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Inequalities Sociologists Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Marx say about Social Class Inequalities?

Marxism

A
  • Infrastructure shapes the superstructure

* Bourgeoisie own the majority of wealth in society so they design education to help them maintain power

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2
Q

What did Westergaard say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxism

A

Polarisation - gap between rich and poor is getting bigger

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3
Q

What did Scott say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxism

A

Ruling class practice social closure to maintain wealth

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4
Q

What did Kenway say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxism

A

Girls in private schools judge girls who didn’t go to private schools harshly

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5
Q

What did Gramsci say about Social Class inequalities?

Neo-Marxism

A

Hegemony, upper class use political and cultural means to get others to follow their values

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6
Q

What did Wright say about Social Class inequalities?

Neo-Marxism

A

Contradictory class location - Middle Class exploit and are exploited

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7
Q

What did Bravermaan say about Social Class inequalities?

Neo-Marxism

A

Proletarianisation - middle class are more like the working class

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8
Q

What is the reserve army of labour?

Neo-Marxism

A

Deskilled workers, women or ethnic minorities who will always be a back up for work or work for cheaper

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9
Q

What did Benston say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxist Feminist

A

Women do unpaid work in the home, if it was paid there would be a massive redistribution of wealth

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10
Q

What did Feeley say about Social Class inequality?

Marxist Feminist

A

Women aid capitalism by reproducing the next generation of workers and socialising them

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11
Q

What did Ansley say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxist Feminist

A

Women are the ‘takers of shit’ as the men take out their work frustrations of their wives

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12
Q

What did Beechey say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxist Feminist

A

Women are used as the reserve army of labour as they will work for less pay

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13
Q

What did Durkheim say about Social Class inequalities?

Functionalism

A

Class stratification exists as it’s functional to social order

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14
Q

What did Parsons say about Social Class inequalities?

Functionalism

A

Value consensus- Family, authority, achievements, possessions - less of these equals more inequality someone will face

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15
Q

What did Davis and Moore say about Social Class inequalities?
(Functionalism)

A

Stratification is a feature of human society

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16
Q

What did Saunders say about Social Class inequalities?

New Right

A

Inequality is justified as it promotes economic growth

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17
Q

What did Murray say about Social Class inequalities?

New Right

A

Underclass a culture of dependency. Depend on the welfare state, this leads to number of social problems such as poor socialisation, unemployment and crime

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18
Q

What did Weber say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

A

Class, status and party.

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19
Q

What did Draper say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

A

Middle class is so diverse in lifestyle and attitudes

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20
Q

What did Savage say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

A

Middle class separate between public sector profession and private sector entrepreneur

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21
Q

What did Giddens say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

A

Upper class is fragmented - traditional, jet set pop aristocracy, entrepreneurial rich

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22
Q

What did Pakulski and Waters say about Social Class inequalities?
(Postmodernism)

A

Globalisation consumer choice gives people more identity, Social Class is dead

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23
Q

What did Beck say about Social Class inequalities?

Postmodernism

A

Risk society - Technological and biological developments mean we are exposed to the ‘risks of the unknown’
Everyone, despite Social Class background is vulnerable

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24
Q

What did Murdock say about gender inequalities?

Functionalism

A

Women are located in the home as it is their biological function of bearing children
Gender division of labour is functional

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25
Q

What did Parsons say about gender inequalities?

Functionalism

A 
Women = expressive role
Men = instrumental role
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26
Q

What did Rastogi say about gender inequalities?

Functionalism

A

Pay gap is justified as men have more ‘human capital’ than women due to their greater focus on the labour market

Human capital = skill,ability,knowledge, work experience and commitment

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27
Q

What did Murray say about gender inequalities?

New Right

A 
Rising birth rates, crime and unemployment is due to the underclass
Blames single parent mothers 
Housewife role is functional
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28
Q

What did Schalfly say about gender inequalities?

New Right

A

Marriage is the most fulfilling role a woman can take

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29
Q

What did Engles say about Gender inequalities?

Marxism

A
  • Result in ownership of private property and the nuclear family, exploit their wives due to being exploited by capitalism
  • Men gain control over women as they want to pass their private property into their legitimate heirs
30
Q

What did Stanko say about gender inequalities?

Radical feminist

A

Sexual harassment ‘keeps women in place’ and it’s not taken seriously in the workplace

31
Q

What did Adkins say about gender inequalities?

Radical Feminist

A

Horizontal segregation, males/females given different job roles in the same company

32
Q

What did Delphy and Leonard say about gender inequalities?

Radical Feminist

A

Oppression comes from the family, men are seen as the head of the household as they hold economic power

33
Q

What did Miller say about gender inequalities?

Radical Feminist

A

Biological factors oppress women as they can get pregnant and need to take time off work

34
Q

What did Johnson say about gender inequalities?

Radical Feminist

A

Patriarchal terrorism men control their wives through violence, threats and isolation

35
Q

What did Oakley say about gender inequalities?

Liberal feminist

A 
Primary socialisation 
Verbal appellation
Domestic activities 
Canalisation 
Manipulation
36
Q

What did Brewer say about gender inequalities?

Black feminist

A

Triple systems theory - Class, race, and gender inequality

37
Q

What did Yuval-Davies say about gender inequalities?

Black Feminist

A

Doubly disadvantaged through racism and sexism

38
Q

What did Abbott et al say about gender inequalities?

Black Feminist

A

Women’s experiences and feminism derive from white perspectives and ignore black ones

39
Q

What did Modood say about ethnic inequalities?

A

3/5 of Bangladeshi women and 1/2 Pakistani women in Uk can’t speak English

40
Q

What did Roberts say about ethnic inequalities?

A

Asians are more likely to be self employed

Colonialism affects attitudes of Afro-Caribbean groups

41
Q

What did Sewell say about ethnic inequalities?

A

Hypermasculinity - single parent with a maternal background lack of male role models

42
Q

What did Patterson say about ethnic inequalities?

Functionalism

A

Host immigrant model - ethnic minorities haven’t socially integrated
Fear social change, resentment over competing for jobs
Failure of ethnic minorities to assimilate

43
Q

What did Cox say about ethnic inequalities?

Marxism

A

There is a direct relationship between racism and capitalism

44
Q

What did Castles and Kosack say about ethnic inequalities?

Marxism

A

Immigrants are concentrated in low pay/low status work
Reserve army of labour
Racism is encouraged to divide the working class so they don’t focus on the ruling class exploiting them

45
Q

What did Parkin say about ethnic inequalities?

Weberian

A

Social closure is used to keep ethnic minorities out of important positions

46
Q

What did Vertorec say about ethnic inequalities?

Postmodern

A

There is super diversity now, wide range of social groups and cultural values

47
Q

What did Back say about ethnic inequalities?

Postmodern

A

Black, white, Asian youths all socialise together

Cultural borrowing
Cultural masks

48
Q

What did Burdsey say about ethnic inequalities?

Postmodern

A

Code Switching (especially Asians)

49
Q

What did Gill say about ethnic inequalities?

Postmodern

A

Brasians/Blasians

50
Q

What did Walby say about gender inequalities?

Post-Feminist

A

Private patriarchy - women who are limited to home

Public patriarchy - women in public sphere who are still disadvantaged

51
Q

What did Hakim say about gender inequalities?

Post feminist

A

Women are not victims of unfair employment but just hold higher priorities like child care over employment

52
Q

What did Weber say about gender inequalities?

Weberian

A

Horizontal segregation

Vertical segregation

53
Q

What did Barron and Norris say about gender inequalities?

Weberian

A

Dual labour market
Primary labour market
Secondary labour market

Political activism gap - women are less likely to participate in campaign/voluntary organisations

54
Q

What did Skeggs say about gender inequalities?

Postmodern

A

Society is too divided to talk about patriarchy

55
Q

What did Faludi say about gender inequalities?

A

Women have a lot more choice, males more likely to suffer from inequality

56
Q

What did Prout and James say about age inequalities?

Interpretivist

A

Age categories are socially constructed

57
Q

What did Carrigan and Szmigin say about age inequalities?

Interpretivist

A

Elderly are labelled negatively in the media

58
Q

What did Cohen say about age inequalities?

Interpretivist

A

Moral panics, media amplify youth deviancy

59
Q

What did Hockey and James say about age inequalities?

Interpretivist

A

Infantilisation - old people are treated like children

60
Q

What did Weber say about age inequality?

Weber

A

Young and elderly have less status due to their age

61
Q

What did Parkin say about age inequalities?

Weberian

A

Negatively privileged status groups - elderly are often socially segregated

62
Q

What did Arber and Ginn say about age inequalities?

Feminist

A

Age on women effects their status even more

63
Q

What did Branden say about age inequalities?

Feminist

A

Middle Aged Pivot Generation - switching between their children and parents

64
Q

What did Sontag say about age inequality?

Feminist

A

Double standard of ageing

65
Q

What did Itzin say about age inequality?

Feminist

A

Cosmeticisation

66
Q

What did Parsons say about age inequalities?

Functionalism

A

Organic analogy
Certain age groups have norms and values that could threaten social stability

Old people get Social solidarity

67
Q

What did Cumming and Henry say about age inequality?

Functionalism

A

Social disengagement old age

68
Q

What did Eisenstadt say about age inequality?

Functionalism

A

Youths use subcultures for a forum of frustrations

69
Q

What did Phillipson say about age inequality?

Marxism

A

Capitalism needs to continually renew its workforce

Elderly are institutionally marginalised

70
Q

What did Laczko and Philipson say about age inequality?

Postmodernism

A

Inequality is due to health not ageing itself

71
Q

What did Featherstone and Hepworth say about age inequality?

Postmodern

A

Dedifferentiation

Deinstitutionalisation

Sociology (20 decks)

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