Youth Sociologists Flashcards
What did Fyvel say about youth subcultures?
Absence of fathers during WW2 meant boys weren’t properly socialised or disciplined so became deviant eg. Teddy Boys
What did Abrams say about youth subcultures?
Young people had more money after WW2 as easy to find work, ‘affluence without responsibility’. Also as mothers stayed in work after war had more disposable income. Eg Teddy Boys and Mods spent money on clothes/music etc
What did Hall and Jefferson say about Teddy Boys?
Formed a rebellious subculture in response to destruction of communities after WW2, defended their territory against immigrants
What did Hall say about Hippies?
Opposed to capitalism and wanted to live an alternative lifestyle based around nature, peace, freedom and free love. Wanted to oppose mainstream culture
What did Brake say about Hippies?
Mainly middle class and formed resistance against parents values and consumer culture. Took drugs, listened to chilled out music and had anti-war attitudes
What did Hebdige say about Skinheads?
Created an exaggerated sense of working class style. Asserted masculine identity due to high unemployment, it kept themselves thinking they were the breadwinner
What did Clarke say about Skinheads?
Territorial, negative towards outsiders. Socialised in pubs, street corners and at football matches
What did Cohen say about Mods?
Mods were working class but tried to imitate middle class, adopted smart may of dressing. Tried to escape alienation and boredom of weekdays by partying at weekends
What did Hebdige say about Mods?
Neat appearance and took time to look respectable. Aimed to gain the consumer status of middle class, went to bars and had disposable income for scooters etc
What did Cohen say about Rockers?
Clashes between Mods and Rockers were exaggerated by the media through deviancy amplification. Presented them as folk devils to create a moral panic. Rockers aimed to stand out as different, had disposable income for motorbikes etc
What did Hebdige say about Rastafarians?
Emerged due to racism and high unemployment in the 70’s. Alienation from British Culture led to express resistance through clothing
What did Sivanandan say about Rastafarians?
Behaviour gave black British youths a source of identity that was distinctive, felt repressed by economic policies and their fight against capitalism and racism was a continuation of a struggle against the white slave owner
What did Cashmore and Troyna say about Rastafarians?
Faced racism and exercised cultural resistance by turning onwards and strengthening their own culture
What did Frith say about Punks?
Form of resistance against the alienation working class youths felt and also as a response to Unemployment.
What did Brake say about Punks?
Attracted middle class who were willing to shock and make political or anti-racist statements
What did Hebdige say about Punks?
Adopted an element of the Rastafarian opposition to being seen as British. Used ‘bricolage’ which meant they took objects and adapted them to have new meanings. Form of expression of resistance to societies ruling class norms and values.
What did Hodkinson?
Based around shared music interests and fashion instead of resistance.
What did Thornton say about Ravers?
Does not see it as resistance or class based. Subcultural capital - more status the more your involved in the subculture and have the latest fashion/music etc
What did Maffesoli say about Ravers?
Rave culture was more of a Neo Tribe than subculture as it is a group with a looser structure and are not class based but more shared interests.
What did Bennett say about Ravers?
Researched Neo Tribes in Newcastle and found people formed temporary associations based on music tastes than class
What did Borden say about Skaters?
Youths who share a hobby, status was gained through skill and time spent on skateboarding. Style was very important.
What did Parsons say about Youth culture?
Functionalist
Rites of passage and a transition of childhood to adult good
Provides a ‘bridge’
What did Eisenstadt say about Youth culture?
Functionalist
Provides a forum for frustrations for young people
What did Rosak say about Youth Culture?
Functionalist
Generation gap emerges
Youth have a shared experience of norms and values that is different to others
What did Nayak say about Youth subcultures?
White Wannabees
Young white working class adopt black culture
‘wangsters’ ‘wiggers’
What did Vale and Junk say about Youth subcultures?
Hybrid subcultures
Modern Primitives
Body modifications
Neo-tribe
What does McRobbie and Garner say about youth subcultures?
Bedroom culture
Retreat
Self fulfilling prophecy
What did Reddington say about youth subcultures?
Women were involved in youth subcultures but were just ignored by the media and male researchers
What did Blackman say about youth subcultures?
New Wave Girls
Going against passive femininity
What did Harris day about Youth subcultures?
‘Girlpower’ ‘girls at risk’
Girls could do what they want when they want
What did Holland’s say about Youth subcultures?
Girls would rather go out in the public sphere so they don’t feel restricted
Go to city centres in large groups
Men go in small groups to pubs
What did Polhemus say about Youth subcultures?
The Supermarket of Style
Fluid youth styles
‘Pick N Mix’ from different subcultures
What did Thornton say about Youth subcultures?
Subcultural capital - gain status by having the ‘right things’
What did Hetherington say about Youth subcultures?
‘Neo tribes’ are more relevant today as people have more choice in their cultural tastes
What did Coles say about Youth Deviance?
If a person is poor they are more likely to commit crime
What did Walmsley et al say about Youth Deviance?
41% of prisoners are from the lowest social classes but form only 19% of the population
They are over represented
What did Jacobson et al say about Youth Deviance?
3/4 of young people he sampled from low class background had absent fathers and around 1/2 had unsuitable accommodation
What did Graham and Bowling say about Youth Deviance?
Middle class children are just as likely to be involved in crime as working class children
What did Messerschmidt say about Youth Deviance?
Working class and middle class may commit different types of crime to show their masculinity in different ways
What did Cloward and Ohlin say about Youth Deviance?
Criminal Subcultures - earn money/working class
Conflict Subcultures - rebelling/middle class
Retreating Subcultures - drink/drug both classes
What did White say about Youth Deviance?
Gangs are linked to ‘underclass’ conditions. They provide inclusion, support and security for vulnerable people
What did Decker and Van Winkle say about Youth Deviance?
Join Youth gangs for push and pull factors
Push - something which being part of a gang helps to get rid of
Pull- something which being part of a gang provides
What did Harding say about Youth Deviance?
Street Casinos
Street capital
What did Sewell say about Youth Deviance?
Black male youths are more likely to commit crime as they come from a maternal background with no real male role model so lack of discipline
What did Nightingale say about Youth Deviance?
Black boys wanted to acquire consumer goods with high status brand names, and usually obtain these through violence, crime and gang activity
What did Bourgois say about Youth Deviance?
Studied Afro-Carribeans in New York as growing up poor in the richest city
They were highly ambitious, drug dealing was way to get respect and saw it as best way to earn big money
What did Hall say about Youth Deviance?
Racism within police force led to ethnic minorities being over represented in crime statistics
What did Blom-Cooper and Drabble say about Youth Deviance?
Black People were more likely to be charged with a serious offence than whites for committing the same crime
What did Hood say about Youth Deviance?
Black people were more likely to receive custodial sentences compared to fines for white people for the same crime
What did Billington say about Youth Deviance?
Media representation of males is that they are dominant in promoting aggression, compared to women being subordinate to men and objectified
What did Campbell say about Youth Deviance?
Working classes are denied access to good education
What did Faludi say about Youth Deviance?
Working class males commit crimes in gangs as they are acting against the criminal system and it’s rational
What did Bordieu say about Youth Deviance?
‘Ideological dominance’ ‘Symbolic violence’ - state is criminalising working class males through the ideology of capitalism
What did Lees say about Youth Deviance?
Girls face control about their reputation from peers so are less likely to act in a delinquent behaviour
What did Klein say about Youth Deviance?
Female gang members commit equally violent acts as men
What did Heidensohn say about Youth Deviance?
Girls are socialised to be passive and not represented
‘Doubly deviant’ girls who commit crime and resist passive femininity
What did Pollak say about Youth Deviance?
‘Chilvary thesis’ judges punish girls more leniently than men
What did Mirza say about Youth Deviance?
Afro-Caribbean girls resist labelling in school so adopt an anti-school culture
What does Merton say about Youth Deviance?
Strain Theory
Cannot achieve the ‘American Dream’ of highly materialistic items like a house or car if you have a poor education and lack of opportunities
What did Cohen say about Youth Deviance?
Status Frustration
What did Miller say about Youth Deviance?
Focal Concerns: Trouble Toughness - handle yourself Excitement - edgework Fate Autonomy - Feeling in control
What did Cicourel say about Youth Deviance?
Working class males interact with police differently and it can escalate situations
What did Goode and Ben-Yehuda say about Youth Deviance?
5 main features of a moral panic Concern (media amplify) Hostility (threat to societies values) Consensus (agreement something should be done) Disproportionality (stereotyped) Volatility
