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ACLAM 2018 > NHP biology > Flashcards

NHP biology Flashcards

1
Q

NHP that have cheek pouches?

A

OWM in Cercopithecidae

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2
Q

NHP that have sex skin?

A

great apes, some OWM (baboons and macaques most common)

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3
Q

A newly-acquired 5yo female olive baboon has pronounced swelling of the perineum. What is your primary differential?

a. bacterial abscess
b. atypical tuberculosis
c. normal sex skin tumescence
d. dystocia

A

c. normal sex skin tumescence

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4
Q

A naked, moist snout is characteristic of what type of primates?

A

Strepsirrhine

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5
Q

Which species have a toilet claw on the third digit instead of the 2nd?

A

aye-ayes

tarsiers

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6
Q

What type of placentation do most strepsirrhine primates have?

A

epitheliochorial

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7
Q

What type of placentation do tarsiers have?

A

hemochorial

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8
Q

What is the dental formula of Strepsirrhine primates?

A

I2/2 C1/1 PM3/3 M3/3

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9
Q

Which species have a dietary requirement for vitamin D3 in the diet? Why?

A 
platyrrhine primates (NWM)
Because vitamin D2 isn't bioavailable in these species
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10
Q

What type of primates menstruate?

A

great apes, OWM, Cebus, and some Ateles (spider monkeys)

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11
Q

What is the only nocturnal simian primate?

A

Aotus (owl monkey)

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12
Q

What type of monkey may have a prehensile tail?

A

Platyrrhine (NWM)

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13
Q

Which type of monkey may have ischial callosities?

A

OWM

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14
Q

What type of placentation do OWM have?

A

hemochorial discoidal

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15
Q

What is a hallux?

A

Specialized nail on the first digit of the foot in Callitrichids that is opposable (the thumb is not)

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16
Q

How many scent marking glands do Callitrichids have, and what are they?

A

2- circumgenital and sternal glands

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17
Q

What does ‘short-tusked’ mean and to which primates does it refer?

A

Refers to marmosets- canine teeth are same length as incisors

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18
Q

What are the two most common genuses of callitrichids used in research?

A

Saguinus

Callithrix

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19
Q

Which members of a group of marmosets are able to reproduce?

A

Only the dominant male and female, but all members contribute to rearing

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20
Q

A subordinate female common marmoset presents for an annual exam; you note that she has not had signs of estrus in the last year. How do you interpret this?

A

Normal finding for subordinates- only the dominant female will cycle

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21
Q

How long is the estrus cycle in Callithrix jacchus?

A

28 days

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22
Q

How long is the estrus cycle in Saguinus?

A

22-26 days dependent on species

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23
Q

Do marmosets and tamarins have a postpartum estrus?

A

Trick question- marmosets do, tamarins don’t

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24
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed in callitrichids?

A

As early as two weeks via plasma or urine placental chorionic gonadotropin, urinary progesterone, ultrasound

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25
Q

What is special about marmoset twins?

A

Vascular anastamoses result in chimerism in most twins

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26
Q

Fraternal marmoset twins are born in your colony. Will the female twin have normal reproduction at maturity?

A

Yes- free-martinism doesn’t happen d/t enzyme system in utero

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27
Q

Are callitrichids seasonal or nonseasonal breeders in captivity? In the wild?

A

nonseasonal in captivity, seasonal in the wild

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28
Q

What is the gestation for Callithrix?

A

148 days

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29
Q

What is the gestation for Saguinus?

A

140-170 days (longer in S. oedipus)

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30
Q

What is the most productive NHP species?

A

Marmosets- short interbirth interval, high twinning rate, long reproductive life span

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31
Q

Which of the following temperatures is most appropriate for housing of callitrichids?

a. 61F
b. 70F
c. 75F
d. 80F

A

d. 80F- warmer temperatures needed to prevent metabolic and cold stress

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32
Q

How often should nest boxes be cleaned?

A

Every two weeks, preferably on an alternating schedule with other equipment to keep scents on items

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33
Q

Which NHP species is used as a model of Parkinson’s dz, aging, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis?

A

common marmosets

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34
Q

What CITES appendix are Callithrix jacchus?

A

Appendix II

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35
Q

What CITES appendix are Saguinous oedipus?

A

Appendix I

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36
Q

What are the major research uses of tamarins?

A

viral hepatitis, chronic colitis/colon cancer, cardiomyopathy

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37
Q

What is the only nocturnal simian primate?

A

owl monkey (Aotus)

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38
Q

Do Aotus have a tapetum lucidum?

A

No

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39
Q

T/F. Aotus have a higher basal metabolic rate than other primates for their size.

A

False- it is 20-25% lower than expected for a mammal of their size

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40
Q

How many chromosomes do Aotus have?

A

variable dependent on species, 46-56

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41
Q

Which species of NWM are monogamous?

A

“All copulate privately”

Aotus
Cercocebinae (titis)
Pithecinae (sakis, uakaris)

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42
Q

In which NWM species do the males carry the infants?

A

Aotus and titi monkeys

“Owls and titis carry the load, marmosets share the load, squirrel monkeys are a load.”

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43
Q

Which Aotus species has some diurnal behaviors?

A

Aotus azarai, Azara’s night monkey

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44
Q

How long is the Aotus estrus cycle?

A

15-18d most common, some up to 22d

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45
Q

What is a normal gestation length for Aotus?

A

117-133d

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46
Q

What research models are Aotus used for?

A 
Infectious disease: 
Malaria- susceptible to multiple species 
Oncogenic herpesviruses
Viral diseases- hepatitis A, EEE, dengue
Leishmaniasis

Vision

47
Q

Genus for squirrel monkeys?

A

Saimiri sp.

48
Q

How many chromosomes do squirrel monkeys have?

A

44 (diploid)

49
Q

Which type of squirrel monkeys are identified by gothic arches above the eyes?

A

Saimiri sciureus (common squirrel monkey)

Also S. oerstedii (central american squirrel monkey) and S. ustus (golden-backed squirrel monkey)

50
Q

Which type of squirrel monkeys are identified by roman arches above the eyes?

A

Saimiri boliviensis (Bolivian or peruvian squirrel monkey)

Saimiri vanzolinii (black-headed squirrel monkey)

51
Q

You decide to karyotype some of your squirrel monkeys before starting a project and find out that some of your squirrel monkeys are hybrids between Guyanese and Peruvians. What is the most likely outcome of this finding?

A

Decreased reproductive efficiency due to karyotypic variations that result in nonviable gametes (50% of offspring are infertile)

52
Q

Your recently arrived squirrel monkeys are urinating on their hands and feet, then rubbing their hands all over themselves and their caging. How do you address this behavior?

a. Increase enrichment to decrease the incidence of the stereotypy
b. Do nothing, this is normal scent-marking on a new cage
c. Perform a urine culture and sensitivity prior to treating the UTI
d. Increase the amount of moisture in feed for at least 2 weeks to resolve crystalluria

A

b. Do nothing, this is normal scent-marking on a new cage

53
Q

What is ‘fatting’ in relation to squirrel monkeys?

A

15% weight gain in males with seasonal enlargement of testes in preparation for breeding season

54
Q

What is the major contributor to high rates of dystocia and stillbirths in squirrel monkeys?

A

the large fetal-to-dam size ratio, with infants weighing up to 20% of the dam’s weight

55
Q

In which primate species do infants actively participate in the birth process by helping to pull itself out?

A

Squirrel monkeys

56
Q

Which of the following is the most appropriate perching material for NWM?

a. PVC pipe
b. galvanized steel
c. aluminum
d. soft neoprene

A

a. PVC pipe

57
Q

What is the smallest perch diameter that can be used for squirrel monkeys without risk of tail ulcers?

A

3/4 inch, should be wider

58
Q

Should a new squirrel monkey be added to an established group?

A

No- high risk of injury

59
Q

What are special dietary needs of squirrel monkeys?

A

Vitamin C- like all NHP
Vitamin D3- like other NWM
Folic acid
High protein requirements, especially as infants

60
Q

What other NHP species could be housed with Saimiri?

A

Cebus sp. live in the same ecological niche and have natural interspecies association, but care must be taken

61
Q

You see an adult female squirrel monkey with slighly pale mucous membranes, a 28% hematocrit. She otherwise looks normal on exam. You compare her reproductive history to the rest of your colony and notice that this year’s infants are smaller than average. Based on your primary differential, how do you address this?

A

Ensure the diet provides at least 200pg/day of folic acid for each monkey

62
Q

What research areas are squirrel monkeys used in?

A

Neuroscience- CNS, behavior/learning, perception
Cortisol rc studies- resistant to glucocorticoids
Heart failure, cardiomyoptathy
Malaria, TSEs, pelvic organ prolapse

Also infectious dz, genetics, pharmacology, behavioral pharmacology, drug addiction, tox research

63
Q

What NHP species is most susceptible to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

A

squirrel monkeys

64
Q

What is the scientific name of the rhesus macaque?

A

Macaca mulatta

65
Q

What is the scientific name of the cynomolgus macaque?

A

Macaca fascicularis

66
Q

You walk into a room of rhesus. One male makes direct eye contact with you and holds his mouth open toward you. What is this behavior called?

A

open mouth threat

67
Q

You are observing a group of rhesus. Two monkeys just got into a fight. The rest of the group are currently shaking their heads, yawning, scratching themselves, and not making eye contact. What are these behaviors indicative of?

A

Head shaking, yawning, scratching are signs of anxiety or tension

68
Q

Are rhesus seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?

A

seasonal

69
Q

Are cynos seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?

A

nonseasonal- all other macaques are seasonal

70
Q

What is the gestation of a rhesus macaque?

A

165d (same for cynos)

71
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle of rhesus?

A

28d (same for cynos)

72
Q

What color are cyno infants when born?

A

They have black hair that transitions to grey or agouti as they mature

73
Q

What temperature range should monkeys be kept at indoors?

A

64-84F

74
Q

Macaques were imported to the US from India for use in research until what year?

A

1978

75
Q

What is the primary use of Macaca arctoides in research?

A

Stump-tailed macaque- balding and behavior

76
Q

What is the primary use of Macaca nemestrina in research?

A

Southern pig-tailed macaque- HIV/SHIV, gene therapy, immunology

77
Q

What is the primary use of Macaca radiata in research?

A

Bonnet macaque- Kyasanur Forest disease, reproductive biology

78
Q

What are the largest old world monkey species?

A

baboons

79
Q

You see a baboon in social housing walking away from you. The ischial callosities are fused below the anus. What gender is this animal?

A

male

80
Q

You see a baboon in social housing walking away from you. The ischial callosities are distinctly separate below the anus. What gender is this animal?

A

female

81
Q

T/F: Baboons have cheek pouches

A

True

82
Q

Are baboons seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?

A

Nonseasonal

83
Q

What is gestation length in baboons?

A

180d

84
Q

What type of placentation do macaques have?

A

bidiscoidal hemochorial

85
Q

What type of placentation do baboons have?

A

monodiscoidal hemochorial

86
Q

Which of the following housing types results in the greatest reproductive success in baboons?

a. indoor caged housing
b. outdoor run housing
c. indoor run housing
d. indoor-outdoor run housing

A

d. indoor-outdoor run housing

87
Q

What are the main research uses for baboons?

A

Coronary heart and lung dz (Bordetella pertussis or whooping cough)

Also atherosclerosis, hypertension, osteopenia, diabetes, genetics, stem cell tehrapy, organ transplantation, repro physiology and vaccine development

88
Q

Genus of African green monkeys

A

Chlorocebus

89
Q

What genus has a ‘red, white, and blue’ display?

A

Chlorocebus

90
Q

Number of chromosomes in macaques and baboons?

A

42

91
Q

Number of chromosomes in african green monkeys?

A

60

92
Q

What is an eyelid display in Chlorocebus?

A

Brow contraction that shows pale eyelid skin during defensive or aggressive behavior

93
Q

Are Chlorocebus seasonal or nonseasonal breeders?

A

seasonal

94
Q

What is unique to Chlorocebus among cercopithecine primates in multi-male groups?

A

No perineal swelling/ sex skin associated with fertility

95
Q

T/F: Chlorocebus are territorial even in captivity.

A

T

96
Q

What are some of the research areas for Chlorocebus?

A 
Trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
Genetics
Vaccinology
Hypertension
Neurologic disease
Psychology, social behavioor 
Atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome
97
Q

What are Vero cells?

A

cell line from kidney epithelium of African green monkeys

98
Q

What is the scientific name of the bonobo?

A

Pan paniscus

99
Q

What is the scientific name of the chimpanzee?

A

Pan troglodytes

100
Q

Family of chimpanzees?

A

Hominidae

101
Q

What is the largest nonhuman primate model traditionally used in research?

A

the chimpanzee

102
Q

What is the only animal that closely models hepatitis C infection and pathogenesis?

A

chimpanzee

103
Q

When did the NIH institute a moratorium on breeding NIH-supported chimps?

A

1995

104
Q

In 2013, what major decision was made by the NIH regarding chimps?

A

Retire all but 50 chimps from research

105
Q

What is the gestation of the chimpanzee?

A

7.5-8mo

106
Q

What is the gestation of Chlorocebus?

A

165 days

107
Q

What is the minimum social group size for NIH-supported chimpanzees?

A

7

108
Q

How much vertical space must be provided to chimpanzees supported by the NIH?

A

20 vertical feet

109
Q

What is the minimum housing space that must be provided to NIH-supported chimpanzees?

A

250ft2

110
Q

What is the minimum floor space and height that must be provided to juvenile chimps <10kg according to the Guide?

A

10ft2

60in height

111
Q

What is the minimum floor space and height that must be provided to adult chimps according to the Guide?

A

25ft2

84in height

112
Q

What is the minimum ABSL level NHPs should be housed at?

A

ABSL-2

113
Q

What is the most frequently found virus in NHP caretakers?

A

simian foamy virus

ACLAM 2018 (17 decks)

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