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trisemester 3 TCC > XrAY WEEK 3 > Flashcards

XrAY WEEK 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ionization

A

removal of an e-

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2
Q

radiodensity is sometimes used to describe

A

radioqacity

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3
Q

ionizing radiation may either be ___ & _______

A

electromagnetic or particulate in nature

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4
Q

examples of ionizing particle radiation includes

A

alpha and beta particles

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5
Q

the two types of e-magnetic energy that has enough energy to ionize matter? and where do they originate from?

A

Gamma- originates from the nucleus X-rays - originates from the e- shells

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6
Q

radioactive atoms have unstable what?

A

nucleus

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7
Q

unstable nuclei of atoms may eject what two things?

A

particles and/or energy to attain more stable configuraiton

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8
Q

alpha particle is made up of

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

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9
Q

beta particles are made up of

A

electron like particle much less mass than alpha and travels further than the alpha

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10
Q

half life is the time necessary for what?

A

time necessary for rate of atomic disintegrations to decrease by one-half

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11
Q

Photon

A

= smallest unit of e-magnetic radiation

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12
Q

smallest unit of elecrtomagnetic radiation

A

photon

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13
Q

photon travels at the speed of what

A

light

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14
Q

do photons have a charge?

does a photon have a mass?

A

no

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15
Q

photons have what 2 components

A

electric and magnetic fields *

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16
Q

Important characteristics of electromagnetic waves

A

Velocity (for our discussion of x-rays fixed, ie., always speed of light = c ) Frequency (nu or f ) Wavelength (lambda λ)

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17
Q

velocity formula

A

frequency * wavelength

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18
Q

there is an _____ relationship of frequency and wavelength due to a fixed ____

A

inverse , velocity

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19
Q

photon energy is ____ related to ___ velocity

A

1.directly 2.fixed

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20
Q

frequency relationship to the energy of a photon is

A

a direct relationship ~

as F increases = Photon energy increases

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21
Q

as frequency increases what happens to the energy

A

it increases

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22
Q

inverse square law

A

The intensity (amount of energy per unit area) of radiation changes inversely according to the square of the distance from the source

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23
Q

how to solve for the inverse square law

A

Express the change in distance as either a fraction or a multiple (eg, “on-third the distance” or “three times as far”) Take the INVERSE of the fraction or multiple (eg, inverse of 1/3 = 3 or inverse of 3 = 1/3) SQUARE it to find the change in intensity (eg, 2x2 = 4 or 1/3 x 1/3 = 1/9)

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24
Q

x-rays represent a range of _____ near the highest level of electromagnetic spectrum

A

frequencies

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25
Q

all x rays _____ have the same amount of frequency or wavelength meaning they do not have the same?

a. do not,
b. do,

A

a. DO NOT

2. Energy

26
Q

X-rays behave more like particles than

A

“waves”

27
Q

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than that of the x-ray spectrum behave more

A

as waves

28
Q

X-ray characteristics

A

Cannot be focused or reflected in the fashion of visible light Have the ability to penetrate matter Can cause some substances to fluoresce (emit visible light) Travel in in a straight line thru space Can cause ionization (ejection of electron from atom) Can expose photographic film Potentially harmful to living organisms- much more on this later Are more likely to interact with matter that has size similar to x-ray wavelength

29
Q

Radiolucent =

A

material thru which x-rays pass more easily Analogous term to visible light concept of “translucent” material

30
Q

Radiopaque =

A

material thru which x-rays do not pass easily Analogous term to visible light concept of “opaque” material

31
Q

The radiopacity of objects is related to their physical _____?

A

density (more dense = more radiopaque)

32
Q

The 5 are, in order of increasing radiopacity, (OR less radiolucent)

A

Air Fat Water Calcium (bone) Metal

33
Q

organs and tissues are more like what density?

A

water

34
Q

x-rays turn the film what color?

A

black

35
Q

radioqaque will appear more what on xray?

A

white due to increase of density

36
Q

if you have a decrease of radiopaque it will appear what? (decrease of density)

A

darker

37
Q

beam quality

refers to

A

photon energy

38
Q

beam quantity

refers to

A

number of photons

39
Q

hard vs soft x-rays

A

“Hard” x-rays have higher energy (less wavelength and higher frequency) “Soft” x-rays have lower energy (greater wavelength and lower frequency)

40
Q

X-ray originates from what?

A

electron cloud

41
Q

X-ray photon energy is typically expressed in units called electron _________ or, because diagnostic x-rays are produced by using high voltage potentials, the unit _______

A
  1. volts (eV) 2. kiloelectron volts (keV) is used
42
Q

x-rays, gamma rays (and higher frequency ultraviolet radiation) are the only______ forms of electromagnetic radiation

A

ionizing

43
Q

AMP =

A

unit of electrical current Describes how many electrons are moving

44
Q

Current =

A

flow of electrons

45
Q

VOLT =

A

unit of electrical potential describes how much force are electrons moving with

46
Q

3 basic factors of x-ray machine exposure settings are:

A

AMPERAGE, VOLTAGE and TIME

47
Q

Coulomb © =

A

Coulomb is the fundamental unit of electrical charge

48
Q

Ampere (A) =

A

unit of electrical current
A flow of electrons is called “current”. Measures the # of electrons flowing in a circuit Equal to one coulomb of charge flowing through a conductor each second- it is therefore a measure of the rate that electrical charge is being transferred.

49
Q

AC is known as

A

alternating current : moving in direct current : electron motion is n one direction only
a backward and forward motion

50
Q

DC is known as

A

direct current : electron motion is n one direction only

51
Q

voltage ripple

term to describe

A

the fluctuation in electrical potential that occurs in alternating current
* not desirable for produciton of x-ray

52
Q

alternating current has what kind of graph pattern (trig)

A

sinusoidal

53
Q

sinusoidal and pattern shows a pattern with voltage and amperage levels falling to?

A

zero 3X during each cycle

54
Q

DC may have a ripple voltage? T/F

A

T: More like a pulse

55
Q

rectification

A

changing of an AC to a DC

56
Q

Full wave rectification

A

inverts one half of a single phase current Electron flow again in one direction, but gap reduced
There is still a brief period during which voltage and current values fall to zero = large voltage ripple

57
Q

3 phase current reduces voltage ripple by

A

superimposing 3 single phase waveforms, slightly out of time with one another.

58
Q

3 phase current can be rectified to further minimize

A

voltage ripple

59
Q

high frequency voltage

A

most current technology.

less of a voltage ripple much more efficient way to take x-ray

60
Q

as wavelength increases what happens to the photon energy

A

it will decrease because they have an inverse relationship

61
Q

1/2 rectification

A

eliminates 1/2 of single phase waveform ~ resulting in increase of gap and voltage variation

62
Q

full wave rectification vs 1/2 wave rectification

full wave:

A

inverts 1/2 of single phase current

1/2 wave rectification: eliminates 1/2 of single phase wave form

trisemester 3 TCC (25 decks)

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