Gender Inequality

Question 1

Pay gap

Answer 1

Remained around 17%

Question 2

Horizontal segregation

Answer 2

Concentration of male or females in different sectors of work

Question 3

Vertical Segregation

Answer 3

Makes hold the top jobs in the labour market, used for more skilled and higher paid jobs

Question 4

Glass ceiling

Answer 4

Females can’t reach the top jobs or promotions

Question 5

Concrete ceiling

Answer 5

The labour market is much tougher than the glass ceiling for women who struggle to even get middle management positions

Question 6

Sexual harrasment

Answer 6

Unwelcome sexual advances or comments verbally/physically

Question 7

Sticky Floor

Answer 7

Keeps certain people at the bottom in employment

Question 8

Leaky Pipeline

Answer 8

Women interested in maths, science, technology etc eventually leave and pursue other careers

Question 9

Motherhood Penalty

Answer 9

Working mothers are disadvantaged in the workplace in pay

Question 10

Patriarchy

Answer 10

Male dominated society

Question 11

Expressive/Instrumental roles

Answer 11

Expressive: Women have a natural role to care

Instrumental: Men have a natural role to provide and be the breadwinner

Question 12

Human Capital theory

Answer 12

Men build up skills and qualifications where women take breaks (family) look for part time work and focus on caring

Question 13

Dual Labour Market

Answer 13

Primary labour market is secure and well paid, dominated by men.

Secondary labour market is insecure low skilled and low paid mainly occupied by women

Question 14

Reserve army of labour

Answer 14

Women are only used when men are not available and will accept lower pay

Question 15

Double Disadvantage

Answer 15

A female part of an ethnic minority

Question 16

Triple Systems Theory

Answer 16

Ethnicity
Class
Female
All effect a person

Question 17

Six Structures of Patriarchy

Answer 17

Paid Work
Household Production
Culture
Sexuality
Violence
The State

Question 18

Private Patriarchy

Answer 18

Private sphere - personal relationships

Question 19

Public Patriarchy

Answer 19

Public sphere - in society

Question 20

Glass elevator

Answer 20

Men are promoted up the career ladder faster than women even in female dominated careers like teaching

Question 21

Functionalist Views

Answer 21

Murdock - 200 societies found women in home due to bearing children and less physically able
Parsons - Instrumental/expressive roles
Rastogi - Human Capital Theory/Meritocracy
Oakley - Primary socialisation

Question 22

New Right Views

Answer 22

Murray - underclass, functional for women to fulfil housewife role
Schlafly - Flight from home is flight from the nature of women

Question 23

Marxist Views

Answer 23

Engles - Nuclear family and male breadwinner keeps women in line

Question 24

Radical Feminist

Answer 24

Stanko - Sexual harassment in workplace used to keep women in place
Adkins - Horizontal segregation
Millet - the pill and machinery means men can no longer legitimise their power
Johnson - patriarchal terrorism (control their wives)

Question 25

Marxist Feminist Views

Answer 25

Feeley - Boys and girls brainwashed into Instrumental/expressive role
Benston - women’s domestic work is unpaid
Ansley - takers of shit
Beechey - reserve army of labour

Question 26

Liberal Feminist

Answer 26

Oakley - primary socialisation

Question 27

Black Feminist

Answer 27

Brewer - triple systems theory
Yuval-Davies - criticise feminism for being ethnocentric
Abbott et al
Doubly disadvantaged

Question 28

Weberian Views

Answer 28

Weber - Class/status/party, vertical/horizontal segregation

Baron and Norris - dual labour market