish are treated with chemical mutagen and the F3 generation is examined for developmental abnormalities?

A

Saturation mutagenesis

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18
Q

What family are zebrafish in?

A

Cyprinidae (includes danios and barbs)

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19
Q

What is the ntl mutation

A

no tail–>embryos fail to develop a proper notochord and caudal structures

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20
Q

what is the spt mutation?

A

spadetail, mesodermal cells fail to gastrulate properly

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21
Q

What is the standard temp for zebrafish maintenance?

A

28.5C

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22
Q

When does the first cleavage occur for zebrafish embryos?

A

45min after fertilization

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23
Q

What is epiboly?

A

when embryonic cells spread over the yolk

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24
Q

When do embryos hatch from the chorion?

A

3-4dpf

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25
Q

When do zebrafish start eating?

A

4-5dpf

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26
Q

What type of tumors does ENU usually produce?

A

epidermal papillomas

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27
Q

What does the c-myc gene induce in zebrafish?

A

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

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28
Q

What muscular dystrophy is seen in zebrafish?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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29
Q

If the distal part o the zebrafish fin is amputated, how long will it take to regenerate?

A

10-12d

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30
Q

Disease and infection are a result of interaction between what 3 aspects?

A

host, environment, pathogen

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31
Q

Poor health in zebrafish is a general indicator of what?

A

marginal to poor environmental values

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32
Q

T/F: zebrafish aren’t territorial.

A

F- they are

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33
Q

What housing density is recommended by the Guide for zebrafish?

A

No more than 5 fish/L

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34
Q

Tight/cohesive shoaling, frequent or constant aggression, erratic bursts of activity, freezing and bottom-dwelling are examples of what type of behaviors?

A

Abnormal/maladaptive behaviors

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35
Q

What is the acclimated thermal tolerance range of zebrafish?

A

6.7-41.7C

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36
Q

When changing the temperature of a zebrafish tank, what is the highest amount it should change per day?

A

1.5C

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37
Q

What is the optimal growing/breeding temperature for zebrafish

A

75-82F (24-28C)

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38
Q

How warm should an aquatic room be kept to minimize condensation of water on surfaces?

A

1-2 degrees above that of the water

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39
Q

What are signs of oxygen deprivation in tanks?

A

fish clustered around aerators, gasping/sipping at the top of the water

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40
Q

Supersaturation of water with oxygen leads to what disease?

A

gas bubble disease -air emboli in tissues

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41
Q

What is the optimum pH for zebrafish systems?

A

8-Jul

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42
Q

What is the effect on ammonia in a tank when the pH is increased?

A

higher unionized toxic ammonia

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43
Q

What is the effect on ammonia in a tank when the pH is decreased?

A

inhibits activity of nitrifying bacteria which will increase the overall ammonia level

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44
Q

What does conductivity measure in relation to fish tanks?

A

indicator of the total amount of dissolved ions in a solution, direct measure of the amount of electric current a particular soulution can conduct

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45
Q

What salinity should zebrafish be kept at?

A

125-2500 microseimens (uS)

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46
Q

What elements are measured in water hardness?

A

calcium, magnesium salts

47
Q

What is the ideal water hardness for zebrafish?

A

80-200ppm

48
Q

What can be used to replace the minerals in RO water used for fish tanks?

A

calcium carbonate, crushed coral, aragonite

49
Q

What should be a consideration in the composition of housing rooms for aquatic species?

A

exposure to high humidity and/or water

50
Q

When sealing aquatic tanks, what compound should be used?

A

food-grade silicon sealer

51
Q

How much light is recommended for zebrafish?

A

5-30 ft candles or 54-354 lux

52
Q

What type of outlet should be used in aquatic rooms?

A

ground fault interrupted (GFI) with covers

53
Q

How much does 1 gallon of water weigh?

A

8.3lb/3.75kg

54
Q

T/F: Wood is safe to use long-term to support aquatic systems when it is treated.

A

F- even if treated, don’t use it!

55
Q

What is the best source of water for fish?

A

deep wells- few infectious agents or toxic chemicals

56
Q

How should municipal tap water be treated prior to use in aquatic systems?

A

Remove chlorine, chloramines, copper

57
Q

What material is best to make zebrafish tanks from?

A

Polycarbonate

58
Q

how much of the total water volume should be replaced in recirculating water systems?

A

1-10% of water volume

59
Q

What biological algae control can be used in zebrafish but can be vectors of certain pathogens?

A

snails (Planorbella spp)

60
Q

What fatty acid should be provided to zebrafish in high amounts?

A

linoleic acid

61
Q

What diet promotes high growth rates and survival for zebrafish larvae and fry?

A

zooplankton (rotifers, Artemia)

62
Q

What is the best way to introduce imported fish lines into a colony?

A

To only allow the progeny to enter the colony

63
Q

What is a quarantine model called that only allows progeny from previously imported surface disinfected embryos that were reared to adults in the quarantine facility to enter the colony?

A

refined quarantine

64
Q

What is a quarantine model called that allows surface disinfected embryos from adult fish housed in the quarantine facility the facility

A

traditional quarantine

65
Q

How should embryos be disinfected?

A

dilute bleach 20-50ppm buffered to pH 7.0

66
Q

How long should sentinel fish be maintained in a system to detect chronic infections?

A

3 months

67
Q

What is the primary hematopoietic organ in adult zebrafish?

A

Head kidney

68
Q

What are 2 methods of terminal blood collection?

A

decapitation through the pelvic girdle, draw from the dorsal aorta

69
Q

What are survival blood collection techniques in fish?

A

dorsal aorta draw

70
Q

What is special about zebrafish RBCs?

A

They are oval and nucleated

71
Q

How much solution an be gavaged safely to a zebrafish?

A

5uL

72
Q

What are the four stages of sedation?

A

I-sedation, II- excitation, III- anesthesia, IV-overdose

73
Q

What is commonly used to induce anesthesia in zebrafish?

A

MS-222 (tricaine methanosulfonate)

74
Q

What must be added to eugenol to make it water soluble?

A

ethanol

75
Q

What are the two pathogenic species of mycobacterium in fish?

A

M. haemophilum, M. marinum

76
Q

What is the most commonly identified mycobacterium in zebrafish?

A

M. chelonae

77
Q

Where do aquatic mycobacterium reproduce in fish?

A

host macrophages

78
Q

What strains of zebrafish are more susceptible to mycobacterium?

A

Tubingen (TU), TAB5

79
Q

Lethargy, decreased fecundity, emaciation, skin ulceration, edema, and coelemic distension are associated with what disease?

A

Mycobacterium

80
Q

How is mycobacterium in fish diagnosed?

A

Acid-fast stain of lesions, PCR, culture

81
Q

What is the only species of mycobacterium that has a neurotropic form in fish?

A

M. haemophilum

82
Q

How is mycobacterium treated in fish?

A

It’s not- rederive the system

83
Q

What is the causative agent of fish tank granuloma in people?

A

Mycobacterium marinum

84
Q

What is the causative agent of hole in the head disease in catfish?

A

Edwardsiella ictaluri

85
Q

How are zebrafish infected with Edwardsiella?

A

immersion in infective water

86
Q

What two syndromes are present in catfish affected by Edwardsiella ictaluri?

A

septicemia, hole in the head

87
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Edwardsiella in zebrafish?

A

lethargy, raised scales, skin ulceration and hemorrhage, ascites

88
Q

What are the two organs most severely affected by Edwardsiella in zebrafish?

A

kidney, spleenn

89
Q

What protozoan parasite is associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in zebrafish?

A

Tetrahymena pyriformis

90
Q

How is Aeromonas diagnosed?

A

culture isolation of kidney

91
Q

What is the causative agent of bacterial gill disease?

A

Flavobacterium branchiophilum

92
Q

What is the causative agent of columnaris disease?

A

Flavobacterium columnare

93
Q

What is the characteristic lesion of columnaris disease?

A

saddleback lesion- loss of pigment and scales around dorsal fin

94
Q

How is columnaris disease diagnosed?

A

wet mount microscopy

95
Q

T/F: columnaris is a low mortality disease

A

False- high mortality, especially in salmonids and zebrafish

96
Q

What two microsporidian parasites most commonly infect zebrafish?

A

Pseudoloma neurophilia, Pleistophora hyphessobryconis

97
Q

What is the most common zebrafish disease?

A

Microsporidiosis due to Pseudoloma neurophilia

98
Q

Where does Pleistophora hyphessobryconis develop in the zebrafish?

A

Skeletal muscle

99
Q

Where does P. neurophilia develop in the host?

A

CNS tissues, muscle, ovary

100
Q

What are clinical signs associated with P. neurophilia in zebrafish?

A

emaciation, lordosis, scoliosis, reduced growth

101
Q

How is P. neurophilia diagnosed?

A

direct visualization of spores on wet mount, histologic visualization with acid-fast, H&E, Gram, Luna, PAS, or Fungi-Fluor stains

102
Q

What is the causative agent of velvet disease or gold dust disease?

A

Piscinoodinium sp.

103
Q

What age category of zebrafish has the highest mortality due to Piscinoodinium?

A

young fish

104
Q

How is Piscinoodinium diagnosed?

A

Wet mount of skin or gills with oval opaque nonmotile trophonts

105
Q

How is Ich diagnosed?

A

pathognomonic horseshoe shaped macronucleus seen on wet mount

106
Q

What is the lethal amount of ammonia for fish

A

0.5mg/L

107
Q

Some zebrafish present with pale tan and brown gills, lethargy, tachypnea and surface swimming. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

nitrite toxicity

108
Q

What is the lowest toxic concentration of nitrite for zebrafish?

A

0.1mg/L

109
Q

How should chloramine be removed from an aquarium before fish are added?

A

activated carbon filter, chemical neutralization with sodium thiosulfate, near-boiling of water

110
Q

How is chlorine/chloramine toxicity treated?

A

New water source and supersaturating with O2 for several days

111
Q

How is chlorine removed from a water source?

A

24h aeration or dechlorinating agent

112
Q

High CO2 levels (>12mg/L) are associated with what condition in zebrafish?

A

nephrocalcinosis

113
Q

What is the most common spntaneous tumor in male zebrafish?

A

seminoma

114
Q

How is egg-associated inflammation prevented in females?

A

prevent egg retention by spawning females in a timely manner

ACLAM 2018 (17 decks)

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