Induction Flashcards
Nature (6 marker)
Nature refers to the idea that social behaviour is biological or innate. Psychologists believe that our behaviour is due to nature whereas sociologists believe that is down to nurture and learnt within society. An example would be the larynx that was developed to be able to speak to other humans. Also we are bipedallists to travel better. Feral child (Edik) was raised by a dog and so eats raw meat with his hands not cutlery.
Nurture (6 marker)
Nurture refers to the idea that social behaviour is learnt and developed due to society. Sociologists believe human skills are taught through primary and secondary socialisation. For example, we have to learn how we eat in our society such as with a knife and fork in the UK. Also we learn language from those around us as it is repeated to us.
Primary socialisation (6 marker)
Socialisation is the process by which we learn norms, values and behaviour appropriate to our society. Primary socialisation is learnt through our family. Learn manners from family which is used in all areas of society. Learn norms like brushing our teeth twice a day that our parents test us on until we learn.
Secondary socialisation (6 marker)
Socialisation is the process by which we learn norms, values and behaviours appropriate to our society. Secondary socialisation is the way this behaviour is learned through agents other than the family such as the media, education, peer group, work and religion. An example would be norms and values such as punctuality and obedience, this is learnt through education and the hidden curriculum as said by Bourdieu. Also smoking and drinking are learnt through the peer group and processes of social control such as peer pressure.
Formal social control (6 marker)
Mechanisms to reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behaviour. Formal social control is associated with the more formal agents of socialisation eg. Religion, education and workplace. Formal social control includes direct instructions to do something and formal praise or criticisms. In the workplace you can get a raise for good behaviour and in education you get a detention for bad behaviour
Informal social control (6 marker)
Informal controls are also mechanisms to reward or punish acceptable or unacceptable behaviour, however are varied and differ from individual to individual or group to group. They are associated with more informal agents of socialisation eg. Media and peers. Informal social control can include a peer group looking at a member nastily to imply they have done something wrong. Media includes being unfair to low classes
Norms (6 marker)
Norms are unwritten rules which guide our behaviour in society. They are based on values. Norms are socially constructed, they are relative meaning they are not fixed and therefore different in different societies and change over time. Taught through agents of socialisation, one norm would be eating with a knife and fork, this is a norm in the UK by not all countries. In North Africa it is the norm to eat with your hands. It is a norm for a girl to wear a skirt but if a boy did this it would be seen as deviant. Oakley discusses how the family socialises us into gender norms and behaviours.
Values (6 marker)
Values are beliefs/moral views that are held by most people in a society, they are taken as typical of that particular culture. Equality is a UK value whereas in Pakistan gender equality is bad. We learn values such as appreciation, politeness and honesty as we learn to be grateful for what we have.
Status (6 marker)
Status refers to a position in society. Status can be ascribed or achieved. For example, ascribed status would be the royal family, Prince William was born into his status as future king. Achieved status is a teacher as they work hard to gain qualifications to earn their status.
Role (6 marker)
A role is a part you play in society. People may have more than one role at the same time each role has a set of norms or patterns of behaviour attached. These may be different in different societies or change over time. Teachers role is to mark homework but different to their role as a parent. Roles are different for genders as females seen as housewife and males as breadwinners. Parsons discusses how the family socialises is into hegemonic gender roles.
Culture (6 marker)
Culture is the entire way of life of a particular society, considering the whole system of behaviour and beliefs of a society or group. This can include language, faith, art, music, laws etc. In India they greet by putting hands in front of chest but in UK we usually shake hands or hug. In China birthdays aren’t really celebrated until 60 due to respect for the elderly.
Subculture (6 marker)
A smaller group within a large one or a minority section of a majority culture. Groups of young people who do not follow the same norms and values as each other. Differ in fashion, music, leisure activities and behaviour. Sewell suggests that young African Caribbean males formed an anti-school subculture based on going against the norms and values of the school. McRobbie and Garner suggest another subculture is young girls who form a bedroom culture by socialising in their bedrooms and following the cult of femininity portrayed by the media.
High Culture (6 marker)
Culture of the upper class, people who believe good breeding and good education can appreciate the artistic quality. Opera and ballet are examples.
Popular culture (6 marker)
Culture of the majority of people, media tells us what to consume and usually popularises it. Films, TV programmes, pop music. Football in UK used to be a working class activity but in recent events due to TV and the expense of football it is loved by all. EastEnders is broadcasted across the country and is well known.
Global culture (6 marker)
‘Globalisation’, world has become socially interconnected politically and economically. Cultural homogeneity is developing, an example would be ‘Americanisation’ as majority of popular culture originates form USA eg Microsoft, Coca Cola. Also McLuhan said the world is a global village due to multinational companies like McDonalds and Apple.
