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BIOL155 > Tutorial 8 - Spinal Cord & Nerves > Flashcards

Tutorial 8 - Spinal Cord & Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What are the four structural components of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Soma
  3. Axon
  4. Axon terminal
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3
Q

What does it mean to be myelinated?

A

Surrounded by fats (faster)

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4
Q

What does it mean to be non-myelinated?

A

No myelin sheaths (slower)

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5
Q

What are the four types of CNS neuroglia?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
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6
Q

What are the two types of PNS neuroglia?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
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7
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Neuroglia in the CNS that support neurons and connect them to capillaries

  • most abundant in the CNS
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8
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that line cavities and ventricles and produce CSF in the CNS

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9
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Create myelin sheaths in the CNS (increases conduction velocity)

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10
Q

What are microglia?

A

Involved in immune system support

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11
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

PNS neuroglia that insulates and produces myelin sheaths (nodes of ranvier = gaps)

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12
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

cells that support neurons, maintain homeostasis, and regulate exchanges

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A
  • formed by bundles of neurons and neuroglia
  • protected by meninges and enclosed in vertebral column
  • transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body
  • controls reflexes
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14
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Nerves that transfer signals between the body and spinal cord

  • connected to the spinal cord via the dorsal and ventral root
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15
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Carries sensory signals (has ganglion)

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16
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Relays motor signals

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17
Q

What is gray matter?

A

The darker, unmyelinated matter of the spinal cord
- integration and reflex processing center
- made of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

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18
Q

What is the posterior horn?

A

Sensory relay neurons conveying touch, temperature, pain, etc.

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19
Q

What is the anterior horn?

A

Somatic motor neuron cell bodies that facilitate skeletal muscle movement

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20
Q

What is the lateral horn?

A

Present in thoracic and superior lumbar spinal cord segments and contain autonomic motor cell bodies that innervate visceral organs

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21
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated matter in the spinal cord (can be unmyelinated as well)
- forms columns that pass information up and down the spinal cord
- travels in ascending and descending tracts

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22
Q

What is the ascending column?

A

Sensory signals up to the brain

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23
Q

What is the descending column?

A

Motor signals down spinal cord to periphery

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24
Q

What are sensory signals?

A

Passed into spinal cord through dorsal root of each spinal nerve

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25
Q

What are dorsal root ganglion?

A

Bundles of cell bodies of spinal nerves

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26
Q

What are motor commands?

A

Passed from spinal cord through ventral root of each spinal nerve and out to the body to trigger an action
- action is either skeletal muscle contraction or gland secretion

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27
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Networks of spinal nerves that innervate a specific region

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28
Q

What is dermatome?

A

Region of skin innervated by the sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve

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29
Q

What is the one dermatome exception?

A

C1

All spinal nerves innervate dermatomes except C1
- C1 does not contain any sensory axons
- sensory skin info from the skin in racial region is conveyed by cranial nerve V (the trigeminal nerve)

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30
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Nerves that do not intersect with spinal cord but connect muscles and organs of the head and body directly to the brain

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31
Q

How many cervical nerves are there and their abbreviations?

A

8 pairs (C01-C08)

32
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there and their abbreviations?

A

12 pairs (T01-T12)

33
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there and their abbreviations?

A

5 pairs (L01-L05)

34
Q

How many sacral nerves are there and their abbreviations?

A

5 pairs (S01-S05)

35
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Includes phrenic nerve

36
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Includes trunks, divisions, and cords

37
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Includes femoral nerve

38
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Continuation of nerve roots in the lumbar/sacral region

39
Q

What is the spinal nerve rami?

A

Branches of spinal nerves that supply the body

40
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear (auditory)
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
(Spinal) accessory
Hypoclossal
Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

41
Q

What is the olfactory cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve I = smell

sensory signals from special senses

42
Q

What is the optic cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve II = vision

sensory signals from special senses

43
Q

What is the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve VIII = hearing/equilibrium

sensory signals from special senses

44
Q

What is the oculomotor cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve III = eye movement -> eye muscles

transmit motor signals from the brain

45
Q

What is the trochlear cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve IV = eye movement -> superior oblique

transmit motor signals from the brain

46
Q

What is the abducens cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve V = eye movement

transmit motor signals from the brain

47
Q

What is the accessory cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve XI = impulses to neck/upper back muscles

transmit motor signals from the brain

48
Q

What is the hypoglossal cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve XII = tongue movement

transmit motor signals from the brain

49
Q

What is the trigeminal cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve V = largest cranial nerves

transmit both sensory and motor signals

50
Q

What is the facial cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve VII = sensory/motor impulses to/from face

transmit both sensory and motor signals

51
Q

What is the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve IX = sensory/motor impulses to/from neck

transmit both sensory and motor signals

52
Q

What is the vagus cranial nerve?

A

Cranial Nerve X = impulses between medulla oblongata and visceral organs (digestive system)

transmit both sensory and motor signals

53
Q

What is the phrenic nerve

A

Part of the cervical plexus
= C03-C05
- innervates the diaphragm

54
Q

What is the ulnar nerve

A

Part of the brachial plexus
= C08-T01

55
Q

What is the median nerve

A

Part of the brachial plexus
= C06-T01

56
Q

What is the radial nerve

A

Part of the brachial plexus
= C05-T01

57
Q

What is the sciatic nerve

A

Part of the lumbosacral plexus
L04-S03
- largest nerve in the body

58
Q

What is the femoral nerve

A

Part of the lumbosacral plexus
L02-L04

59
Q

What is the tibial nerve

A

Part of the lumbosacral plexus
L04-S03

60
Q

What is the fibular nerve

A

Part of the lumbosacral plexus
L04-S02

61
Q

What is the somatic reflex arc

A

automatic responses to stimuli that don’t reach the brain

62
Q

Trace the path of the somatic reflex arc

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. dorsal root
  3. spinal cord
  4. ventral root
  5. motor neuron
63
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve

A
  1. ophthalmic branch
  2. maxillary branch
  3. mandibular branch
64
Q

What is multiple sclerosis

A

A demyelinating disease affecting neurons of the CNS
- involves inflammation and destruction of myelin sheaths that surround and insulate axons

65
Q

What are the symptoms of early stage multiple sclerosis

A

Oligodendrocytes may be able to perform remyelination, but as attacks on immune cells and microglia continue, damage becomes irreversible
- results in neurodegeneration in the affected area
- demyelination/cell death leads to slowing or complete disruption of action potential transmission

66
Q

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

muscle weakness
vision loss
fatigue

67
Q

What is nerve rami

A

Branches of spinal nerves that supply the body
- rami of spinal nerves provide sensory and motor innervation to a specific region of the body

68
Q

Trace the pathway of sensory information through the rami

A
  1. sympathetic nerve
  2. anterior ramus
  3. posterior ramus
  4. white ramus communicans
  5. posterior root
  6. spinal cord
69
Q

Trace the pathway of motor commands through the rami

A
  1. anterior root
  2. spinal nerve (posterior and anterior roots unite)
  3. posterior ramus
  4. anterior ramus
  5. white ramus communicans
  6. gray ramus communicans
70
Q

What is the posterior ramus?

A

branches of spinal nerves that contain somatic motor and visceral motor fibers that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles of the back

71
Q

What is the anterior ramus?

A

branches of spinal nerves that supply the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs (axons)

72
Q

What are white ramus communicans?

A

short nerve branch carrying visceral motor fibres to nearby sympathetic ganglion (myelinated = light colour)

73
Q

What are gray ramus communicans?

A

postganglionic fibres that innervate glands and smooth muscles (unmyelinated = dark colour)

74
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

olfactory (I)
optic (II)
vestibulocochlear (VIII)

75
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor?

A

accessory (XI)
hypoglossal (XII)
abducens (VI)
trochlear (IV)
oculomotor (III)

76
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed (motor/sensory)?

A

trigeminal (V)
facial (VII)
glossopharyngeal (IX)

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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