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trisemester 3 TCC > neuroanatomy venous & spinal pwp > Flashcards

neuroanatomy venous & spinal pwp Flashcards

for test 2

1
Q

cerebral veins have no valves?

T/F

A

T

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2
Q

veins have what kind of tunica do they have

and what is a characteristic of it?

A

tunica media
& it is easily torn
& Tunica externa

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3
Q

the location of the cerebral veins

A

between the arachnoid and pia matter in the subarachnoid space

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4
Q

What vessels connect the dural sinuses to the veins of the scalp? (connection to veins outside the cranium)

A

emissary veins

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5
Q

tunica adaventitia is also known as

A

tunica externa

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6
Q

superfiscial veins drain what structures of the brain?

A

cerebral cortex & white matter

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7
Q

superior cerebral veins drain what portion of the brain’s hemispheres?

A

upper/lateral surface into superior sagittal sinus

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8
Q

inferior cerebral veins drain into the

A

transverse & superior petrosal sinus

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9
Q

inferior cerebral veins drain which portion of the brains hemisphere?

A

lower/lateral inferior surface of brain

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10
Q

subdural hematoma ruptures the

A

superior cerebral veins

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11
Q

superfiscial middle serebral veins drains what area of the brain?

A

the lateral surface of the brain

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12
Q

superfiscial middle cerebral veins dumps itno the

A

cavernous sinus

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13
Q

superficial middle cerebral veins creates anastamosis between

A

superior andinferior cerebral veinsq

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14
Q

deep veins drain

A

white matter & deep nuclei

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15
Q

internal cerebral veins begin at what level?

A

foramen of monro

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16
Q

internal cerebral veins are composed of 5 types of veins but which 3 are important

A

thalamostriate ( located on thalamus)
choroidal vein ( in Lateral ventricles)
septal vein

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17
Q

what two sturctures form the great vein of galen?

A

2 internal cerebral veins

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18
Q

great cerebral veins of galen joins what structure to form what?

A

inferior sagittal sinus –> to form the straight sinus

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19
Q

pathway of venous drainage

A

5veins –> internal cerebral vein –> great cerebral vein of galen –> staight sinus –> confluence of sinuses –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> internal jugular veins

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20
Q

transverse sinus drains inferiorly into

A

sigmoid sinus

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21
Q

what week does the brain form?

A

3rd week

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22
Q

by week 3 how many primary vesicles are developed?

A

3

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23
Q

by week 5 how many secondary vesicles are formed?

A

5

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24
Q

what are the 3 flexure are known as during primary development

A

cephalic , pontine and cervicle flexures

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25
Q

formation of sulci and gyri are at what time point?

A

3rd month

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26
Q

when are ALL major gyri and sulci present

A

7th month

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27
Q

when is the lateral fissure developed?

A

4th month

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28
Q

do sensory areas develop first or does motor?

A

sensory develops first

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29
Q

characteristic of brain during development?

A
  • gelatinous and cortex and white matter are poorly demarcated
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30
Q

critical period of CNS development?

A

week 3- 1.5 years

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31
Q

increase of B9 in the critical period of development of CNS will do what?

A

increase myelination

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32
Q

at what point of development is the gray cortex and subcortical white matter are clearly separated and similar to those of the adult brain ?

A

2+ years of development

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33
Q

characteristics of aging brain

A

number of neurons tends to decrease with age & the greates loss is in the cerebral cortex

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34
Q

where in the cerebral cortex is the greatest loss during aging

A

frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, and primary visual cortex

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35
Q

senescence is defined as

A

neurons not able to divide anymore = getting old

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36
Q

characteristics of a senescence cell

A

change in size, accumulation of age pigment in neuron cell bodies, decrease in amount of nissl substance

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37
Q

pathalogical changes in the aging brain?

Involvement of atrophy

A

cortical and hippocampal atrophy, and enlargement of ventricles.

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38
Q

grossly what happens to brain under aging?

A

decrease is weight and increase in size of ventricles and calcification of the meninges

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39
Q

hippocampus helps you with what

A

accessing memories

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40
Q

spinal cord is protected by the

A

vertebral bodies adn arches &

their are associated ligaments and muscles

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41
Q

spinal cord occupies what fraction of the vertebral canal?

A

2/3

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42
Q

begining and end of the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum and L2

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43
Q

in the embryo what is special about the spinal cord and vertebral canal

A

it occupies the full length

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44
Q

during growth what develops faster, the spinal cord or that vertebral column?

A

vertebral column

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45
Q

External features of the spinal cord posteriorly?

A
  • The dorsal (posterior) surface of the spinal cord shows:
    Midline dorsal median sulcus (aka posterior median sulcus).
    Right and left dorsal intermediate sulci (T6-C1)
    Right and left dorsal lateral sulci (attachment of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves) aka posterior lateral sulcus
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46
Q

The ventral (anterior) surface of the spinal cord features

A

Midline ventral median fissure (aka anterior median fissure)

Right and left ventral lateral sulci (attachment of ventral rootlets of spinal nerves)

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47
Q

what makes a spinal segment?

A

outward attachment of paired dorsal rootlets and paired ventral rootles

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48
Q

spinal nerve is when

A

ventral and dorsal roots fuse

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49
Q

2 enlarged regions of the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbar

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50
Q

cervical enlargement segements

A

c5-t1

Most of the ventral rami of its spinal nerves form the brachial plexus that innervate the brachial plexus

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51
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

segments L1-S3 (corresponds to vertebral levels T9-T12/L1), its ventral rami give lumbar and sacral plexuses that mainly innervate the lower limbs.

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52
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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53
Q

how many cervical spinal nerves?

A

8

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54
Q

how many thoracic spinal nerves?

A

12

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55
Q

how many lumbar spinal nerves

A

5

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56
Q

how many sacral spinal nerves?

A

5

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57
Q

how many coccygeal spinal nerves

A

1

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58
Q

ventral is mainly motor or sensory?

A

motor

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59
Q

which communican comes first?

A

gray before white

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60
Q

dorsal roots of spinal nerves recieve what kind of fibers?

A

sensory fibers = afferent fibers

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61
Q

DRG contains what and where is it located?

A

cell bodies of axons making the dorsal roots and are outside the spinal cord in the IVFs

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62
Q

afferent fibers from the viscera travel in what

ramus?

A

white –> myelinated

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63
Q

GSE is

A

motor to muscles

  • skeletal muscles from somites
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64
Q

GVE is

A

general visceral efferent it controls smooth muscles and glands

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65
Q

special visceral efferent

A

skeletal muscles from pharyngeal arches

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66
Q

GSA

A

general somatic afferent provides sensory info from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and arches

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67
Q

GVA

A

general visceral afferent - visceral organs

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68
Q

ventral roots of spinal nerves contain

A

efferent fibers; GVE and 14 contain preganglionic sympathetic autonomic givers; GVE

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69
Q

C1 is purely?

A

motor

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70
Q

why is C1 purely motor?

A

has no dorsal root

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71
Q

does everybody have a coccygeal nerve?

A

no

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72
Q

2 branches of the spinal cord

A

dorsal and ventral rami

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73
Q

dorsal rami supplies

A

skin and deep mm. of the back

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74
Q

ventral primary rami supplies

A

supply the limbs and the rest of the trunk through 5 plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal plexuses). The ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves form 11 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerve: T12

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75
Q

2 other branches of the spinal cord?

A

. Recurrent meningeal nerves (sinuvertebral nerve): (GSA, GVE)
&
white rami communicans

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76
Q

Recurrent meningeal nerves (sinuvertebral nerve): (GSA, GVE) supplies most of what?

A

supply meninges and IVDs

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77
Q

white rami communicans fibers?

A

GVE and GVA

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78
Q

white rami communicans go to the

A

sympathetic ganglion

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79
Q

outermost covering of the spine

A

dura

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80
Q

what is contained in the epidural space?

A

a. Adipose tissue

b. Internal vertebral venous plexuses (anterior and posterior)

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81
Q

superior boundary of the epidural space?

A

Superiorly: foramen magnum

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82
Q

inferior boundary of the epidural space?

A

sacrococcygeal ligament covering sacral hiatus

83
Q

anterior boundary of the epidural space?

A

: vertebral bodies, IVDs and Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

84
Q

posterior boundary of the epidural space?

A

: laminae and ligamentum flavum

85
Q

lateral boundary of the epidural space?

A

: Pedicles and IVFs

86
Q

where does the dural sac end?

A

s2

87
Q

what are dural root sleeves?

A

extend along the dorsal and ventral roots and spinal ganglia

88
Q

dura mater is anchored by this structure?

A

filum terminale externum

89
Q

does archnoid have boold supply?

A

no it is avascular

90
Q

what does the subdural seperate?

A

dura and the arachnoid

91
Q

subarachnoid space seperates?

A

pia and arachnoid matter

92
Q

where is CSF & blood vessels located?

A

Subarachnoid space

93
Q

innermost layer layer of meninges?

A

pia

94
Q

does pia have blood supply?

A

yes

95
Q

filum terminale internum is only

A

pia

96
Q

filum terminale externa contains

A

all 3 layers pf meningies

97
Q

filum terminale is within the

A

dural sac

98
Q

job of the filum terminale?

A

anchors to the coccygeal

99
Q

denticulate ligament?

A

A serrated ribbon of pia mater that attaches to the dura mater at about 21 points on each side between the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves.

100
Q

Subarachnoid space:

is it vascularaized?

A

yes

101
Q

space of the meninges contains

A

cauda equina and filum terminale internum that float in CSF

102
Q

the space of the meninges get large inferior to the conus medullaries forming the

A

lumbar cistern

103
Q

lumbar cistern extends from

A

L2 - S2

104
Q

where would you put a needle to test fluid?

A

lumbar cistern

105
Q

CSF is drained through what and then into?

A

venous dural sinuses to the general circulation

106
Q

job of the CSF

A

acts as a shock absorber as well as diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers (neurotransmitters, hormones, etc.) and waste products.

107
Q

where is the lumbar puncture/spinal tap done?

A

L2

108
Q

lumbar tap is done for what

A

diagnostic imaging &

bacterial testing for meningitis

109
Q

spinal block

A

spinal anesthesia

110
Q

The needle penetrates

A

skin, fascia, back muscles, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments and ligamentum flavum, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space and arachnoid mater.

111
Q

epidural block

A

The anesthetic has a direct effect on the spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina as they exit the dural sac.

112
Q

the lumbar puncture and epidural block both go through what initially?

A

sacral hiatus

113
Q

how long does the epidural last?

A

10-20 minutes

114
Q

how is an epidural commonly used?

A

prevent pain during childbirth.

115
Q

birth canal is innervated by ____ & ____ meaning it wont effect what?

A

s2-s4

it will not effect the uterus

116
Q

meningities is inflammation in

A

pia and arachnoid

117
Q

a positive valsalvas maneuver means

A

be caused by increased intrathecal pressure. This may be due to a space-occupying lesion such as herniated disc, tumor or osteophytes.

118
Q

central area of spinal cord is what shaped?

A

H

119
Q

the peripheral area of the spinal is

A

white matter with myelin

120
Q

what levels contain the lateral horn?

A

t1-L2

121
Q

crossbar of H in spinal cord is made up of?

A

commissural neurons

122
Q

commissural neurons surround what structures?

A

the central canal that contains CSF

123
Q

lateral horn contains?

A

sympathetic nervous system innervating smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, sweat glands and adrenal medulla.

124
Q

AHC are what? and what is their function?

A

anterior horn cells that are responsible for motor output too skeletal muscles

125
Q

3 columns of white matter

A

ventral, lateral, dorsal

126
Q

what is different about oligodendrocytes?

A

they have foot processes that can wrap around and affect other cells

127
Q

each columns of white matter is contained of

A

tracts

128
Q

ventral has what kind of tracts?

A

motor

129
Q

lateral columns contain what kind of tracts?

A

mixed

130
Q

dorsal column contains what kind of tracts?

A

ascending sensory

131
Q

osteoarthritis can lead to what on the spine?

A

osteophytes/spurs

132
Q

Cervical region important characteristics?

A

Large and oval-shaped.

ii) The amount of white matter is greater than any other region.
iii) The ventral horn of gray matter is large (large number of neurons to innervate upper limb muscles).

133
Q

Thoracic region important characteristics?

A

i) Small amount of gray matter relative to white matter.

ii) Presence of a lateral horn.

134
Q
  • Lumbar region important characteristics?
A

i) Round appearance.
ii) Dorsal and ventral horns are very large.
iii) Relatively less white matter than cervical region.

135
Q

which part of the spinal cord has a lateral horn?

A

thoracic

136
Q
  • Sacral region: important characteristics?
A

i) Predominance of gray matter over white matter.

ii) Smallest cross section of the spinal cord.

137
Q

venous plexuses within the pia mater and drain into what veins?

A

cerebral veins

138
Q

where are cerebral veins located?

A

on the surface of the brain

139
Q

where do the cerebral veins eventually empty into too?

A

dural venous sinuses

140
Q

where are dural venous sinuses located?

A

in between the meningeal and periosteal layer of the dura mater

141
Q

some characteristics of dural venous sinuses

A
  1. low pressure channels
  2. no valves
  3. emissary veins connect the dural sinuses to the veins of the scalp
142
Q

dural venous sinuses _______ valves and are located between?

A

no valves

located between the periosteal and meningeal layer

143
Q

where does the superior sagittal sinus run along?

A

mid-sagittal plane

144
Q

where does the superior sagittal sines receive it’s blood from?

A

superior cerebral veins

145
Q

does the superior sagittal sinus receive CSF and if so how?

A

yes, through arachnoid granulations

146
Q

where does the superior sagittal sinus empty into?

A

confluence of sinuses

147
Q

where does the superior sagittal sinus drain inferiorly?

A

transverse sinus

148
Q

inferior sagittal sinus receives veins from what portion of the brain’s hemispheres?

A

upper medial surface of the hemisphere

149
Q

inferior sagittal sinus joins the great cerebral vein to form the

A

straight sinus

150
Q

what structure drains into the confluence of sinuses most directly?

A

straight sinus

151
Q

location of the straight sinus?

A

at the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

152
Q

straight sinus recieves blood from where?

A

great vein of galen and the inferior sagittal sinus

153
Q

when does the straight sinus become the transverse sinus?

A

after in travels caudally to empty into the confluence of sinuses

154
Q

location of transverse sinus?

A

posterior attached border of the tentorium cerebelli

155
Q

each transverse sinus (2) receives blood froom where?

A
  1. inferior cerebellar veins
  2. cerebellar veins
  3. superior petrosal sinus
156
Q

what sinus becomes the sigmoid sinus?

A

the transverse sinus

157
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus exit out of?

A

jugular foramen as the IJV

158
Q

when does the transverse sinus drop below the tentorium cerebelli?

A

as the sigmoid sinus becomes the IJV

159
Q

sigmoid sinus runs along what structure?

A

the tentorium cerebelli to the jugular foramen

160
Q

The IJV joins what structure to form what?

A

subclavian to form the brachiocephalic

161
Q

what sinuses are responsible for the transport of the majority of the venous blood from the brain?

A

sigmoid sinus

162
Q

where is the occipital sinus sinus located?

A

in the falx cerebelli

163
Q

where does the occipital sinus receive blood from?

A

posterior occipital veins around the foramen magnum

164
Q

the IVVP communicates with what sinus?

A

the occipital sinus

165
Q

IVVP stands for?

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

166
Q

where is the cavernous sinus located?

A

along the sides of the body of the sphenoid (sella turcica)

167
Q

cavernous sinus extends between what two landmarks?

A

petrous ridge to the superior orbital fissure

168
Q

what are the 3 structure3s that drain into the cavernous sinus?

A
  1. ophthalmic veins
  2. superficial middle cerebral veins
  3. sphenoparietal sinus
169
Q

cavernous sinus empties into what structures?

A
  1. superior petrosal sinus
  2. inferior petrosal sinus
  3. pterygoid venous plexus
170
Q

superior petrosal sinus drains into

A

the transverse sinus

171
Q

inferior petrosal sinus drains into

A

the internal jugular vein

172
Q

pterygoid vein drains into

A

deep facial vein

173
Q

the intercavernous sinus creates a ring around

A

the pituitary gland

174
Q

intercavernous has two divisions?

A

anterior and posterior

175
Q

what connects the cavernous and transverse sinus?

A

superior petrosal sinus

176
Q

where is the superior petrosal sinus located?

A

in the margin of the tentorium cerebelli

177
Q

what does superior petrosal sinus drain?

A

cavernous sinus

178
Q

where does the superior petrosal sinus empty too?

A

the transverse sinus just before the sigmoid sinus begins

179
Q

what is the MAIN drain for the cavernous sinus?

A

inferior petrosal sinus

180
Q

what other structures does the inferior petrosal sinus drain?

A

medulla, pons, cerebellum and the inner ear

181
Q

the main pathway of drainage for the cavernous sinus

A

cavernous sinus –> inferior petrosal –> IJV

182
Q

basilar sinus/ basilar venous plexusruns along where?

A

on the basilar part of the occipital bone (clivus) - ramp

183
Q

what does the basilar sinus communicate with?

A

IVVP

184
Q

what connects the 2 inferior petrosal sinuses?

A

basilar sinus/basilar venous plexus

185
Q

Is the transverse sinus a single structure or paired structure?

A

paired

186
Q

Where is the point where the sinus drops bellow the Tentorium Cerebelli?

A

Transverse Sinus

187
Q

Is the sigmoid sinus a single structure or paired structure?

A

paired

188
Q

What is the span of the sigmoid sinus?

A

from the Tentorium Cerebelli to the Jugular Foramen

189
Q

How many cavernous sinuses are there?

A

2

190
Q

How many Basilar sinuses are there?

A

1

191
Q

What are the superficial veins pf the brain?

A

superior cerebral veins
inferior cerebral veins
superficial middle cerebral vein

192
Q

What parts of the brain do the cerebral hemispheres grow over in development?

A

diencephalon

mesencephalon

193
Q

What percentage of malformations and congenital deformations involves the CNS

A

50%

194
Q

The spinal cord, meninges and related structures are located where?

A

vertebral canal

195
Q

what is the major reflex center and conduction pathway between the body and the brain?

A

spinal cord

196
Q

What is the tapering end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

197
Q

Because the vertebral column grows faster in fetal life, what is the orientation of the spinal nerve roots?

A

They present obliquity

198
Q

What serves as the attachment of dorsal rootlets of spinal nerves?

A

right and left posterior lateral sulci

199
Q

What is another name for recurrent meningeal nerves?

A

sinuvertebral nerve

200
Q

What mater covers the spinal nerve roots and spinal ganglia?

A

arachnoid mater

201
Q

What extends from the tip of the conus medullaris to the dorsum of the coccyx?
Hint*Slender filament of pia mater

A

filum terminale

202
Q

What is the filum terminale externum also known as?

A

coccygeal ligament

203
Q

How many times does CSF replace itself in a day?

A

4-5 times

204
Q

What is the total amount of CSF in the body?

A

80-150 mL

trisemester 3 TCC (25 decks)

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