WT1 Tutorial Final (6-10) Flashcards
1
Q
What is an agonist
A
A muscle that is responsible for performing the action
- prime mover
2
Q
What is an antagonist
A
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
- does the opposite action
3
Q
What is the origin of a muscle
A
The part that is attached to the fix bone
- does not move
4
Q
What is the insertion of a muscle
A
The part that is attached to the moveable bone
- does move
5
Q
What are synergists
A
Supports the agonist-antagonist actions
6
Q
What are appendicular muscles
A
All muscles in the upper/lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
- excludes the vertebra, skull, and thorax
7
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Trapezius
A
Paired flat, triangular muscle of the posterior thorax
- prime movers in elevation of the shoulder
8
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Latissimus dorsi
A
Posterior shoulder joint muscles, triangular flat muscle that covers the lumbar region and lower half of the thoracic region
**Inserts on the humerus
- prime movers of the arm
9
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Deltoid
A
Cover the shoulders
** Inserts on the humerus
- prime movers of the arm
10
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Serratus anterior
A
On sides of the ribs
- stabilize shoulder girdle and moves the scapula
11
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Pectoralis major
A
Resting on the front of the thorax (breast region)
- one of the anterior shoulder joint muscles
** Inserts on the humerus
- prime movers of the arm
12
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Biceps brachii
A
Long/short head
- anterior of humerus
- forearm muscles of elbow flexion
13
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Triceps brachii
A
Long/lateral/medial head
- posterior of humerus
- dorsal upper arm muscles of elbow extension
14
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Anconeus
A
Muscle posterior to the elbow (small)
- SYNERGIST muscle of elbow extension
15
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Pronator teres
A
Thinner muscle going diagonally across inner elbow to radius
- proximal to elbow/forearm
- pronate the forearm, rotate the radius
16
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Pronator quadratus
A
Muscle by wrist (square-ish)
- distal from elbow/forearm
- pronate the forearm, rotate the radius
17
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Supinator
A
Curves around the radius/elbow
- reverses the action of pronation (supinates the forearm)
18
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Flexor digitorum (superificalis, profundus)
A
Flexor digitorum superficialis - superficial muscle spanning the forearm into the hand
- flexes digits 2-5 (fingers)
Flexor digitorum profundus - deep muscle spanning the forearm into the hand
- flexes digits 2-5 (fingers)
19
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Extensor digitorum
A
Extensor digitorum - spans upper side of the arm/hand from the arm into the hand
- extend digits 2-5 (fingers)
20
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Adductor pollicis
THINK: pollex = thumb
A
Triangular muscle in the hand from the 2nd/3rd metacarpal to the 1 digit
- adducts digit 1 (thumb)
- thenar muscle
- opposing muscle = abductor pollicis brevis
21
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Abductor pollicis brevis
A
Superficial muscle of the hand spanning the thumb/digit 1
- abducts digit 1
- thenar muscle
- opposing muscle = adductor pollicis
22
Q
Identify the following muscle’s location and one general movement that it performs (agonist/antagonist):
Opponens pollicis
A
Deep (thenar) muscle of the hand
- opposition of the thumb/digit 1
- thenar muscle
23
Q
Differentiate intrinsic muscles from extrinsic muscles
A
Intrinsic muscles are found WITHIN the structure it moves
(thenar, hypothenar, palmar groups)
Extrinsic muscles are located OUTSIDE the structure it moves
(flexor digitorum superficialis/profundus, extensor digitorum)
24
Q
What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff
SItS
What is the function of the rotator cuff
A
- Supraspinatus - most superior
- Infraspinatus - posterior and inferior to supraspinatus
- Teres minor - deep to infraspinatus
- Subscapularis - most deep rotator cuff muscle
- to prevent dislocation of the shoulder joint
25
What are the three muscles involved in shoulder girdle movement/position the pectoral girdle
Move the scapula and stabilize the pectoral girdle
- subclavius
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
Prime mover in elevation of the shoulder
- trapezius
26
Identify the muscles that move the upper arm
Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoid
- inserts on the humerus
- prime movers of the arm
27
Identify the elbow extensors
- muscles of the forearm
- increasing angle between humerus and radius/ulna
1. Triceps brachii (long/lateral/medial head)
2. Anconeus (synergist)
28
Identify the elbow flexors
- muscles of the forearm
- decreasing angle between humerus and radius/ulna
1. Biceps brachii (long and short head)
- the long head is actually shorter than the short head LMFAO
2. Brachialis
3. Brachioradialis
29
Identify the muscles of pronation and supination
1. Pronator teres
2. Pronator quadratus
3. Supinator
30
Identify the wrist extensors
Extensor digitorum
31
Identify the wrist flexors
Flexor digitorum superificalis
Flexor digitorum profundus
32
Identify the extrinsic muscles of the hand and fingers
Extrinsic flexors
Extrinsic extensors
Extrinsic flexors
- flexor digitorum superficialis
- flexor digitorum profundus
Extrinsic extensors
- extensor digitorum
33
Identify the intrinsic muscles of the hand and fingers (thenar, hypothenar, and palmar groups)
Thenar - muscles of the 1st digit
- abductor pollicis brevis
- opponens brevis
- adductor pollicis
Hypothenar - muscles of the 5th digit
- any minimi muscles (abductor/opponens/flexor)
Palmar - performs fine movements
- lumbricals (superficial)
- palmar interossei (intermediate)
- dorsal interossei (deep/ back of hand)
34
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Iliopsoas - Psoas Major
Span from vertebral column into pelvic girdle
- outside strands
- hip flexion
- maintaining upright posture
35
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Iliopsoas - Iliacus
Lie on top of the ilium
- hip flexion
36
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Gluteus maximus / gluteus minimus / gluteus medius
MAXIMUS
Most superficial muscle of the buttock
- extend and rotate the hip
MEDIUS
Sits outside of the ilium
- extend and rotate the hip
MINIMUS
Deep to the medius
- extend and rotate the hip
37
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Obturator externus
Superficial to the pubic and ischium bone in the pelvic girdle
- lateral rotators of the hip
- near the hip joint
38
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Quadratus femoris
Connects femur to ischium
- near hip joint
- laterally rotate the hip
39
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femorus; vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis)
AKA quads
- anterior of the femur
- extension of the knee
40
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Sartorius
Inner thigh muscle spanning from hip to inside of top of tibia
- lateral pelvis to medial of knee
- involved in knee and hip flexion
41
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Adductor magnus
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- pectineus
ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
Medial compartment of the thigh
- large triangular muscle on the medial side of the thigh
BREVIS = shorter / more deep
LONGUS = longer / more superficial
PECTINEUS = strap-like connecting femur to pubis
- adduct and rotate the hip
42
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
BICEPS FEMORIS - more lateral
SEMITENDINOSUS - more medial
SEMIMEMBRANOSUS - deep to semitendinosus
- prime movers in knee flexion and thigh extension
43
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Tibialis anterior
Runs anterior to the tibia
- dorsiflex the ankle
44
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Gastrocnemius
Top of calf (posterior to lower leg)
- plantarflex the foot
- insert on Achilles tendon
- posterior side of the leg
- distal part of the calve/lower limb
45
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Soleus
Deep to gastrocnemius
- plantarflex the foot
- insert on Achilles tendon
- posterior side of the leg
- distal part of the calve/lower limb
46
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Plantaris
Thin superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg
- spans from bottom of femur to calcaneus
- plantarflex the foot
- posterior side of the leg
- distal part of calve/lower limb
47
Identify the location and briefly describe the action performed by each muscle:
Popliteus
Deep small muscle
- plantarflex and invert the foot
- rotate the leg
48
Identify the gluteal muscles
They are the extensors/rotators of the hip
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
49
Identify lateral rotators of the thigh
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris
50
Identify the knee extensors
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus Femorus (large anterior)
Vastus Lateralis
Intermedius (middle)
Medialis
51
Identify the knee flexors
Sartorius
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
52
Identify the ankle dorsiflexors
- brings foot upwards
Tibialis anterior
53
Identify the plantar flexors and extensors
fibularis (peroneus) longus/brevis = plantarflex the foot and stabilize ankle
54
Identify the intrinsic muscles of the foot (dorsum and plantar muscles)
Dorsum
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
- extend the toes
Plantar layer 1
- flex and ABDUCT the toes
Plantar layer 2
- flex toes
Plantar layer 3
- flex and ADDUCT the toes
Plantar layer 4
- ADBUCT and ADDUCT the toes
55
Identify the anterior compartments of the thigh
Quadriceps femoris
- rectus femorus
- vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis
Sartorius
56
Identify the medial compartments of the thigh
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
- adduct and rotate the hip
57
Identify the posterior compartments of the thigh
Hamstrings
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
58
Identify the anterior compartments of the leg
Tibialis anterior
59
Identify the lateral compartments of the leg
Fibularis (peroneus) longus
Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
60
Identify the posterior superficial compartments of the leg
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Achilles tendon
Plantaris
61
Identify the posterior deep compartments of the leg
Popliteus
62
ANTERIOR to thighs =
MEDIAL to thighs =
POSTERIOR to thighs =
ANTERIOR to thighs = Quads
MEDIAL to thighs = Adductors
POSTERIOR to thighs = Hamstrings
63
What are the four plantar layers
Plantar layer 1
- ABDUCTS and flexes toes
Plantar layer 2
- flexes toes
Plantar layer 3
- ADDUCTS and flexes toes
Plantar layer 4
- ABDUCTS and ADDUCTS toes
64
The gastrocnemius and soleus both insert on what
Achilles tendon
65
What are the components of a spinal cord cross-section
White matter = myelinated = fats
Gray matter = ventral gray (cell bodies of motor neurons)
Meninges
Dorsal root
Dorsal root ganglion
Dorsal ramus
Ventral root
Ventral ramus
dorsal root -> dorsal root ganglion -> ventral root = spinal nerve
66
What are the different regions of the spinal cord
Cervical nerves (C01-C08) + one more than cervical vertebra
Thoracic nerves (T01-T12)
Lumbar and sacral nerves (L01-S05) - five each
67
What are the three types of cranial nerves
sensory
motor
mixed/both
68
Identify the major peripheral nerve plexuses of the spinal nerves
1. Cervical plexus
2. Brachial plexus
3. Lumbosacral plexus
69
What is the cauda equina
Inferior to the spinal cord = translates to horse's tail = no more gray matter
= starts at vertebrate L01
= descending/ascending white matter projecting outwards
= looks like a horse's tail
70
Differentiate the CNS from the PNS
CNS includes the spinal cord and the brain
PNS everything outside of the CNS
71
What are the 8 large/distinctive spinal nerves
1 Phrenic nerve
2 Ulnar nerve
3 Median nerve
4 Radial nerve
5 Sciatic nerve
6 Femoral nerve
7 Tibial nerve
8 Fibular nerve
72
What are the 12 cranial nerves
1 Olfactory
2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
4 Trochlear
5 Trigeminal
6 Abducens
7 Facial
8 Glossopharyngeal
9 Auditory/vestibulocochlear
10 Vagus
11 Spinal/accessory
12 Hypoglossal
73
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Olfactory (I)
- located just behind ethmoid bone
- originates from olfactory bulb
- olfactory nerves are hair like projections (small)
- SENSORY nerve
- innervates the olfactory epithelium
74
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Optic (II)
- thick cranial nerves attached to the eye
- originates from optic chiasm (FOREBRAIN)
-MOTOR nerve
- innervates retina
75
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Oculomotor (III)
- originates from midbrain/pons
- thinner cranial nerve surrounding eye - branches out
- MOTOR nerve
- innervates most intrinsic eye muscles
76
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Trochlear (IV)
- wraps around to the back of the midbrain/pons (posterior)
- MOTOR nerve
- innervates superior oblique muscle of the eye
77
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Trigeminal (V)
- has three divisions
- branches off the pons with three segments
- ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
- MIXED/BOTH nerve
- innervates areas associated with the jaws
78
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Abducens (VI)
- originates from the pons/medulla
- lower nerve coming up to the eye
- originate from the front of the brainstem
- MOTOR nerve
- innervates lateral muscle of the eye
79
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Facial (VII)
- originates from the medulla
- wraps around the sides of the face
- BOTH/MIXED nerve
- sensory: taste receptors on anterior two-third of the tongue
- motor: muscles of facial expression
80
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Auditory/vestibulocochlear (VIII)
- straight short nerves branching off the medulla
- SENSORY nerve
- innervates the vestibule/cochlea for hearing
- transmits impulses for hearing and equilibrium
81
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
- branches off medulla and down the sides of the neck
- originates off medulla/jugular foramen
- anterior to vagus
- BOTH/MIXED nerve
- sensory: posterior third of the tongue
- motor: pharyngeal muscles
82
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Vagus (X)
- runs down sides of the neck (thick-ish)
- originates off medulla/jugular foramen
- has ganglia
- posterior to glossopharyngeal
- BOTH/MIXED nerve
- sensory: pharynx, diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- motor: palatal and pharyngeal muscles and visceral organs
83
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Spinal (accessory) (XI)
- droop down from medulla and then curve around down neck
- MOTOR nerve
- innervates skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx (with vagus nerve), trapezius muscles, etc.
84
Identify the location, innervation and type of nerve of the following:
Hypoglossal (XII)
- kinda look like a christmas tree/ice cream from the inferior pov
- superior to spinal portion of the accessory nerve
- MOTOR nerve
- innervates tongue / transmits impulses for tongue movement
85
What is the pneumonic for the 12 cranial nerves?
Name them
OOOTTAFAGVSH
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory/vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal/accessory
Hypoglossal
86
Match the cranial nerve number to the name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 Olfactory
2 Optic
3 Oculomotor
4 Trochlear
5 Trigeminal
6 Abducens
7 Facial
8 Auditory/vestibulocochlear
9 Glossopharyngeal
10 Vagus
11 Spinal/accessory
12 Hypoglossal
87
What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
V1 Ophthalmic = around the eyes (SENSORY)
V2 Maxillary = top of the oral cavity = maxillae (SENSORY)
V3 Mandibular = bottom of the oral cavity = mandible (MIXED)
88
What is the pneumonic for the type of cranial nerve?
Name them
Some say marry money but my brother says big brain matters more (Proper order from 1-12)
SENSORY 1 Olfactory
SENSORY 2 Optic
MOTOR 3 Oculomotor
MOTOR 4 Trochlear
BOTH 5 Trigeminal
MOTOR 6 Abducens
BOTH 7 Facial
SENSORY 8 Auditory/vestibulocochlear
BOTH 9 Glossopharyngeal
BOTH 10 Vagus
MOTOR 11 Spinal/accessory
MOTOR 12 Hypoglossal
89
What are the components of a spinal nerve
ventral roots - exit the spinal cord from the anterior side
dorsal roots - enter the spinal cord from the posterior side
dorsal root ganglia - clusters of cell bodies found on the dorsal root
spinal nerve rami
90
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Phrenic
SPINAL
- C3, C4, C5 (cervical plexus)
- innervates the diaphragm
91
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Ulnar
SPINAL
- spans ulnar (runs along the medial side of the arm)
- brachial plexus
- innervates forearm/hand
92
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Median
SPINAL
- anterior to ulnar nerve
- intermediate / brachial plexus
- innervates forearm/hand
93
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Radial
SPINAL
- spans radius (runs along lateral side of the arm)
- brachial plexus
- innervates forearm/hand
94
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Sciatic
SPINAL
- runs along the posterior side of the femur
- passes through sciatic notch
- LARGEST SPINAL NERVE
95
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Femoral
SPINAL
- runs along femur
- lumbosacral plexus
- within the thigh, superior portion of the limb (anterior)
96
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Tibial
SPINAL
- innervates back of tibia
- lumbosacral plexus
97
Describe the type of nerve (cranial or spinal) and innervation of the following:
Fibular
SPINAL
- innervates fibula into foot
- lumbosacral plexus
98
What are the four divisions of the brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Brainstem
99
What are the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and which ones are paired
1. Temporal (paired)
2. Occipital
3. Parietal (paired)
4. Frontal
5. Insula
100
Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:
Frontal
- front of the brain
- unpaired lobe
- voluntary movement
- expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
101
Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:
Parietal
- located ~2/3 posterior of the brain
- paired lobes
- sensory perception and integration
- including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell
102
Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:
Temporal
- lower sides of the brain
- paired lobes
- processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
103
Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:
Occipital
- back of the brain (posterior)
- unpaired lobe
- processing of vision
104
Describe the location and briefly discuss the function of the following cerebral cortex lobe:
Insula
- deep beneath/between the frontal/temporal lobes
- salience detection, self-awareness, interception, pain processing, and addiction
105
What are the six brain regions and their general location
Cerebrum
- contains cerebral cortexes
- contains hemispheres, lobes
Cerebellum
- bulb at the back/bottom of the brain
Diencephalon
- located in the centre of the brain
- contains thalamus and hypothamalus
Midbrain
- sits on top of the pons
- part of the brainstem
Pons
- bulgy bulbs on top of the medulla
- beneath the midbrain
- left/right sides
- part of the brainstem
Medulla oblongata
- bottom of the brainstem
- sits beneath the pons
- left/right sides
- part of the brainstem
106
What is the name of the tract connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
Corpus callosum
107
What is the corpus callosum
The white matter tracts connecting the hemispheres of the cerebrum
- inter-hemispheric signals
- communication between hemispheres
108
What is the function of the cerebrum
Describe the location of this structure
Includes all the cerebral cortex lobes of the brain - covers most of the surface area of the brain
- conscious thought, decision making, and activities including speech, sensory perception, olfaction, gustation, and memory occur within the four lobes of each hemisphere
109
What is the function of the cerebellum
Describe the location of this structure
Coordinates movement
- bulb located at the bottom back portion of the brain
- orbor vitae (tree of life) - if you cut in half you'll see lots of branches
- part of the hindbrain
110
What is the function of the pons
Describe the location of this structure
Bridges the two main functions areas of the CNS, the higher brain centers and the spinal cord
- middle portion of the brainstem
- between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain
- part of the brainstem and the hindbrain
111
What is the function of the medulla oblongata
Describe the location of this structure
Centre for respiration, heart rate
- tracts desiccate at the level of the medulla (cross over from left to right and vice versa)
- located at the bottom of the brainstem
- beneath pons
- part of the brainstem and the hindbrain
112
List the primary cortices and their locations
1. Parietal (paired) - posterior to postcentral gyrus
2. Frontal (unpaired) - front of the brain
3. Occipital (unpaired) - back of the brain
4. Temporal (paired) - sides of the brain
113
What is the calcarine fissure
sulci - shallow grooves on the surface of the brain that separate groups of gyri
- calcarine fissure runs near the occipital
114
What is the superior temporal gyrus
Most superior gyrus of the temporal lobe
115
What is the postcentral gyrus
Part of the parietal lobe
- after the central sulcus
- part of the primary somatosensory cortex
116
What is the precentral gyrus
Part of the frontal lobe
- before the central sulcus
- part of the primary motor cortex
117
What are basal ganglia
- location
- function
- caudate and putamen?
Deep structures
- part of the cerebrum but not part of the cerebral cortex
- modify/tune movement
- refines movements so that they are smoother and coordinated
CAUDATE = nuclei projections
PUTAMEN = central flat disk
118
What is the limbic system
- location
- function
Located above the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
- associated with emotions and memory
- includes amygdala and hippocampus, etc.
119
Describe the function and location of the following structure:
Thalamus
- sensory filtering / role in learning and memory
- pass information to the cerebral cortex
- part of the diencephalon
- looks like two chicken breasts in the centre of the brain
120
Describe the function and location of the following structure:
Hypothalamus
- small trunk looking structure superior to the pituitary gland
- regulates autonomic nervous functions
- produces hormones that influence the pituitary gland and regulate endocrine functions
- considered a primary endocrine organ
121
Describe the function and location of the following structure:
Pituitary
- little sac/bulb inferior to the hypothalamus
- has a posterior and anterior part
- considered a primary endocrine organ
- store, produce, and secrete hormones to other target cells/organs
122
Where is the midbrain
The midbrain is located in the centre of the brain below the diencephalon
- it is part of the brainstem
123
What are the three parts of the brainstem
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla oblongata
124
What are the two structures part of the diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
(Pituitary gland)
125
Which brain structure is part of the cerebrum but not part of the cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
126
How do you locate the amygdala
The amygdala is like a little almond in the brain!
127
Discuss the role of each protective structure of the brain below:
- skull
- meninges
- CSF in ventricles
- blood vessels/BBB
Skull - bones that protect the brain
Meninges - protect the CNS (connective tissue)
CSF in ventricles - cavities filled with CSF transporting nutrients and waste, providing support for the brain and protecting against trauma
Blood vessels/BBB - shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream
128
What is gyri
folds in the brain
- postcentral and precentral gyri
129
What is sulci
shallow grooves on the surface of the brain that separate groups of gyri
- sunken in
130
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Lacrimal gland
- jelly bean shaped gland sitting on top of the eye
- located on the same side as the eye (left side if left eye)
- secrete tears
131
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac
canaliculi = duct
sac = bulb
- drain tears produced by the lacrimal gland
- located on the opposite side of the eye (medial)
-> if it is the left eye then the lacrimal canaliculi and lacrimal sac will be located on the medial right side of the left eye
132
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Sclera
- outer layer of the eye
- fibrous tunic
- white layer
133
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Cornea
- transparent layer covering the iris of the eye
- refract incoming light and project an image onto the retina
- fibrous tunic
134
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Iris
- coloured part of the eye
- vascular tunic
- helps you focus light
135
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Ciliary body
- anterior portion of the eye
- vascular tunic
- outside of the iris
136
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Zonular fibres
- fibrous projections
- part of the ciliary body
- extend from ciliary processes and attach to the lens
- connects to ciliary body (helps you focus light)
137
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Lens
- located within the eye behind the pupil and iris
- enclosed in the capsule of the lens
- controls the amount of light coming in = allows light in
138
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Vitreous body
- jelly fluid in the hollow parts of the eye
- transparent gel composed of fluid enclosed in a delicate membrane
139
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Choroid
- second layer of the eye
- vascular tunic
140
What are the four rectus muscles of the eye
wrap around the top, left, right, and bottom side of the eye
1. superior rectus
2. lateral rectus
3. medial rectus
4. inferior rectus
141
What are the two oblique muscles of the eye
wrap around the eye horizontally
1. inferior oblique
2. superior oblique
142
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Retina
- inner layer of the eye
- delicate nervous tissue membrane
143
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Macula / Fovea centralis
concentrated site of photoreceptors
- located at the back of the eye
macula = high number of cones and rods
fovea centralis = only has cones
144
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Optic disc
- contains myelinated axons
- exit point for optic nerve and retinal blood vessels
- does not contain photoreceptors
- considered the blind spot
145
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Optic nerve
Cranial nerve II
- special sensory nerve
- attaches to eye at the optic disc
146
Describe the location and role of the following eye structure:
Retinal blood vessels
wrap around the eye
- central retinal artery and vein exit the eye at the optic disc
147
What are photoreceptors and the two types
Photoreceptors are specialized nerve cells that are responsible for processing light/images
Cones - detect bright light and allow for color vision
Rods - only detects light and dark (no colour)
148
Where are cones photoreceptors concentrated
Concentrated in the fovea centralis
149
Where are rod photoreceptors concentrated
Rods can be found in the macula and in the peripheral retina
150
What are the 6 cortices of the brain
1. Motor cortex = precentral gyrus
- primary motor cortex
2. Gustatory cortex = insula
- gustatory cortex
3. Olfactory cortex = insula
- olfactory cortex
4. Auditory cortex = temporal lobe
- primary auditory cortex
5. Sensory cortex = postcentral gyrus
- primary somato-sensory cortex
6. Visual cortex = occipital lobe
- primary visual cortex
151
What are the three layers (from outer to inner) of the eye
sclera
choroid
retina
152
Which structures of the eye are considered part of the anterior chamber
- cornea
- iris
153
Which structures of the eye are considered part of the posterior chamber
- vitreous body
- retina
- lens
154
What is the pupil
Hole in the eye
- has two muscles around it
- dilator and sphincter
155
If the pupil sphincter contracts =
pupillary constriction
156
If the pupil dilator contracts =
pupillary dilation
157
Where is the fovea centralis located and how does it differ from the macula
Fovea centralis is located within the macula and contains cone photoreceptors ONLY
While the macula contains cones and rod photoreceptors
158
Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic preganglionic fibres
CN III - oculomotor
CN VII - facial
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus
159
What are the key anatomical structures that make up the sympathetic chain/sympathetic trunk**
1. anterior**
160
Identify the endocrine organ that contains part of the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal gland
161
Distinguish the ANS from the somatic motor system
autonomic = involuntary actions
= has two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
= visceral organs
somatic motor = mostly voluntary / some involuntary reflexes
= acts on somatic muscles
162
Distinguish the parasympathetic from the sympathetic division of the ANS
Parasympathetic is the REST AND DIGEST one
- with long pre-ganglionic fibres
- ganglion near/in target cell
- short post-ganglionic fibre
Sympathetic is the FIGHT OR FLIGHT one
- with short pre-ganglionic fibres
- ganglion near CNS
- very long post-ganglionic fibre
163
Identify the major primary endocrine organs
- release regulatory hormones
- pineal gland
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal gland (cortex/medulla)
- pancreas
164
Identify the major secondary endocrine organs
- have other functions in addition to secreting hormones
- heart
- kidneys
- testes (gonads)
- ovaries (gonads)
- thymus
- stomach
- small intestine
- adipose tissue
165
Explain the different between primary and secondary endocrine organs
primary endocrine organs = main function is to make hormones
secondary endocrine organs = makes hormones as a secondary function, has other functions
166
What do parasympathetic / sympathetic fibres look like
Sympathetic fibres =
- short preganglionic fibres
- ganglion near CNS
- long postganglionic fibre
Parasympathetic fibres =
- very long preganglionic fibre
- ganglion near target cell
- short postganglionic fibre
167
What are the four parasympathetic ganglia
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Otic ganglion
168
Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Connected to the maxillary nerve of the trigeminal branch
169
Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:
Ciliary ganglion
Lateral to the optic nerve (II)
170
Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:
Submandicular ganglion
Looks like a little villain alien blob inside the jaw bone
171
Describe the location of the following parasympathetic ganglia:
Otic ganglion
Connected to mandibular nerve
172
Which spinal nerves contain sympathetic cells/fibres
T1 and L2
173
Which spinal nerves contain parasympathetic cells/fibres
S2, S3, S4
174
What are the different components of sympathetic chain ganglia
1. Cervical sympathetic ganglia - top of the chain
2. Ganglion impar - connection of the left and right
175
Where is the celiac ganglion
Paired ganglion superior to the pancreas
- largest of the three sympathetic plexuses of the ANS
176
Where is the mesenteric ganglia
Has superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia
- superior mesenteric ganglia is located inferior to the celiac ganglion
- inferior mesenteric ganglia is located posterior to the duodenum
177
Describe the sympathetic trunk fibres
- part of the sympathetic nervous system
- involved in fight or flight
178
Identify the pineal gland
location and primary/secondary
Bean located on top of the midbrain
- produces hormone melatonin
- protects nervous tissue and regulates sleeping patterns
- primary endocrine organ
179
Identify the pituitary gland (anterior)
location and primary/secondary
The front of the dangly bulb from the hypothalamus
- made of glandular epithelial tissue
- connected to hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system
- hormones regulate growth, reproduction, and other body functions
180
Identify the pituitary gland (posterior)
location and primary/secondary
The back of the dangly bulb from the hypothalamus
- made of neural tissue from hypothalamus
- stores and secretes hormones
- only produced ADH and OXT
181
Identify the thyroid gland
location and primary/secondary
Batman looking organ on the front of the neck
- releases thyroid hormones (T4, T3, CT)
- primary endocrine organ
182
Identify the parathyroid gland
location and primary/secondary
Tiny yellow dots on the back of the thymus
- posterior side of either side of the thyroid gland
- primary endocrine organ
183
Identify the adrenal gland
- what are the different layers of the adrenal gland
location and primary/secondary
Yellow cones located on the kidneys
- has an adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex that release different hormones
- primary endocrine organ
184
Identify the pancreas
location and primary/secondary
Poop looking organ
- has pancreatic islets (clusters of cells that secrete hormones)
- glucagon and insulin
- primary endocrine organ
- secretes hormones necessary to regulate blood glucose levels
- located between stomach and small intestine
185
Identify the female gonads and male gonads
location and primary/secondary
Testes = egg looking thingy by the penis (paired)
- produce testosterone
- regulate male reproductive processes
- secondary endocrine organ
Ovaries = egg looking thingy on either sides of the uterus
- produce estrogen and progesterone
- regulate female reproductive processes
- secondary endocrine organ
186
Identify the kidney
location and primary/secondary
Pair of beans
- release several hormones
- adrenal gland sits on top of the kidneys
- calcitriol, erythropoietin, etc.
- controls calcium reabsorption in the body and red blood cell production
- secondary endocrine organ
187
Identify the heart
location and primary/secondary
Organ in the centre of the chest facing a bit to the left
- produces natriuretic peptides when blood volume is too great
- hormones promote water loss to decrease blood volume and pressure
- secondary endocrine organ = heart
188
Identify the thymus
location and primary/secondary
A tooth looking organ that sits on top of the heart
- produces hormones that help to maintain immune responses
- secondary endocrine organ = thymus
189
What are the functions of the adrenal cortex
- produce three types of steroids
1. Glucocorticoids - cortisol
2. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
3. Gonadocorticoids - androgens
190
What are the functions of the adrenal medulla
- produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
- promote FIGHT OR FLIGHT responses of the sympathetic NS
191
Which hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary and which from the posterior pituitary
AP = hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH
PP = ADH, OXT
192
Identify the hypothalamus
location and primary/secondary
MASTER ENDOCRINE GLAND
- secretes hormones that regulate the pituitary
- regulate all major body functions
- primary endocrine organ
