Inequalities Sociologists

Question 1

What did Marx say about Social Class Inequalities?

Marxism

Answer 1

• Infrastructure shapes the superstructure

* Bourgeoisie own the majority of wealth in society so they design education to help them maintain power

Question 2

What did Westergaard say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxism

Answer 2

Polarisation - gap between rich and poor is getting bigger

Question 3

What did Scott say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxism

Answer 3

Ruling class practice social closure to maintain wealth

Question 4

What did Kenway say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxism

Answer 4

Girls in private schools judge girls who didn’t go to private schools harshly

Question 5

What did Gramsci say about Social Class inequalities?

Neo-Marxism

Answer 5

Hegemony, upper class use political and cultural means to get others to follow their values

Question 6

What did Wright say about Social Class inequalities?

Neo-Marxism

Answer 6

Contradictory class location - Middle Class exploit and are exploited

Question 7

What did Bravermaan say about Social Class inequalities?

Neo-Marxism

Answer 7

Proletarianisation - middle class are more like the working class

Question 8

What is the reserve army of labour?

Neo-Marxism

Answer 8

Deskilled workers, women or ethnic minorities who will always be a back up for work or work for cheaper

Question 9

What did Benston say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxist Feminist

Answer 9

Women do unpaid work in the home, if it was paid there would be a massive redistribution of wealth

Question 10

What did Feeley say about Social Class inequality?

Marxist Feminist

Answer 10

Women aid capitalism by reproducing the next generation of workers and socialising them

Question 11

What did Ansley say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxist Feminist

Answer 11

Women are the ‘takers of shit’ as the men take out their work frustrations of their wives

Question 12

What did Beechey say about Social Class inequalities?

Marxist Feminist

Answer 12

Women are used as the reserve army of labour as they will work for less pay

Question 13

What did Durkheim say about Social Class inequalities?

Functionalism

Answer 13

Class stratification exists as it’s functional to social order

Question 14

What did Parsons say about Social Class inequalities?

Functionalism

Answer 14

Value consensus- Family, authority, achievements, possessions - less of these equals more inequality someone will face

Question 15

What did Davis and Moore say about Social Class inequalities?
(Functionalism)

Answer 15

Stratification is a feature of human society

Question 16

What did Saunders say about Social Class inequalities?

New Right

Answer 16

Inequality is justified as it promotes economic growth

Question 17

What did Murray say about Social Class inequalities?

New Right

Answer 17

Underclass a culture of dependency. Depend on the welfare state, this leads to number of social problems such as poor socialisation, unemployment and crime

Question 18

What did Weber say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

Answer 18

Class, status and party.

Question 19

What did Draper say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

Answer 19

Middle class is so diverse in lifestyle and attitudes

Question 20

What did Savage say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

Answer 20

Middle class separate between public sector profession and private sector entrepreneur

Question 21

What did Giddens say about Social Class inequalities?

Weberian

Answer 21

Upper class is fragmented - traditional, jet set pop aristocracy, entrepreneurial rich

Question 22

What did Pakulski and Waters say about Social Class inequalities?
(Postmodernism)

Answer 22

Globalisation consumer choice gives people more identity, Social Class is dead

Question 23

What did Beck say about Social Class inequalities?

Postmodernism

Answer 23

Risk society - Technological and biological developments mean we are exposed to the ‘risks of the unknown’
Everyone, despite Social Class background is vulnerable

Question 24

What did Murdock say about gender inequalities?

Functionalism

Answer 24

Women are located in the home as it is their biological function of bearing children
Gender division of labour is functional

Question 25

What did Parsons say about gender inequalities? | Functionalism

Answer 25

``` Women = expressive role Men = instrumental role ```

Question 26

What did Rastogi say about gender inequalities? | Functionalism

Answer 26

Pay gap is justified as men have more ‘human capital’ than women due to their greater focus on the labour market Human capital = skill,ability,knowledge, work experience and commitment

Question 27

What did Murray say about gender inequalities? | New Right

Answer 27

``` Rising birth rates, crime and unemployment is due to the underclass Blames single parent mothers Housewife role is functional ```

Question 28

What did Schalfly say about gender inequalities? | New Right

Answer 28

Marriage is the most fulfilling role a woman can take

Question 29

What did Engles say about Gender inequalities? | Marxism

Answer 29

* Result in ownership of private property and the nuclear family, exploit their wives due to being exploited by capitalism * Men gain control over women as they want to pass their private property into their legitimate heirs

Question 30

What did Stanko say about gender inequalities? | Radical feminist

Answer 30

Sexual harassment ‘keeps women in place’ and it’s not taken seriously in the workplace

Question 31

What did Adkins say about gender inequalities? | Radical Feminist

Answer 31

Horizontal segregation, males/females given different job roles in the same company

Question 32

What did Delphy and Leonard say about gender inequalities? | Radical Feminist

Answer 32

Oppression comes from the family, men are seen as the head of the household as they hold economic power

Question 33

What did Miller say about gender inequalities? | Radical Feminist

Answer 33

Biological factors oppress women as they can get pregnant and need to take time off work

Question 34

What did Johnson say about gender inequalities? | Radical Feminist

Answer 34

Patriarchal terrorism men control their wives through violence, threats and isolation

Question 35

What did Oakley say about gender inequalities? | Liberal feminist

Answer 35

``` Primary socialisation Verbal appellation Domestic activities Canalisation Manipulation ```

Question 36

What did Brewer say about gender inequalities? | Black feminist

Answer 36

Triple systems theory - Class, race, and gender inequality

Question 37

What did Yuval-Davies say about gender inequalities? | Black Feminist

Answer 37

Doubly disadvantaged through racism and sexism

Question 38

What did Abbott et al say about gender inequalities? | Black Feminist

Answer 38

Women’s experiences and feminism derive from white perspectives and ignore black ones

Question 39

What did Modood say about ethnic inequalities?

Answer 39

3/5 of Bangladeshi women and 1/2 Pakistani women in Uk can’t speak English

Question 40

What did Roberts say about ethnic inequalities?

Answer 40

Asians are more likely to be self employed | Colonialism affects attitudes of Afro-Caribbean groups

Question 41

What did Sewell say about ethnic inequalities?

Answer 41

Hypermasculinity - single parent with a maternal background lack of male role models

Question 42

What did Patterson say about ethnic inequalities? | Functionalism

Answer 42

Host immigrant model - ethnic minorities haven’t socially integrated Fear social change, resentment over competing for jobs Failure of ethnic minorities to assimilate

Question 43

What did Cox say about ethnic inequalities? | Marxism

Answer 43

There is a direct relationship between racism and capitalism

Question 44

What did Castles and Kosack say about ethnic inequalities? | Marxism

Answer 44

Immigrants are concentrated in low pay/low status work Reserve army of labour Racism is encouraged to divide the working class so they don’t focus on the ruling class exploiting them

Question 45

What did Parkin say about ethnic inequalities? | Weberian

Answer 45

Social closure is used to keep ethnic minorities out of important positions

Question 46

What did Vertorec say about ethnic inequalities? | Postmodern

Answer 46

There is super diversity now, wide range of social groups and cultural values

Question 47

What did Back say about ethnic inequalities? | Postmodern

Answer 47

Black, white, Asian youths all socialise together Cultural borrowing Cultural masks

Question 48

What did Burdsey say about ethnic inequalities? | Postmodern

Answer 48

Code Switching (especially Asians)

Question 49

What did Gill say about ethnic inequalities? | Postmodern

Answer 49

Brasians/Blasians

Question 50

What did Walby say about gender inequalities? | Post-Feminist

Answer 50

Private patriarchy - women who are limited to home | Public patriarchy - women in public sphere who are still disadvantaged

Question 51

What did Hakim say about gender inequalities? | Post feminist

Answer 51

Women are not victims of unfair employment but just hold higher priorities like child care over employment

Question 52

What did Weber say about gender inequalities? | Weberian

Answer 52

Horizontal segregation | Vertical segregation

Question 53

What did Barron and Norris say about gender inequalities? | Weberian

Answer 53

Dual labour market Primary labour market Secondary labour market Political activism gap - women are less likely to participate in campaign/voluntary organisations

Question 54

What did Skeggs say about gender inequalities? | Postmodern

Answer 54

Society is too divided to talk about patriarchy

Question 55

What did Faludi say about gender inequalities?

Answer 55

Women have a lot more choice, males more likely to suffer from inequality

Question 56

What did Prout and James say about age inequalities? | Interpretivist

Answer 56

Age categories are socially constructed

Question 57

What did Carrigan and Szmigin say about age inequalities? | Interpretivist

Answer 57

Elderly are labelled negatively in the media

Question 58

What did Cohen say about age inequalities? | Interpretivist

Answer 58

Moral panics, media amplify youth deviancy

Question 59

What did Hockey and James say about age inequalities? | Interpretivist

Answer 59

Infantilisation - old people are treated like children

Question 60

What did Weber say about age inequality? | Weber

Answer 60

Young and elderly have less status due to their age

Question 61

What did Parkin say about age inequalities? | Weberian

Answer 61

Negatively privileged status groups - elderly are often socially segregated

Question 62

What did Arber and Ginn say about age inequalities? | Feminist

Answer 62

Age on women effects their status even more

Question 63

What did Branden say about age inequalities? | Feminist

Answer 63

Middle Aged Pivot Generation - switching between their children and parents

Question 64

What did Sontag say about age inequality? | Feminist

Answer 64

Double standard of ageing

Question 65

What did Itzin say about age inequality? | Feminist

Answer 65

Cosmeticisation

Question 66

What did Parsons say about age inequalities? | Functionalism

Answer 66

Organic analogy Certain age groups have norms and values that could threaten social stability Old people get Social solidarity

Question 67

What did Cumming and Henry say about age inequality? | Functionalism

Answer 67

Social disengagement old age

Question 68

What did Eisenstadt say about age inequality? | Functionalism

Answer 68

Youths use subcultures for a forum of frustrations

Question 69

What did Phillipson say about age inequality? | Marxism

Answer 69

Capitalism needs to continually renew its workforce Elderly are institutionally marginalised

Question 70

What did Laczko and Philipson say about age inequality? | Postmodernism

Answer 70

Inequality is due to health not ageing itself

Question 71

What did Featherstone and Hepworth say about age inequality? | Postmodern

Answer 71

Dedifferentiation Deinstitutionalisation