NHP disease Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
Most common disease in macaque colonies
A
Diarrhea (specifically chronic colitis)
2
Q
Most common age group for diarrhea in macaques
A
<3 years but others affected
3
Q
Clinical signs of chronic colitis in macaques
A
Persistent diarrhea (usually >6w duration), recurrent diarrhea episodes (>3 in 12mo period) Growth retardation, weight loss
4
Q
Common causes of diarrhea in macaques
A
Campylobacter
Shigella
Giardia, trichomonads, Balantidium
5
Q
Pathogenesis of chronic colitis in macaques
A
Multiple causes/predipsosing factors
(1) Repeated enteric infection
(2) malnutrition associated w chronic diarrhea
(3) compromised mucosal defenses
(4) dysregulation of mucosal immune response
(5) environmental stress
(6) hypersensitivity to dietary antigen and/or microbial flora
6
Q
Location of lesions in chronic colitis of macaques
A
Cecum, cranial colon
7
Q
Gross lesions present with chronic colitis of macaques
A
Thickened, flaccid/dilated colon
Mucosal erythema or erosion
Mucosal proliferation
Enlarged colonic LN
8
Q
Histopath findings in chronic colitis of macaques
A
Mucosal hyperplasia Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate Crypt abscesses Herniation of glands into lymphoid nodules Loss of goblet cells
9
Q
Age group affected by cicatrizing ulcerative colitis?
A
Young adult - adult
10
Q
Sequela associated with ulcerative colitis in macaques
A
secondary amyloidosis
11
Q
cilnical signs of cicatrizing ulcerative colitis in macaques
A
weight loss
chronic diarrhea
rarely see stricture +/- obstruction (scant feces, vx, abdominal distension/bloat)
12
Q
Gross findings in ulcerative colitis in macaques
A
annular colonic ulcers
stricture formation, partial obstruction
13
Q
Histo findings in ulcerative colitis
A
Deep ulcers extending into mucosa
Fibroplasia/fibrosis
Lymphoid follicles prominant
Glandular dysplasia
14
Q
Findings with gastric infarction in macaques
A
gastric infarction with ulceration
associated with conditiosn of massive tissue damage (rhabdomyolysis, pancreatitits, intussusception)
mucosal necrossis, hemorrhage, edema with thrombosis
15
Q
Age group affected by gastric dilatation (acute bloat) in macaques?
A
Subadult to young adults in good nutritional condition
16
Q
Predisposing factors for gastric dilatation (acute bloat) in macaques?
A
Hx of anesthesia, overfeeding, or feed restriction followed by food/water access
17
Q
You see a young male macaque who was recently fasted and given access to a large amount of food presenting with acute collapse, a distended cranial abdomen and cutaneous ‘blisters.’ name one possiblediagnosis.
A
acute gastric dilatation
18
Q
Most common tumor of aged macaques?
A
ileocecal adenocarcinoma
19
Q
Clinical signs of ileocecal adenocarcinoma in macaques?
A
Weight loss, anorexia, scant feces or diarrhea, palpable mass in R cranial quadrant, fecal occult blood positive (if ulceration)
20
Q
Most common location for metastasis of ileocecal adenocarcinoma in macaques?
A
1’: lymph nodes
2’: liver
3’: peritoneum leading to carcinomatosis
21
Q
Common causes of rectal prolapse in macaques?
A
Stress
Diarrhea
22
Q
Is amyloidosis in NHP primary or secondary?
A
secondary
23
Q
Type of amyloid depositied in NHP?
A
AA
Precursor is serum Amyloid A
24
Q
Predisposing conditions for amyloidosis in NHP?
A
chronic vascular catheterization
ulcerative colitis
chronic osteoarthritis
ASSOC WITH CHRONIC SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION
25
clinical signs of amyloidosis in NHP?
weight loss, hepatic enlargement, protein-losing enteropathy, chronic renal disease, diarrhea
normochromic normocytic anemia, hypoalbuminemia
With islet amyloid, see diabetes mellitus
26
what organs does amyloid deposit into in NHP?
Liver, spleen, SI, renal medulla, adrenal glands, stomach, colon
27
Gross findings with amyloidosis?
Enlarged tan waxy liver, friable
Pale renal medulla with papillary necrosis, erosion, hemorrhage
Small intestinal mucosa thickened and corrugated
Enlarged pale waxy spleen
28
Stain to Id amyloid on slides?
Congo Red-- birefringent, green
29
Most common signalment for fatal fasting in macaques?
obese adult females
30
Clinical signs associated with fatal fasting system?
History of anorexia
| See weight loss, sudden death, azotemia, ketonuria, glucosuria
31
Gross findings of fatal fasting syndrome?
Enlarged pale friable liver (hepatic lipidosis vs amyloid)
Pale soft kidneys
Abdominal fat necrosis
Abundant fat stores +/- saponification of fat
32
Microscopic findings of fatal fasting syndrome?
Hepatocellular and renal tubular vacuolation with lipid
33
In what NHP species is amyloid deposition in the pancreas most likely to cause diabetes mellitus?
Macaca nigra (celebes crested macaque)
34
What NHP species has an absolute requirement for vitamin C in the diet?
all of them!
35
What are clinical signs with scurvy in NHP?
Rhesus-->lameness, periarticular hemorrhage, cutaneous bruising, gingival hemorrhage, loose teeth
Squirrel monkeys-- subcutaneous, subperiosteal hemorrhage of head, cephalohematomas
36
Reactive arthritis is associated with what pathogen in NHP?
Enteric Shigella
37
Clinical signs of reactive arthritis in NHP?
Lameness, joint swelling 1-2 months after episode of clinical or subclinical enteric disease
Can see severe muscle atrophy, joint contracture
ASEPTIC-->due to ab: ag complex deposition in joint
38
Common cardiovascular lesions in aged NHP?
Valvular endocardiosis
| Atherosclerosis
39
What is the etiology of rhabdomyolysis?
Conspecific crush trauma- usually multiple adult females, sometimes subadult males
40
Clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis
Soft tissue damage of face, elbows, thighs, ankles with necrosis, hemorrhage, and edema
Pigmentary nephrosis--> Tubular necrosis and renal failure can occur w anuria
41
What species is endometriosis found in?
Menstruating species
42
Location of endometriosis?
Caudal abdomen most common- assoc with repro organs but can be found anywhere
43
Gross findings of endometriosis?
Firm white stellate or gunpowder foci
Soft reddish brown cystic masses ('chocolate cyst')
Hemoperitoneum, stricture, hydronephrosis secondary to invasion or cyst rupture
44
Microscopic diagnostic criteria of endometriosis?
Presence of both stroma and glandular cells
45
Most common reproductive tract tumor in macaques?
Uterine leiomyoma
| Also see endometrial polyps
46
Macaque placentation?
Bidiscoidal hemochorial placentation
47
Baboon placentation?
Monodiscoidal hemochorial placentation
48
Marmoset placentation?
Bidiscoidal hemochorial placentation with formation of vascular anastamoses between placentas of twins
49
Clinical signs of Tb in NHP?
rapid wasting, tachypnea, cough, enlarged LN, hepatosplenomegaly
Most commonly subclinical until severe
50
Describe the grading scale for intradermal Tb test of NHP.
Grade 0-5
0-negative, no change
1-negative, eyelid has mild bruising
2- negative, variable erythema with NO SWELLING
3- Indeterminate, varle degree of erythema, minimal swelling or slight swelling without erythema
4- positive; Obvious swelling with drooping of the lid, varying degrees of erythema
5- positive; see swelling of eyelid (almost closed), NECROSIS of eye
51
Tuberculosis testing methods?
Interferon gamma test (not commercially available now)
Intradermal Tb test
Culture
PCR
Antibody detection in lateral flow system (Stat-pak)
Radiographs, CT
52
Gross findings in tuberculosis
Necrotizing granulomas to pyogranulomas in lung, hilar LN, liver, spleen, adrenal, bone, really any organ
53
What is the classic lesion of tuberculosis?
Tubercle- Granuloma with central caseation, no mineralization, usually in TB lymph nodes. Prominant multinucleat giant cells with rare acid-fast organisms
54
Primary location of infection with Mycobacterium avium?
See more enteric involvement than with M. Tb
55
NHP species with natural disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae?
Grows on cooler parts of body of sooty mangabeys, chimps
Bonus: animal model is armadillos d/t low body temps
56
Clinical signs of leprosy in NHP?
Nodular thickening of skin, subcutis, nerves
57
Clinical signs of Rhodococcus equi in NHP?
Anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea
| Pyogranulomatous colitis, pneumonia, lymphadenitis
58
When do monkeys show clinical signs of Rhodococcus infection?
Environmental contaminant, opportunistic infection associated with SRV immunosuppression
59
Most common cause of bacterial meningitis in NHP?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
60
Most common signalment for Strep pneumoniae infection in NHP?
Young, recently stressed animals
61
Gross findings of Strep pneumoniae in NHP
Fibrinosuppurative meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia
62
Where does Staph aureus come from in NHP infections?
Commensal skin bacteria, contaminant
63
Clinical signs of Staph aureus
Associated with chronic catheterization, Type D retrovirus immunosuppression.
See abscesses anywhere
64
NHP species most commonly affected by Dermatophilus congolensis?
Aotus
65
Histopathologic features of Dermatophilus congolensis
Filamentous branching to septate bacteria with beaded appearance (looks like a conga line of bacteria)
Acanthosis with keratin crust, neutrophils, proteinaceous material
66
Pathogenesis of listeriosis in NHP.
Ingestion-->penetration of GI mucosal barrier-->disseminated via macrophage-->tropism for CNS and gravid uterus
67
Lesions associated with Listeria in NHP
Placentitis, abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death associated with septicemia (pneumonia, meningoencephalitis)
Rare dz in adults, may bee meningoencephalitis
68
Clinical signs and etiologic agent of tetanus
Agent- Clostridium tetani
Clinical signs- stiff gait, extensor rigidity, grimace, opisthotonus
69
Most common Shigella species in NHP?
Shigella flexneri
Also S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, S. sonnei
70
Transmission for Shigella?
fecal-oral
71
Cause of lesions with Shigella infection?
Shiga-toxin damages epithelial cells, stimulates fluid secretion and hemorrhage
72
Clinical signs of Shigella in NHP?
Leukocytosis, neutrophila with left shift, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, hypokalemia
Carriers common w dz in face of stress. Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, colitis
73
How to diagnose Shigella
Culture of feces, gingival mucosa
74
Most common species of Campylobacter in NHP?
Campy coli, Campy jejuni
Others- C. fetus, C. laridis, C. sputorum, C. hyointestinalis, C. troglodytis
75
Needs for culture of Campylobacter?
42C incubation temp, extra time, microaerophilic environment
76
Name the two species of Helicobacter in NHP
H. heilmannii
| H. pylori
77
Clinical signs of Helicobacter in NHP
vomiting, subclinical
78
Gross lesions of Helicobacter in NHP
Gastritis
79
Clinical findings with Yersiniosis?
necrotizing enteritis, lymphadenitis, abortion/stillbirth, diarrhea, depression, vomiting, acute abdomen, hematochezia
80
Pathologic findings of Yersinia in NHP?
Enteric-->hemorrhagic ulcerative enterocolitis
Septicemic-->foci of necrosis/abscessation in liver, spleen, mesenteric lymphadenitis
81
Causative agent of Tularemia
Franciscella tularensis
82
Gross findings of tularemia?
White foci of caseous necrosis in spleen, liver
Pneumonitis, glomerulitis, enteritis, lymphadenitis
83
Clinical signs of Klebsiella pneumoniae in NWM?
suppurative lobar pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, peracute septicemia, air sacculitis in Aotus
84
Cause of bloody nose syndrome in cynos?
Moraxella catarrhalis
85
Clinical signs of Moraxella in NHP
Mucohemorrhagic rhinitis, epistaxis
86
Gross findings of Burkholderia pseudomallei in NHP?
paresis/paralysis associated with vertebral osteomyelitis
| abscessation of lung, liver, spleen, soft tissue, skin
87
Etiologic agent of meliodosis?
Burkholderia pseudomallei
88
2 most common families of enveloped DNA viruses in monkeys?
Poxviridae
| Herpesviridae
89
3 subfamilies of herpesviruses in NHP?
Alphaherpesvirus
Betaherpesvirus
Gammaherpesvirus
90
4 most common families of nonenveloped DNA viruses?
Adenoviridae
Polyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae
Parvoviridae
91
Name 4 orthopoxviruses of significance in NHP
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Variola (smallpox)
Ectromelia virus (mousepox)
92
Name the yatapoxviruses
Yaba monkey tumor virus
| Yaba-like disease virus (benign epidermal monkey pox)
93
Transmission of monkeypox?
Aerosol, direct contact, biting insects
94
Gross findings of monkeypox in NHP?
Epidermal hyperplasia and necrosis with keratinocyte swelling
Papules, vesicles, central necrosis of skin
Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Hemorrhagic necrosis of solid organs
95
Natural reservoir for cowpox virus?
rodents
96
Clinical signs of cowpox in NHP
Erythematous papules on face, scrotum, palmar/plantar surfaces
97
Cells infected by Yaba monkey tumor virus
Histiocytes (others infect epithelial cells)
98
Clinical signs of Yaba monkey tumor virus?
multiple rapidly growing SQ nodules on extremities that regress in 6-12w
99
Clinical signs of Yaba-like dz virus and alternate name?
Alternate name- benign epidermal monkey pox, Orteca dz (found in Oregon, Texas, California)
Clinical signs-->raised cutaneous nodules w ulceration/central umbilication of face, lips, nostrils, thorax, perineum, extremities. Self-limiting w resolution in 3-4 weeks
100
Inclusions found in poxviruses?
Intracytoplasmic
101
Alphaherpesviruses found in NHP?
simplexvirus
| varicellovirus
102
Betaherpesviruses found in NHP?
Cytomegalovirus
103
Gammaherpesviruses found in NHP?
Lymphocryptovirus
| Rhadinovirus
104
Clinical signs of simplexviruses in host species?
Oral or genital vesicles/ulcers
105
Clinical signs of simplexviruses in aberrant species?
Severe dz, often fatal
106
Natural host of B virus?
macacine herpesvirus 1
| Only found in macaques
107
How long does infection with B virus last?
Persistent lifelong infection
108
Signs of B virus infection in humans?
Hx of exposure to macaque or fomite
Flu-like, fever, headache, vesicular rash at site of inoculation, neurologic disease leading to fatal encephalitis
109
Tx for humans with herpes B
acyclovir
110
Signs of B virus infection in macaques?
Only usually seen in acute phase. Vesicles progressing to ulcer on mucous membranes, skin; conjunctivitis with rare systemic disease
Intranuclear inclusions on histopath
111
Host of herpesvirus papio-2
baboons
112
Natural host of herpes T
aka herpesvirus tamarinus, now called Saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (SaHV-1)
natural host-squirrel monkey
113
Examples of aberrant hosts with disease caused by saimiriine herpesvirus 1
owl monkeys, marmosets, tamarins
See fatal disease w exposure to squirrel monkeys
114
Signs of human herpes simplexvirus 1 in NHP?
See dz in owl monkeys and callitrichids (marms and tamarins)
Clinically, grossly, microscopically indistinguishable from SaHV-1
Necrotizing vascular dermatitis, blepharitis, stomatitis, multiorgan necrosis w IN inclusions
115
Clinical signs of aberrant herpesviral infection in callitrichids and 2 causative agents?
Causes:
human herpes simplex 1
saimiriine herpesvirus 1
Signs:
Pruritis, anorexia, depression, fever, death; excessive salivation, conjunctivitis, vesicles; CNS involvement (ataxia, paralysis, blindness, seizures)
116
Cercopithecine herpesvirus-9 alternate name and clinical signs
aka simian varicella virus
see depression, dyspnea, vesicular or vesiculohemorrhagic dermatitis, hemorrhagic GI ulceration, pulmonary edema, systemic necrotizing lesions
117
Cytomegaloviruses? species specific or wide host range
species-specific viruses with ubiquitous distribution
118
Rhesus cytomegalovirus- etiologic agent, location of latent infection
Etiology: macacine herpesvirus 3
latency in renal epithelium (shed in urine)
119
Lesions of rhesus CMV
Only see with immunosuppression
necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, enterocolitis, pancreatitis, interstitial pneumonia, orchitis
Segmental proliferative hemorrhagic enterocolitis in SIV, also hemorrhagic encephalitis, meningomyelitis
120
Type of herpesvirus that is a cause of lymphomas in NHP?
gammaherpesviruses
121
What does callitrichine herpesvirus 3 cause, and in which species?
B cell lymphoma in marmosets
122
Clinical signs of macacine herpesvirus 4 and in which species?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, B cell lymphoma in rhesus
| Also hairy leukoplakia
123
Inclusion body fun! Negri bodies are diagnostic for what virus or type of virus? IC or IN?
Rabies!
| intracytoplasmic
124
Inclusion body fun! Guarnieri bodies are diagnostic for what virus or type of virus? IC or IN?
Cowpox!
| intracytoplasmic (it's a pox)
125
Inclusion body fun! Bollinger bodies are diagnostic for what virus or type of virus? IN or IC?
fowlpox virus
| intracytoplasmic (it's a pox)
126
Inclusion body fun! Molluscum bodies are diagnostic for what virus or type of virus? IC or IN?
Molluscum contagiosum
| intracytoplasmic
127
Inclusion body fun! Cowdry type A bodies are diagnostic for what virus or type of virus? IC or IN?
Herpesvirus, yellow fever
| intranuclear
128
Inclusion body fun! Cowdry type B bodies are diagnostic for what virus or type of virus? IC or IN?
adenovirus, poliovirus
| Intranuclear
129
Which virus in macaques is associated with retroperitoneal fibromatosis
rhesus rhadinovirus 1 (aka rhesus fibromatosis herpesvirus)
| simian retrovirus
130
Rhesus rhadinovirus 2 has a tropism for what cell type?
CD20+ (B cells)
| Causes B and T cell lymphoma in SIV or SRV infected macaques
131
What do herpesvirus ateles 2 and 3 and herpesvirus saimiri 2 cause in aberrant NWM?
T cell lymphoma or lymphocytic leukemia in owl monkeys, tamarins, marmosets, howler monkeys, spider monkeys
132
Lesions of adenoviral disease in NHP?
often no gross lesions; may see necrosis and hemorrhage in pancreas, lung, kidney, liver
133
Clinical signs of titi monkey adenovirus?
Hepatitis, pneumonia in titis
| Self-limiting flu-like dz in humans and marmosets
134
Lesions associated with simian vacuolating virus-40?
Multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Interstitial pneumonia
Interstitial nephritis
135
Where is SV-40 latent in NHP?
renal epithelium, lymphocytes, oligodendrocytes
136
Family and type of inclusion bodies seen with SV-40?
polyomaviridae
| intranuclear inclusions
137
Parvoviruses cause what type of inclusion bodies?
IN
138
The following viruses are examples of what?
```
Filoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Arteriviridae
Togaviridae
Flaviviridae
Arenaviridae
Retroviridae
```
Enveloped RNA viral families
139
Reoviridae, picornaviridae, caliciviridae, and coronaviridae are examples of what?
Nonenveloped RNA viral families
140
What are the two most important filoviruses in NHP?
Marburg
| Ebola
141
What are reservoirs for filoviruses?
fruit bats
142
Syndrome/signs associated with filoviruses?
viral hemorrhagic fevers, see DIC, lymphoid necrosis, fibrin deposition
143
Type of flu virus that naturally infects NHP?
influenza A
| Influenza B experimental in cynos
144
Family for flu viruses?
Orthomyxoviridae
145
Measles reservoir host?
Humans
146
Transmission for measles?
aerosol, droplet
147
Family for measles? Genus?
Paramyxoviridae
| Morbillivirus
148
Symptoms of measles in NHP?
Immunosuppression
OWM: bronchointerstitial pneumonia
NWM: necrotizing gastroenteritis
149
Type of sensitivity reaction that results in measles rash?
Arthus-type reaction (localized type III hypersensitivity Ag-Ab complex)
150
Species affected by paramyxovirus saguinus?
Saguineus sp- cotton top tamarins, moustached tamarins, white-lipped tamarins
151
Family of simian hemorrhagic fever?
Arteriviridae
152
Natural reservoir of simian hemorrhagic fever?
Patas monkeys (African NHP)
153
Key finding for simian hemorrhagic fever?
Hemorrhage in proximal duodenum
154
What members of togaviridae are emerging viruses in NHP?
Chikungunya
| EEE, WEE, VEE
155
Common clinical signs of flaviviruses in NHP?
meningoencephalitis, hemorrhagic fever
156
Examples of flaviviruses?
```
Dengue
Japanese encephalitis virus
St. Louis encephalitis virus
West Nile
Yellow Fever
Zika
```
157
2 transmission cycles for yellow fever?
Urban (human + Aedes aegypti)
Sylvatic (forest primates, canopy mosquitoes)
158
Main vector for urban yellow fever?
Aedes aegypti mosquito
159
Does yellow fever cause more severe signs in OWM or NWM?
NWM
160
Clinical signs of yellow fever?
fever, lethargy, jaundice, vomiting/hematemesis, hemorrhage
161
What virus has both Councilman's bodies and Torres bodies?
Yellow fever
Councilman body-->eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion, sign of hepatocellular apoptosis
Torres body-- small, irregular IN body; intranuclear coagulum of host protein
162
How is zika transmitted?
Arthropods, STD
163
Family of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus?
Arenaviridae
164
Causative agent of callitrichid hepatitis?
LCMV
165
Transmission of LCMV to NHP and species affected?
Marmosets, other callitrichids
| D/t feeding pinkies or exposure to mouse excretion
166
Gross lesions of LCMV in marmosets?
icterus, enlarged yellow tan mottled liver, enlarged spleen, sq and muscle hemorrhage, pleural/peritoneal effusion
167
Histology findings in LCMV of marmosets?
hepatic necrosis, Councilman's bodies, multi-organ necrosis, phlebitis, vasculitis
168
What type of virus is simian retrovirus (SRV)?
betaretrovirus
169
What type of virus is simian t-cell leukemia virus (STLV))?
deltaretrovirus
170
What type of virus is simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)?
lentivirus
171
What type of virus is simian foamy virus (SFV)?
spumaretrovirus
172
How many serotypes of SRV are there?
5- only 1, 2, 5 of clinical significance
173
How is SRV transmitted?
saliva, biting, grooming, vertically
174
How long does it take for an NHP to clear SRV infection?
They don't - persistent infection
175
Clinical signs associated with SRV in NHP?
Opportunistic infections with immunosuppression
Noma (cancrum otis)-->gingivitis with osteonecrosis
retroperitoneal fibromatosis
176
How is STLV transmitted?
Breeding, breast feeding, transfusion, contaminated blood products
177
Which species have worse disease with SIV: Asian or African?
Asian species (rhesus, cyno)
178
Model virus for HIV in humans?
SIV or SHIV recombinant (HIV genome into SIV backbone)
179
What are the three infection profiles for SIV?
```
normal (75%), disease course 18 months
Rapid progressor (20%), death within 3-4 months
Elite controller (5%); immune response limits viral replication
```
180
What is the major cause of death in SIV-infected monkeys?
opportunistic infections due to immunosuppression
181
Transmission for hepatitis A virus?
fecal-oral
182
Reservoir for encephalomyocarditis virus?
rodents
183
Clinical signs of encephalomyocarditis virus?
dyspnea, sudden death
184
clinical signs of hepatitis A in NHP?
uncommon, nonspecific with anorexia/diarrhea in some chimps
