Inequalities In Education Flashcards
Who is Malala Yousafzai and why is her story significant?
- 14 year Old Pakistani girl shot in the head on her way to school by Taliban but survived
- Started a campaign to support female education
Why were the Millennium Development Goals set up?
In 2000, 189 nations made a promise to free people from extreme poverty and multiple deprivations by 2015
What were the 8 goals set up by the Millennium Development Goals?
- Eradicate hunger
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Universal primary education
- Promote gender equality
- Combat HIV/malaria an other diseases
- Develop a global partnership
- Ensure environmental sustainability
Which Millennium Development Goal links to education and why is it important?
- Achieve universal primary education
- Every gender and ethnicity should have free, compulsory education of good quality
- In 2012 a fifth of young people in developing countries don’t have access to complete primary school so lack the skills for work
Give examples of inequalities regarding participation of education
- 3-7 year olds enrolled into primary school > 95% in Belarus and 20% in Ethiopia
- Of the 61 million children out of primary education, 33 mil in Sub Saharan Africa and 13 mil in South Asia
- 250 million can’t read or write by 10
- Rural children are much more disadvantaged than urban dwellers
What is happening to the disparity between gender and education in developing countries?
- The ratio from girls to boys in education rose from 91:100 in 1999 to 97:100 in 2010 which falls in the plus/minus 3 point margin
- Still 17 countries with less than 9 girls for every 10 boys
- In Afghanistan in 2001 only 5,000 girls were in education but by 2011 2.7 million are
How do children in the UK perceive education?
- Survey Of 1,200 girls and 600 boys between 7-21 found that 69% believed education to be the top freedom worth fighting for
- This was compared to the right to vote which placed 2nd with 9%
What is the Labour government system of ‘managed moves’?
- Offer children at risk of permanent exclusion a fresh chance
- Pupils can be accepted by another school
- Vulnerable children ‘fall through the net’, headteachers see it as the easy way out instead of exclusion as that is recorded
How do Britain compare to other nations?
Out of 65 countries in 2009 Britain ranked
•16th in Science
•25th in Reading
•28th in Maths
Which countries were the top 5 achievers according to PISA’s education system?
- Shanghai (China)
- South Korea
- Finland
- Hong Kong (China)
- Singapore
Stats about inequalities shown through social class in the U.K.
2013/2014 report
Free school meal pupils: 42% got 5 A*-C GCSE’s
Non free school meal pupils: 67% got 5 A*-C GCSE’s
Stats about inequalities shown through gender in the U.K.
2012/2013 study
Boys: 79% got 5 A*-C GCSE’s
Girls: 87% got 5 A*-C GCSE’s
Stats about inequality shown through Ethnicity in the U.K.
2012 Study *All GCSE’s including maths and English •Chinese: 79% 5 A*-C •Indian: 74% 5 A*-C •British: 58% 5 A*-C •Pakistan: 53% 5 A*-C •Black-Caribbean: 49% 5 A*-C
What did Eysenck say about Social Class inequalities in education?
•What children take out of school is proportional to what they bring into school in terms of IQ
What did Murray say about Social Class inequalities in education?
- Estimate between 60-80% of intelligence is genetically based
- Class differences are due to educational attainment as higher classes reach higher degrees of education
What did Smith and Noble say about Social Class inequalities in education?
- The barriers to learning were due to low income
- No uniform or materials leads to bullying
- Less likely to have a computer or device for homework
- More affluent areas have better resourced schools
What did Raey et al say about Social Class inequalities in education?
- Economic capital is needed for cultural capital
- Private Education, in which over 25% had extra tuition compared to 10% for state schools
- Working class students might have part time jobs so can’t dedicate as much time to education
What did Callendar and Jackson say about Social Class inequalities in education?
- Survey Of 2,000 students
- Found there was a ‘Fear Of Debt’ over Higher Education in working class
- Working Class are 4x less likely to apply for uni
What did Douglas say about Social Class inequalities In Education?
•Middle Class more likely to encourage Higher Education and progression, this is shown through parents more frequent visits to school to discuss progress
What did Bernstein say about Social Class inequalities in education?
•Working Class less likely to articulate themselves so effects their ability and opportunity
-Working class have a Restricted Code and the Middle class have an Elaborated Code
What did Sugarman say about Social Class inequalities in education?
- Fatalism - manual labour future ‘mapped out’ for working class children
- Seek immediate gratification and have a present time orientation
- Collectivism - groups create an anti-school subcultures
What did Bourdieu say about Social Class inequalities in education?
•System is biased to favour the culture of dominant classes so they devalue the norms and values of the working class
What did Becker say about Social Class inequalities in education?
(Interactionist)
- Teachers see Middle Class students as the ideal pupils
* Leads to labelling of working class students and the self-fulfilling prophecy
What did Keddie say about Social Class inequalities in education?
(Interactionist)
•Teachers have less expectations from the bottom sets
What did Hargreaves say about Social Class inequalities in education?
(Interactionist)
- Teachers selection of pupils expectations was linked to behaviour
- Teachers speculate on students, then elaborate their views on them based from interactions right or wrong
What did Abraham say about Social Class inequalities in education?
(Interactionist)
- Interconnection Of setting, labelling and subcultures are why students underachieve
- Dominant class and gender ideologies are promoted by teachers who subconsciously label students
What did Willis say about Social Class inequalities in education?
- Anti-School subcultures creates by working class boys
* ’The lads’ follow in their dads footsteps and believe manual labour is superior
What is the Tripartite system?
-Children split into 3 schools: grammar, technical or secondary modern based on intelligence
How is ‘intelligence’ measured?
- IQ tests based on knowledge, memory and the ability to reason
- Many believe they are culturally biased as the middle class often create the tests so is targeted for them
What did Jensen say about intelligence?
Intelligence is more likely to come from genes then from environment factors
What did Jensen say about ethnic inequalities in education?
Black people have lower IQs when tested which is why they underachieve
What did Hendessi say about ethnic inequalities in education?
- Poverty is the key reason for Bangladeshi and Pakistani underachievement in education
- Girls are coerced into early marriage and parents don’t put value on their education
- 70% of women are economically inactive
What did Sewell say about ethnic inequalities in education?
Due to a maternal background have a lack of male role models and turn to hyper-masculinity and a lack of work
What did Driver and Ballard say about ethnic inequalities in education?
British-Indian families place great value on their children’s education and push children for high ambition and success
What did Archer and Francis say about ethnic inequalities in education?
British-Chinese parents take a stronger role than others to develop their child’s academic success
What did Modood say about ethnic inequalities in education?
- Ethnic minority parents face language barriers which can have a negative impact on their children’s education
- 3/5 Bangladeshi women don’t speak English
- 1/2 Pakistani women don’t speak English
What did Bolognani say about ethnic inequalities in education?
“Myth of return” ethnic are attached to their country of origin (increased after rise in Islamophobia)
Religious commitments means extra time out of school for students
What did Gillborn say about ethnic inequalities in education?
(Interactionist)
- Teachers racist assumptions mean they believe black students would cause trouble which escalates problems as they’re more likely to live up to that label then
- Black students are 4x more likely to be expelled
- Black boys entered for lower tier papers and put into lower sets
What did Crozier say about ethnic inequalities in education?
Interactionist
- Bangladeshi and Pakistani pupils feel excluded and marginalised within the school
- Face racial abuse and felt that assemblies weren’t relevant
What was the Race relations Amendment Act of 2000?
Requires all schools to have policies on race relations and puts in place strategies for monitoring and challenging racist bullying
What did Coard say about ethnic inequalities in education?
- School curriculum was ethnocentric
- White history and white literature dominate the curriculum
- Teachers are dismissive of non standard English
- The curriculum is based around one cultural viewpoint and devalues the other cultures
What did Mitsos and Browne say about gender inequalities in education?
- Even though boys underachieve more in education girls are still disadvantaged through their subject choices and life chances
- Draw on reasons for improvements in girls achievement and reasons for boys underachievement
Mitsos and Browne’s reasons for improvements in girls achievements
- Feminism has raised female expectations and inspires them to seek high levels of qualifications
- Equal opportunity programmes have been developed
- Increase In service sector jobs
- Girls are more motivated/hard working than boys
- By 16 Girls are two years older than boys in ‘maturity’ so take exams more seriously
Mitsos and Browne’s reasons for boys underachievement
- Teachers are less strict with boys meaning they are let off easier and aren’t pushed
- Boys are more likely to disrupt classes, 80% of exclusions are boys
- Culture of masculinity creates an anti-education view
- Lack of manual work creates lack in motivation for working class boys
- Boys often overestimate their ability and girls underestimate
What was the Education Reform Act of 1988?
- Abolition of 11+ and introduction of the national curriculum meant boys and girls were entitled to the same education
- Introduction of more coursework, benefits girls as they are more methodical and organised
What did Sharpe say about gender inequalities in education?
- In the 1970’s girls priorities were ‘love, marriage, husbands and children’
- By the 1990’s priorities had changed to ‘job, career and being able to support themselves’
What did Franck’s and Skelton say about gender inequalities in education?
- Pupils saw their future identity in terms of careers rather than employment being a stopgap before marriage
- Found that girls, especially in middle class, were under increasing pressure from parents to achieve exam success
What did Beck say about gender inequalities in education?
- Risk society, greater risk and uncertainty in society
- Greater concern over divorce and loss of jobs as they become less stable
- People have become more individualised and so are more self-sufficient and self-reliant
- Young women are putting more effort into achieving so they can be financially independent
What did Burns and Bracey say about gender inequalities in education?
-Girls put more effort into homework and mature earlier and are motivated more
What did McRobbie and Garber say about gender inequalities in education?
- Girls are protected more by parents and given less freedom
- Create a ‘bedroom culture’ as they spend most of their time in their bedroom
- This gives them more times to study and help each other with homework
What did Oakley say about gender inequalities in education?
- Primary socialisation shapes boys and girls from and early age
- Manipulation
- Canalisation
- Verbal appellations
- Different activities (Domestic)
What did Mac an Ghail say about gender inequalities in education?
‘Crisis of masculinity’
High unemployment in the 80’s and deindustrialisation meant many males felt they did not have a clear path
Many considered jobs in the career service as feminine
Formed anti-school subjects considered education feminine
What did Kane say about gender inequalities in education?
Most working class boys who knew only of manual labour did form anti-subcultures but some sought well paid jobs after school due to a lack of knowledge driving them more
What did Jackson say about gender inequalities in education?
Some working class females developed a behaviour of a ‘ladette’ refusing to conform to social norms of girls
What did Frosh et al say about gender inequalities in education?
-Studied boys attitudes and found they felt risked at being labelled as ‘gay’ if they worked hard leading them to act masculine and create an anti-school attitude
What did Epstein say about gender inequalities in education?
‘Boys will be boys’ attitudes cause teachers to believe they will naturally be lazy and difficult to motivate so aren’t pushed
What did Francis and Skelton say about gender inequalities in education?
-Boys are seen as a problem and are insecure so resort to hegemonic masculinity to boost their self-esteem
