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BIOL155 > WT1 Tutorial Final (6-10) > Flashcards

WT1 Tutorial Final (6-10) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an agonist

A

A muscle that is responsible for performing the action
- prime mover

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2
Q

What is an antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
- does the opposite action

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3
Q

What is the origin of a muscle

A

The part that is attached to the fix bone
- does not move

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4
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle

A

The part that is attached to the moveable bone
- does move

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5
Q

What are synergists

A

Supports the agonist-antagonist actions

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6
Q

What are appendicular muscles

A

All muscles in the upper/lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

  • excludes the vertebra, skull, and thorax
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7
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Trapezius

A

Paired flat, triangular muscle of the posterior thorax

  • prime movers in elevation of the shoulder
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8
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Latissimus dorsi

A

Posterior shoulder joint muscles, triangular flat muscle that covers the lumbar region and lower half of the thoracic region

**Inserts on the humerus

  • prime movers of the arm
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9
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Deltoid

A

Cover the shoulders

** Inserts on the humerus

  • prime movers of the arm
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10
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Serratus anterior

A

On sides of the ribs

  • stabilize shoulder girdle and moves the scapula
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11
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Pectoralis major

A

Resting on the front of the thorax (breast region)
- one of the anterior shoulder joint muscles

** Inserts on the humerus

  • prime movers of the arm
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12
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Biceps brachii

A

Long/short head
- anterior of humerus

  • forearm muscles of elbow flexion
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13
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Triceps brachii

A

Long/lateral/medial head
- posterior of humerus

  • dorsal upper arm muscles of elbow extension
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14
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Anconeus

A

Muscle posterior to the elbow (small)

  • SYNERGIST muscle of elbow extension
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15
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Pronator teres

A

Thinner muscle going diagonally across inner elbow to radius
- proximal to elbow/forearm

  • pronate the forearm, rotate the radius
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16
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Pronator quadratus

A

Muscle by wrist (square-ish)
- distal from elbow/forearm

  • pronate the forearm, rotate the radius
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17
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Supinator

A

Curves around the radius/elbow

  • reverses the action of pronation (supinates the forearm)
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18
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Flexor digitorum (superificalis, profundus)

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis - superficial muscle spanning the forearm into the hand
- flexes digits 2-5 (fingers)

Flexor digitorum profundus - deep muscle spanning the forearm into the hand
- flexes digits 2-5 (fingers)

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19
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Extensor digitorum

A

Extensor digitorum - spans upper side of the arm/hand from the arm into the hand
- extend digits 2-5 (fingers)

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20
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Adductor pollicis

THINK: pollex = thumb

A

Triangular muscle in the hand from the 2nd/3rd metacarpal to the 1 digit

  • adducts digit 1 (thumb)
  • thenar muscle
  • opposing muscle = abductor pollicis brevis
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21
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Abductor pollicis brevis

A

Superficial muscle of the hand spanning the thumb/digit 1

  • abducts digit 1
  • thenar muscle
  • opposing muscle = adductor pollicis
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22
Q

Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):

Opponens pollicis

A

Deep (thenar) muscle of the hand

  • opposition of the thumb/digit 1
  • thenar muscle
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23
Q

Differentiate intrinsic muscles from extrinsic muscles

A

Intrinsic muscles are found WITHIN the structure it moves
(thenar, hypothenar, palmar groups)

Extrinsic muscles are located OUTSIDE the structure it moves
(flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus, extensor digitorum)

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24
Q

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff

SItS

What is the function of the rotator cuff

A
  1. Supraspinatus - most superior
  2. Infraspinatus - posterior and inferior to supraspinatus
  3. Teres minor - deep to infraspinatus
  4. Subscapularis - most deep rotator cuff muscle
  • to prevent dislocation of the shoulder joint
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25
Q

What are the three muscles involved in shoulder girdle movement/position the pectoral girdle

A

Move the scapula and stabilize the pectoral girdle
- subclavius
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior

Prime mover in elevation of the shoulder
- trapezius

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26
Q

Identify the muscles that move the upper arm

A

Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid

  • inserts on the humerus
  • prime movers of the arm
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27
Q

Identify the elbow extensors

  • muscles of the forearm
  • increasing angle between humerus and radius/ulna
A
  1. Triceps brachii (long/lateral/medial head)
  2. Anconeus (synergist)
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28
Q

Identify the elbow flexors

  • muscles of the forearm
  • decreasing angle between humerus and radius/ulna
A
  1. Biceps brachii (long and short head)
    - the long head is actually shorter than the short head LMFAO
  2. Brachialis
  3. Brachioradialis
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29
Q

Identify the muscles of pronation and supination

A
  1. Pronator teres
  2. Pronator quadratus
  3. Supinator
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30
Q

Identify the wrist extensors

A

Extensor digitorum

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31
Q

Identify the wrist flexors

A

Flexor digitorum superificalis
Flexor digitorum profundus

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32
Q

Identify the extrinsic muscles of the hand and fingers

Extrinsic flexors
Extrinsic extensors

A

Extrinsic flexors
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- flexor digitorum profundus

Extrinsic extensors
- extensor digitorum

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33
Q

Identify the intrinsic muscles of the hand and fingers (thenar, hypothenar, and palmar groups)

A

Thenar - muscles of the 1st digit
- abductor pollicis brevis
- opponens brevis
- adductor pollicis

Hypothenar - muscles of the 5th digit
- any minimi muscles (abductor/opponens/flexor)

Palmar - performs fine movements
- lumbricals (superficial)
- palmar interossei (intermediate)
- dorsal interossei (deep/ back of hand)

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34
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Iliopsoas - Psoas Major

A

Span from vertebral column into pelvic girdle
- outside strands

  • hip flexion
  • maintaining upright posture
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35
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Iliopsoas - Iliacus

A

Lie on top of the ilium

  • hip flexion
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36
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Gluteus maximus / gluteus minimus / gluteus medius

A

MAXIMUS
Most superficial muscle of the buttock
- extend and rotate the hip

MEDIUS
Sits outside of the ilium
- extend and rotate the hip

MINIMUS
Deep to the medius
- extend and rotate the hip

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37
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Obturator externus

A

Superficial to the pubic and ischium bone in the pelvic girdle

  • lateral rotators of the hip
  • near the hip joint
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38
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Quadratus femoris

A

Connects femur to ischium

  • near hip joint
  • laterally rotate the hip
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39
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femorus; vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis)

A

AKA quads
- anterior of the femur

  • extension of the knee
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40
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Sartorius

A

Inner thigh muscle spanning from hip to inside of top of tibia
- lateral pelvis to medial of knee

  • involved in knee and hip flexion
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41
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Adductor magnus
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- pectineus

A

ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
Medial compartment of the thigh
- large triangular muscle on the medial side of the thigh

BREVIS = shorter / more deep
LONGUS = longer / more superficial

PECTINEUS = strap-like connecting femur to pubis

  • adduct and rotate the hip
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42
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

A

BICEPS FEMORIS - more lateral
SEMITENDINOSUS - more medial
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - deep to semitendinosus

  • prime movers in knee flexion and thigh extension
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43
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Tibialis anterior

A

Runs anterior to the tibia

  • dorsiflex the ankle
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44
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Gastrocnemius

A

Top of calf (posterior to lower leg)

  • plantarflex the foot
  • insert on Achilles tendon
  • posterior side of the leg
  • distal part of the calve/lower limb
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45
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Soleus

A

Deep to gastrocnemius

  • plantarflex the foot
  • insert on Achilles tendon
  • posterior side of the leg
  • distal part of the calve/lower limb
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46
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Plantaris

A

Thin superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg
- spans from bottom of femur to calcaneus

  • plantarflex the foot
  • posterior side of the leg
  • distal part of calve/lower limb
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47
Q

Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:

Popliteus

A

Deep small muscle

  • plantarflex and invert the foot
  • rotate the leg
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48
Q

Identify the gluteal muscles

They are the extensors/rotators of the hip

A

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus

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49
Q

Identify lateral rotators of the thigh

A

Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris

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50
Q

Identify the knee extensors

A

Quadriceps femoris

Rectus Femorus (large anterior)
Vastus Lateralis
Intermedius (middle)
Medialis

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51
Q

Identify the knee flexors

A

Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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52
Q

Identify the ankle dorsiflexors

  • brings foot upwards
A

Tibialis anterior

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53
Q

Identify the plantar flexors and extensors

A

fibularis (peroneus) longus/brevis = plantarflex the foot and stabilize ankle

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54
Q

Identify the intrinsic muscles of the foot (dorsum and plantar muscles)

A

Dorsum

Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
- extend the toes

Plantar layer 1
- flex and ABDUCT the toes

Plantar layer 2
- flex toes

Plantar layer 3
- flex and ADDUCT the toes

Plantar layer 4
- ADBUCT and ADDUCT the toes

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55
Q

Identify the anterior compartments of the thigh

A

Quadriceps femoris
- rectus femorus
- vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis

Sartorius

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56
Q

Identify the medial compartments of the thigh

A

Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus

  • adduct and rotate the hip
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57
Q

Identify the posterior compartments of the thigh

A

Hamstrings
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus

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58
Q

Identify the anterior compartments of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior

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59
Q

Identify the lateral compartments of the leg

A

Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis

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60
Q

Identify the posterior superficial compartments of the leg

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Achilles tendon
Plantaris

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61
Q

Identify the posterior deep compartments of the leg

A

Popliteus

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62
Q

ANTERIOR to thighs =
MEDIAL to thighs =
POSTERIOR to thighs =

A

ANTERIOR to thighs = Quads
MEDIAL to thighs = Adductors
POSTERIOR to thighs = Hamstrings

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63
Q

What are the four plantar layers

A

Plantar layer 1
- ABDUCTS and flexes toes

Plantar layer 2
- flexes toes

Plantar layer 3
- ADDUCTS and flexes toes

Plantar layer 4
- ABDUCTS and ADDUCTS toes

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64
Q

The gastrocnemius and soleus both insert on what

A

Achilles tendon

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65
Q

What are the components of a spinal cord cross-section

A

White matter = myelinated = fats
Gray matter = ventral gray (cell bodies of motor neurons)
Meninges
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal ramus
Ventral root
Ventral ramus

dorsal root -> dorsal root ganglion -> ventral root = spinal nerve

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66
Q

What are the different regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical nerves (C01-C08) + one more than cervical vertebra
Thoracic nerves (T01-T12)
Lumbar and sacral nerves (L01-S05) - five each

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67
Q

What are the three types of cranial nerves

A

sensory
motor
mixed/both

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68
Q

Identify the major peripheral nerve plexuses of the spinal nerves

A
  1. Cervical plexus
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbosacral plexus
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69
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

Inferior to the spinal cord = translates to horse’s tail = no more gray matter

= starts at vertebrate L01

= descending/ascending white matter projecting outwards
= looks like a horse’s tail

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70
Q

Differentiate the CNS from the PNS

A

CNS includes the spinal cord and the brain

PNS everything outside of the CNS

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71
Q

What are the 8 large/distinctive spinal nerves

A

1 Phrenic nerve
2 Ulnar nerve
3 Median nerve
4 Radial nerve
5 Sciatic nerve
6 Femoral nerve
7 Tibial nerve
8 Fibular nerve

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72
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A

1 Olfactory
2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
4 Trochlear
5 Trigeminal
6 Abducens
7 Facial
8 Glossopharyngeal
9 Auditory/vestibulocochlear
10 Vagus
11 Spinal/accessory
12 Hypoglossal

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73
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Olfactory (I)

A
  • located just behind ethmoid bone
  • originates from olfactory bulb
  • olfactory nerves are hair like projections (small)
  • SENSORY nerve
  • innervates the olfactory epithelium
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74
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Optic (II)

A
  • thick cranial nerves attached to the eye
  • originates from optic chiasm (FOREBRAIN)

-MOTOR nerve
- innervates retina

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75
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Oculomotor (III)

A
  • originates from midbrain/pons
  • thinner cranial nerve surrounding eye - branches out
  • MOTOR nerve
  • innervates most intrinsic eye muscles
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76
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Trochlear (IV)

A
  • wraps around to the back of the midbrain/pons (posterior)
  • MOTOR nerve
  • innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye
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77
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Trigeminal (V)

A
  • has three divisions
  • branches off the pons with three segments
  • ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
  • MIXED/BOTH nerve
  • innervates areas associated with the jaws
78
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Abducens (VI)

A
  • originates from the pons/medulla
  • lower nerve coming up to the eye
  • originate from the front of the brainstem
  • MOTOR nerve
  • innervates lateral muscle of the eye
79
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Facial (VII)

A
  • originates from the medulla
  • wraps around the sides of the face
  • BOTH/MIXED nerve
  • sensory: taste receptors on anterior two-third of the tongue
  • motor: muscles of facial expression
80
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Auditory/vestibulocochlear (VIII)

A
  • straight short nerves branching off the medulla
  • SENSORY nerve
  • innervates the vestibule/cochlea for hearing
  • transmits impulses for hearing and equilibrium
81
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A
  • branches off medulla and down the sides of the neck
  • originates off medulla/jugular foramen
  • anterior to vagus
  • BOTH/MIXED nerve
  • sensory: posterior third of the tongue
  • motor: pharyngeal muscles
82
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Vagus (X)

A
  • runs down sides of the neck (thick-ish)
  • originates off medulla/jugular foramen
  • has ganglia
  • posterior to glossopharyngeal
  • BOTH/MIXED nerve
  • sensory: pharynx, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
  • motor: palatal and pharyngeal muscles and visceral organs
83
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Spinal (accessory) (XI)

A
  • droop down from medulla and then curve around down neck
  • MOTOR nerve
  • innervates skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx (with vagus nerve), trapezius muscles, etc.
84
Q

Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:

Hypoglossal (XII)

A
  • kinda look like a christmas tree/ice cream from the inferior pov
  • superior to spinal portion of the accessory nerve
  • MOTOR nerve
  • innervates tongue / transmits impulses for tongue movement
85
Q

What is the pneumonic for the 12 cranial nerves?
Name them

OOOTTAFAGVSH

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory/vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal/accessory
Hypoglossal

86
Q

Match the cranial nerve number to the name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

A

1 Olfactory
2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
4 Trochlear
5 Trigeminal
6 Abducens
7 Facial
8 Auditory/vestibulocochlear
9 Glossopharyngeal
10 Vagus
11 Spinal/accessory
12 Hypoglossal

87
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

A

V1 Ophthalmic = around the eyes (SENSORY)
V2 Maxillary = top of the oral cavity = maxillae (SENSORY)
V3 Mandibular = bottom of the oral cavity = mandible (MIXED)

88
Q

What is the pneumonic for the type of cranial nerve?
Name them

Some say marry money but my brother says big brain matters more (Proper order from 1-12)

A

SENSORY 1 Olfactory
SENSORY 2 Optic
MOTOR 3 Oculomotor
MOTOR 4 Trochlear
BOTH 5 Trigeminal
MOTOR 6 Abducens
BOTH 7 Facial
SENSORY 8 Auditory/vestibulocochlear
BOTH 9 Glossopharyngeal
BOTH 10 Vagus
MOTOR 11 Spinal/accessory
MOTOR 12 Hypoglossal

89
Q

What are the components of a spinal nerve

A

ventral roots - exit the spinal cord from the anterior side
dorsal roots - enter the spinal cord from the posterior side
dorsal root ganglia - clusters of cell bodies found on the dorsal root
spinal nerve rami

90
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Phrenic

A

SPINAL

  • C3, C4, C5 (cervical plexus)
  • innervates the diaphragm
91
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Ulnar

A

SPINAL

  • spans ulnar (runs along the medial side of the arm)
  • brachial plexus
  • innervates forearm/hand
92
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Median

A

SPINAL

  • anterior to ulnar nerve
  • intermediate / brachial plexus
  • innervates forearm/hand
93
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Radial

A

SPINAL

  • spans radius (runs along lateral side of the arm)
  • brachial plexus
  • innervates forearm/hand
94
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Sciatic

A

SPINAL

  • runs along the posterior side of the femur
  • passes through sciatic notch
  • LARGEST SPINAL NERVE
95
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Femoral

A

SPINAL

  • runs along femur
  • lumbosacral plexus
  • within the thigh, superior portion of the limb (anterior)
96
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Tibial

A

SPINAL

  • innervates back of tibia
  • lumbosacral plexus
97
Q

Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:

Fibular

A

SPINAL

  • innervates fibula into foot
  • lumbosacral plexus
98
Q

What are the four divisions of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Brainstem

99
Q

What are the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and which ones are paired

A
  1. Temporal (paired)
  2. Occipital
  3. Parietal (paired)
  4. Frontal
  5. Insula
100
Q

Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:

Frontal

A
  • front of the brain
  • unpaired lobe
  • voluntary movement
  • expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
101
Q

Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:

Parietal

A
  • located ~2/3 posterior of the brain
  • paired lobes
  • sensory perception and integration
  • including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell
102
Q

Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:

Temporal

A
  • lower sides of the brain
  • paired lobes
  • processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
103
Q

Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:

Occipital

A
  • back of the brain (posterior)
  • unpaired lobe
  • processing of vision
104
Q

Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:

Insula

A
  • deep beneath/between the frontal/temporal lobes
  • salience detection, self-awareness, interception, pain processing, and addiction
105
Q

What are the six brain regions and their general location

A

Cerebrum
- contains cerebral cortexes
- contains hemispheres, lobes

Cerebellum
- bulb at the back/bottom of the brain

Diencephalon
- located in the centre of the brain
- contains thalamus and hypothamalus

Midbrain
- sits on top of the pons
- part of the brainstem

Pons
- bulgy bulbs on top of the medulla
- beneath the midbrain
- left/right sides
- part of the brainstem

Medulla oblongata
- bottom of the brainstem
- sits beneath the pons
- left/right sides
- part of the brainstem

106
Q

What is the name of the tract connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

107
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

The white matter tracts connecting the hemispheres of the cerebrum
- inter-hemispheric signals
- communication between hemispheres

108
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

Describe the location of this structure

A

Includes all the cerebral cortex lobes of the brain - covers most of the surface area of the brain

  • conscious thought, decision making, and activities including speech, sensory perception, olfaction, gustation, and memory occur within the four lobes of each hemisphere
109
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

Describe the location of this structure

A

Coordinates movement

  • bulb located at the bottom back portion of the brain
  • orbor vitae (tree of life) - if you cut in half you’ll see lots of branches
  • part of the hindbrain
110
Q

What is the function of the pons

Describe the location of this structure

A

Bridges the two main functions areas of the CNS, the higher brain centers and the spinal cord

  • middle portion of the brainstem
  • between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain
  • part of the brainstem and the hindbrain
111
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

Describe the location of this structure

A

Centre for respiration, heart rate
- tracts desiccate at the level of the medulla (cross over from left to right and vice versa)

  • located at the bottom of the brainstem
  • beneath pons
  • part of the brainstem and the hindbrain
112
Q

List the primary cortices and their locations

A
  1. Parietal (paired) - posterior to postcentral gyrus
  2. Frontal (unpaired) - front of the brain
  3. Occipital (unpaired) - back of the brain
  4. Temporal (paired) - sides of the brain
113
Q

What is the calcarine fissure

A

sulci - shallow grooves on the surface of the brain that separate groups of gyri

  • calcarine fissure runs near the occipital
114
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus

A

Most superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

115
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus

A

Part of the parietal lobe
- after the central sulcus
- part of the primary somatosensory cortex

116
Q

What is the precentral gyrus

A

Part of the frontal lobe
- before the central sulcus
- part of the primary motor cortex

117
Q

What are basal ganglia
- location
- function
- caudate and putamen?

A

Deep structures
- part of the cerebrum but not part of the cerebral cortex
- modify/tune movement
- refines movements so that they are smoother and coordinated

CAUDATE = nuclei projections
PUTAMEN = central flat disk

118
Q

What is the limbic system
- location
- function

A

Located above the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
- associated with emotions and memory
- includes amygdala and hippocampus, etc.

119
Q

Describe the function and location of the following structure:

Thalamus

A
  • sensory filtering / role in learning and memory
  • pass information to the cerebral cortex
  • part of the diencephalon
  • looks like two chicken breasts in the centre of the brain
120
Q

Describe the function and location of the following structure:

Hypothalamus

A
  • small trunk looking structure superior to the pituitary gland
  • regulates autonomic nervous functions
  • produces hormones that influence the pituitary gland and regulate endocrine functions
  • considered a primary endocrine organ
121
Q

Describe the function and location of the following structure:

Pituitary

A
  • little sac/bulb inferior to the hypothalamus
  • has a posterior and anterior part
  • considered a primary endocrine organ
  • store, produce, and secrete hormones to other target cells/organs
122
Q

Where is the midbrain

A

The midbrain is located in the centre of the brain below the diencephalon
- it is part of the brainstem

123
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
124
Q

What are the two structures part of the diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
    (Pituitary gland)
125
Q

Which brain structure is part of the cerebrum but not part of the cerebral cortex

A

Basal ganglia

126
Q

How do you locate the amygdala

A

The amygdala is like a little almond in the brain!

127
Q

Discuss the role of each protective structure of the brain below:

  • skull
  • meninges
  • CSF in ventricles
  • blood vessels/BBB
A

Skull - bones that protect the brain

Meninges - protect the CNS (connective tissue)

CSF in ventricles - cavities filled with CSF transporting nutrients and waste, providing support for the brain and protecting against trauma

Blood vessels/BBB - shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream

128
Q

What is gyri

A

folds in the brain
- postcentral and precentral gyri

129
Q

What is sulci

A

shallow grooves on the surface of the brain that separate groups of gyri
- sunken in

130
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Lacrimal gland

A
  • jelly bean shaped gland sitting on top of the eye
  • located on the same side as the eye (left side if left eye)
  • secrete tears
131
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac

A

canaliculi = duct
sac = bulb

  • drain tears produced by the lacrimal gland
  • located on the opposite side of the eye (medial)
    -> if it is the left eye then the lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac will be located on the medial right side of the left eye
132
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Sclera

A
  • outer layer of the eye
  • fibrous tunic
  • white layer
133
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Cornea

A
  • transparent layer covering the iris of the eye
  • refract incoming light and project an image onto the retina
  • fibrous tunic
134
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Iris

A
  • coloured part of the eye
  • vascular tunic
  • helps you focus light
135
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Ciliary body

A
  • anterior portion of the eye
  • vascular tunic
  • outside of the iris
136
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Zonular fibres

A
  • fibrous projections
  • part of the ciliary body
  • extend from ciliary processes and attach to the lens
  • connects to ciliary body (helps you focus light)
137
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Lens

A
  • located within the eye behind the pupil and iris
  • enclosed in the capsule of the lens
  • controls the amount of light coming in = allows light in
138
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Vitreous body

A
  • jelly fluid in the hollow parts of the eye
  • transparent gel composed of fluid enclosed in a delicate membrane
139
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Choroid

A
  • second layer of the eye
  • vascular tunic
140
Q

What are the four rectus muscles of the eye

A

wrap around the top, left, right, and bottom side of the eye

  1. superior rectus
  2. lateral rectus
  3. medial rectus
  4. inferior rectus
141
Q

What are the two oblique muscles of the eye

A

wrap around the eye horizontally

  1. inferior oblique
  2. superior oblique
142
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Retina

A
  • inner layer of the eye
  • delicate nervous tissue membrane
143
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Macula / Fovea centralis

A

concentrated site of photoreceptors
- located at the back of the eye

macula = high number of cones and rods
fovea centralis = only has cones

144
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Optic disc

A
  • contains myelinated axons
  • exit point for optic nerve and retinal blood vessels
  • does not contain photoreceptors
  • considered the blind spot
145
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Optic nerve

A

Cranial nerve II

  • special sensory nerve
  • attaches to eye at the optic disc
146
Q

Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:

Retinal blood vessels

A

wrap around the eye
- central retinal artery and vein exit the eye at the optic disc

147
Q

What are photoreceptors and the two types

A

Photoreceptors are specialized nerve cells that are responsible for processing light/images

Cones - detect bright light and allow for color vision

Rods - only detects light and dark (no colour)

148
Q

Where are cones photoreceptors concentrated

A

Concentrated in the fovea centralis

149
Q

Where are rod photoreceptors concentrated

A

Rods can be found in the macula and in the peripheral retina

150
Q

What are the 6 cortices of the brain

A
  1. Motor cortex = precentral gyrus
    - primary motor cortex
  2. Gustatory cortex = insula
    - gustatory cortex
  3. Olfactory cortex = insula
    - olfactory cortex
  4. Auditory cortex = temporal lobe
    - primary auditory cortex
  5. Sensory cortex = postcentral gyrus
    - primary somato-sensory cortex
  6. Visual cortex = occipital lobe
    - primary visual cortex
151
Q

What are the three layers (from outer to inner) of the eye

A

sclera
choroid
retina

152
Q

Which structures of the eye are considered part of the anterior chamber

A
  • cornea
  • iris
153
Q

Which structures of the eye are considered part of the posterior chamber

A
  • vitreous body
  • retina
  • lens
154
Q

What is the pupil

A

Hole in the eye
- has two muscles around it
- dilator and sphincter

155
Q

If the pupil sphincter contracts =

A

pupillary constriction

156
Q

If the pupil dilator contracts =

A

pupillary dilation

157
Q

Where is the fovea centralis located and how does it differ from the macula

A

Fovea centralis is located within the macula and contains cone photoreceptors ONLY

While the macula contains cones and rod photoreceptors

158
Q

Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic preganglionic fibres

A

CN III - oculomotor
CN VII - facial
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus

159
Q

What are the key anatomical structures that make up the sympathetic chain/sympathetic trunk**

A
  1. anterior**
160
Q

Identify the endocrine organ that contains part of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal gland

161
Q

Distinguish the ANS from the somatic motor system

A

autonomic = involuntary actions
= has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
= visceral organs

somatic motor = mostly voluntary / some involuntary reflexes
= acts on somatic muscles

162
Q

Distinguish the parasympathetic from the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

Parasympathetic is the REST AND DIGEST one
- with long pre-ganglionic fibres
- ganglion near/in target cell
- short post-ganglionic fibre

Sympathetic is the FIGHT OR FLIGHT one
- with short pre-ganglionic fibres
- ganglion near CNS
- very long post-ganglionic fibre

163
Q

Identify the major primary endocrine organs

A
  • release regulatory hormones
  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal gland (cortex/medulla)
  • pancreas
164
Q

Identify the major secondary endocrine organs

A
  • have other functions in addition to secreting hormones
  • heart
  • kidneys
  • testes (gonads)
  • ovaries (gonads)
  • thymus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • adipose tissue
165
Q

Explain the different between primary and secondary endocrine organs

A

primary endocrine organs = main function is to make hormones

secondary endocrine organs = makes hormones as a secondary function, has other functions

166
Q

What do parasympathetic / sympathetic fibres look like

A

Sympathetic fibres =
- short preganglionic fibres
- ganglion near CNS
- long postganglionic fibre

Parasympathetic fibres =
- very long preganglionic fibre
- ganglion near target cell
- short postganglionic fibre

167
Q

What are the four parasympathetic ganglia

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion

168
Q

Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:

Pterygopalatine ganglion

A

Connected to the maxillary nerve of the trigeminal branch

169
Q

Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:

Ciliary ganglion

A

Lateral to the optic nerve (II)

170
Q

Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:

Submandicular ganglion

A

Looks like a little villain alien blob inside the jaw bone

171
Q

Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:

Otic ganglion

A

Connected to mandibular nerve

172
Q

Which spinal nerves contain sympathetic cells/fibres

A

T1 and L2

173
Q

Which spinal nerves contain parasympathetic cells/fibres

A

S2, S3, S4

174
Q

What are the different components of sympathetic chain ganglia

A
  1. Cervical sympathetic ganglia - top of the chain
  2. Ganglion impar - connection of the left and right
175
Q

Where is the celiac ganglion

A

Paired ganglion superior to the pancreas
- largest of the three sympathetic plexuses of the ANS

176
Q

Where is the mesenteric ganglia

A

Has superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
- superior mesenteric ganglia is located inferior to the celiac ganglion
- inferior mesenteric ganglia is located posterior to the duodenum

177
Q

Describe the sympathetic trunk fibres

A
  • part of the sympathetic nervous system
  • involved in fight or flight
178
Q

Identify the pineal gland

location and primary/secondary

A

Bean located on top of the midbrain
- produces hormone melatonin
- protects nervous tissue and regulates sleeping patterns
- primary endocrine organ

179
Q

Identify the pituitary gland (anterior)

location and primary/secondary

A

The front of the dangly bulb from the hypothalamus
- made of glandular epithelial tissue
- connected to hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system
- hormones regulate growth, reproduction, and other body functions

180
Q

Identify the pituitary gland (posterior)

location and primary/secondary

A

The back of the dangly bulb from the hypothalamus
- made of neural tissue from hypothalamus
- stores and secretes hormones
- only produced ADH and OXT

181
Q

Identify the thyroid gland

location and primary/secondary

A

Batman looking organ on the front of the neck
- releases thyroid hormones (T4, T3, CT)
- primary endocrine organ

182
Q

Identify the parathyroid gland

location and primary/secondary

A

Tiny yellow dots on the back of the thymus
- posterior side of either side of the thyroid gland
- primary endocrine organ

183
Q

Identify the adrenal gland
- what are the different layers of the adrenal gland

location and primary/secondary

A

Yellow cones located on the kidneys
- has an adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex that release different hormones
- primary endocrine organ

184
Q

Identify the pancreas

location and primary/secondary

A

Poop looking organ
- has pancreatic islets (clusters of cells that secrete hormones)
- glucagon and insulin
- primary endocrine organ
- secretes hormones necessary to regulate blood glucose levels

  • located between stomach and small intestine
185
Q

Identify the female gonads and male gonads

location and primary/secondary

A

Testes = egg looking thingy by the penis (paired)
- produce testosterone
- regulate male reproductive processes
- secondary endocrine organ

Ovaries = egg looking thingy on either sides of the uterus
- produce estrogen and progesterone
- regulate female reproductive processes
- secondary endocrine organ

186
Q

Identify the kidney

location and primary/secondary

A

Pair of beans
- release several hormones
- adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys
- calcitriol, erythropoietin, etc.
- controls calcium reabsorption in the body and red blood cell production
- secondary endocrine organ

187
Q

Identify the heart

location and primary/secondary

A

Organ in the centre of the chest facing a bit to the left
- produces natriuretic peptides when blood volume is too great
- hormones promote water loss to decrease blood volume and pressure
- secondary endocrine organ = heart

188
Q

Identify the thymus

location and primary/secondary

A

A tooth looking organ that sits on top of the heart
- produces hormones that help to maintain immune responses
- secondary endocrine organ = thymus

189
Q

What are the functions of the adrenal cortex

A
  • produce three types of steroids
    1. Glucocorticoids - cortisol
    2. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
    3. Gonadocorticoids - androgens
190
Q

What are the functions of the adrenal medulla

A
  • produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • promote FIGHT OR FLIGHT responses of the sympathetic NS
191
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary and which from the posterior pituitary

A

AP = hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH

PP = ADH, OXT

192
Q

Identify the hypothalamus

location and primary/secondary

A

MASTER ENDOCRINE GLAND
- secretes hormones that regulate the pituitary
- regulate all major body functions
- primary endocrine organ

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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