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BIOL155 > Tutorial 5 - Axial Muscles > Flashcards

Tutorial 5 - Axial Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles make up how much of the human body’s weight?

A

~50%

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2
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal Muscles
- move the body by responding to signals from the nervous system
ex: Brachial muscles - flexing

Cardiac Muscles
- responds to involuntary signals from its own conduction system
ex: Heartbeats

Smooth Muscles
- respond to hormones and involuntary signals from the nervous system
- contract and relax to contain substances and move substances through the body
ex: Esophagus - peristalsis

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal muscles
  2. Cardiac muscles
  3. Smooth muscles
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4
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Attach to bones of the skeleton and contract voluntarily to produce movement

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5
Q

What connects muscles to bones?

A

Tendons - dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

What are the 11 regions used to classify muscles of the body?

A
  1. Abdomen
  2. Back
  3. Head
  4. Hip
  5. Gluteal
  6. Lower limbs
  7. Upper limbs
  8. Neck
  9. Pelvis
  10. Shoulder girdle
  11. Thorax
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7
Q

Skeleton: Axial and appendicular

A

Axial skeleton
- skull/head
- vertebral column
- thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder/pectoral girdle
- pelvic girdle

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8
Q

Head/neck

A
  • aid in swallowing and movements of the head/neck

Suprahyoid muscles:
- digastrics, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Infrahyoid muscles :
- omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid

Others:
- anterior/middle/posterior scalene, the splenius, sternocleidomastoid

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9
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

AKA shoulder joint
- join upper limbs with the axial skeleton
- facilitate the proper rotation of the upper limbs

  • coracobrachialis
  • pectoralis major
  • deltoid (anterior, middle, and posterior heads)
  • latissimus dorsi
  • teres major
  • muscles of the rotator cuff
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10
Q

Back

A
  • paired muscles that act on and support the head, neck, spine, and thoracic cage
  • superficial and deep muscles
  • deep muscles = intrinsic muscles:
    1. erector spinae
    2. transversospinalis
    3. suboccipital
    4. splenius
    5. prevertebral
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11
Q

Thorax/Abdomen

A
  • 4 paired muscles
  • make up portions of the abdominal wall and act on the abdomen, ribs, and spine
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transversus abdominis
  4. rectus abdominis
  5. pyramidalis
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12
Q

Pelvis/Hip

A

AKA pelvic diaphragm
- bowl shape to support the reproductive system and parts of the digestive and urinary system

  1. levator ani
  2. coccygeus
  3. iliococcygeus
  4. internal anal sphincter
  5. external anal sphincter
  6. deep transverse perineal
  7. superficial transverse perineal
  8. piriformis
  9. obturator internus
  10. sacrotuberous ligament
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13
Q

Pelvic diaphragm

A

muscles of the pelvic floor

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14
Q

Upper limbs

A
  • muscles of the arm
  • elbow joint
  • forearm
  • hand
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15
Q

Lower limbs

A
  • muscles of the thigh (proximal leg)
  • leg (distal leg)
  • foot
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16
Q

Which three systems interact to produce movement?

A

Muscular
Nervous
Skeletal

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17
Q

Trace the path from messages to movement

A
  1. messages travel through nervous system to skeletal muscles
  2. motor neurons of the nervous system connect to skeletal muscles via NMJ
  3. at NMJ neuron releases a neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine
  4. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the muscle and begin a chemical reaction within its fibers
  5. muscle filaments slide across each other and muscles shorten/contract
  6. movement is produced !
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18
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  1. striated (actin and myosin)
  2. motor neurons connect to the skeletal muscle at NMJ
  3. neurotransmitters are released from motor neuron to skeletal muscle
  4. excitation (chemical release) and contraction (filaments sliding past each other, muscle shortens and produces movement)
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19
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer connective tissue layer around a skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding fascicles

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21
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding myofibers

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22
Q

Skeletal Muscle (component breakdown)

A

Skeletal muscle > fascicles > myofibers > myofibrils

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23
Q

Capillaries and motor neurons

A

Support myofibers

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24
Q

Myofibrils

A

thick and thin filaments

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25
Thick filaments
Myosin protein molecules
26
Thin filaments
actin protein molecules
27
Sarcomeres
repeating units of thick and thin filaments
28
Describe the two types of actions in muscle interactions
Paired muscles that perform opposite and opposing actions 1. Agonists 2. Antagonists
29
Agonist
generates the main force of an action - prime mover - responsible for producing a movement
30
Antagonist
performs the opposite action - action opposes agonist
31
What are the 6 paired actions
flexion - extension elevation - depression pronation - supination flexing - extending bending - straightening contracting - relaxing
32
How are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton?
via TENDONS
33
What is the origin on a skeletal muscle
Area where the muscle is attached to 2 articulating bones - proximal to insertion in anatomical position - on the fixed bone
34
What is the insertion point on a skeletal muscle
Area where the muscle is attached to 2 articulating bones - on the moveable bone
35
What is the belly or middle of a skeletal muscle
The part of the muscle that shortens (literally the centre lmfao)
36
4 Facial Muscles - Eyebrow and scalp
- occipitofrontalis (epicranius) - corrugator supercilli - levator palpebrae superioris - orbicularis oculi
37
6 Facial Muscles - Upper mouth
- orbicularis oris - zygomaticus major - zygomaticus minor - levator labii superioris - levator anguli oris - buccinator
38
5 Facial Muscles - Lower mouth
- depressor anguli oris - depressor labii inferioris - risorius - mentalis - platysma
39
5 Facial Muscles - Mastication (chewing)
- deep masseter - superficial masseter - temporalis - medial pterygoid - lateral pterygoid
40
5 Facial Muscles - Tongue
- genioglossus - hyoglossus - palatoglossus - styloglossus - tongue
41
Occipitofrontalis (epicranius) Corrugator supercilli
facial: eyebrow and scalp move forehead and eyebrows
42
Levator palpebrae superioris Orbicularis oculi
facial: eyebrow and scalp open and close the eyes
43
Orbicularis oris
facial: upper mouth purse the lips
44
Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor
facial: upper mouth raise corners of the mouth
45
Levator labii superioris Levator anguli oris
facial: upper mouth elevate upper lip
46
Buccinator
facial: upper mouth compress cheeks
47
Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris
facial: lower mouth draw lower lips and corners of mouth down
48
Risorius
facial: lower mouth stretches lips laterally
49
Mentalis
facial: lower mouth protrudes lower lip
50
Platysma
facial: lower mouth depress mandible and tense neck
51
Deep masseter Superficial masseter Temporalis
facial: mastication elevate mandible during chewing
52
Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid
facial: mastication protrude mandible and produces side to side grinding motion
53
Genioglossus Hyoglossus Palatoglossus Styloglossus Tongue
protrude, depress, elevate the tongue
54
What region does "capitis" refer to
neck-ish region
55
What region does "cervicis" refer to
cervical (neck)
56
What region does "thoracis" refer to
thorax
57
What region does "lumborum" refer to
lumbar
58
Digastric Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Geniohyoid
elevate the hyoid bone and larynx, widening the pharynx and closing off the trachea when swallowing
59
Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid
draw the hyoid bone and larynx downward
60
Sternocleidomastoid Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Longissimus capitis Scalenes
flex and rotate the head and neck
61
Digastric
neck: suprahyoid
62
Stylohyoid
neck: suprahyoid
63
Mylohyoid
neck: suprahyoid
64
Geniohyoid
neck: suprahyoid
65
Omohyoid
neck: infrahyoid
66
Sternohyoid
neck: infrahyoid
67
Sternothyroid
neck: infrahyoid
68
Thyrohyoid
neck: infrahyoid
69
Sternocleidomastoid
neck: head and neck movements
70
Semispinalis capitis
neck: head and neck movements
71
Splenius capitis
neck: head and neck movements
72
Longissimus capitis
neck: head and neck movements
73
Scalenes
neck
74
What are the six regions of muscles that make up the vertebral column muscles
1. Splenius 2. Erector spinae 3. Transversospinales 4. Segmental 5. Scalenes 6. Spinal flexors
75
Splenius (2)
Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis
76
Splenius capitis Splenius cervicis
laterally flex, extend, rotate the neck
77
What are the three subcategories of erector spinae muscles
1. spinalis 2. longissimus 3. iliocostalis
78
Erector spinae muscles
superficial back muscles - prime movers in extension of the vertebral column
79
Erector spinae: spinalis(2)
spinalis cervicis spinalis thoracis - most medial of erector spinae and extend vertebral column
80
Erector spinae: longissimus (3)
longissimus capitis longissimus cervicis longissimus thoracis - between spinalis and iliocostalis - extend and laterally flex vertebral column
81
Erector spinae: iliocostalis (3)
iliocostalis capitis iliocostalis cervicis iliocostalis thoracis - most lateral of erector spinae - extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
82
Transversospinales (3)
deep back muscles 1. semispinalis 2. multifidus 3. rotatores
83
Semispinalis (3)
transversospinales Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis Semispinalis thoracis
84
Rotatores (2)
transversospinales Rotatores breves Rotatores longi
85
Multifidus
transversospinales
86
Segmental (2)
interspinales intertransversarii
87
Splenius capitis
vertebral column: splenius
88
Splenius cervicis
vertebral column: splenius
89
Spinalis
vertebral column: erector spinae
90
Longissimus
vertebral column: erector spinae
91
Iliocostalis
vertebral column: erector spinae
92
Spinal cervicis
vertebral column: erector spinae - spinalis
93
Spinalis thoracis
vertebral column: erector spinae - spinalis
94
Longissimus capitis
vertebral column: erector spinae - longissimus
95
Longissimus cervicis
vertebral column: erector spinae - longissimus
96
Longissimus thoracis
vertebral column: erector spinae - longissimus
97
Iliocostalis cervicis
vertebral column: erector spinae - iliocostalis
98
Iliocostalis thoracis
vertebral column: erector spinae - iliocostalis
99
Iliocostalis lumborum
vertebral column: erector spinae - iliocostalis
100
Semispinalis capitis
vertebral column: transversospinales - semispinalis
101
Semispinalis cervicis
vertebral column: transversospinales - semispinalis
102
Semispinalis thoracis
vertebral column: transversospinales - semispinalis
103
Multifidus
vertebral column: transversospinales
104
Rotatores breves
vertebral column: transversospinales - rotatores
105
Rotatores longi
vertebral column: transversospinales - rotatores
106
Interspinales
vertebral column: segmental - extend vertebral column
107
Intertransversarii
vertebral column: segmental - laterally flex vertebral column
108
Scalenes (3)
anterior scalenes middle scalenes posterior scalenes - flex and rotate the neck and elevate 2 ribs during inspiration (breathing)
109
Anterior scalenes
vertebral column: scalenes
110
Middle scalenes
vertebral column: scalenes
111
Posterior scalenes
vertebral column: scalenes
112
Abdomen (4)
rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis - protect and compress the viscera, aid in forced respiration, and rotate the trunk
113
Spinal flexors (3)
longus capitis longus colli quadratus lumborum - flex the neck and vertebral column
114
What is viscera
the internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g. the intestines.
115
Longus capitis
vertebral column: spinal flexors
116
Longus colli
vertebral column: spinal flexors
117
Quadratus lumborum
vertebral column: spinal flexors
118
Rectus abdominis
abdomen
119
External oblique
abdomen
120
Internal oblique
abdomen
121
Transverse abdominis
abdomen
122
Pelvis (general - 2)
1. levator ani 2. coccygeus
123
The levator ani and coccygeus form the _________________
Pelvic diaphragm - support the pelvic floor and draw it upward during defecation
124
Pelvis - superficial perineal (3)
1. superficial transverse perineal 2. bulbospongiosus 3. ischiocavernosus
125
Pelvis - deep perineal (2)
1. deep transverse perineal 2. external anal sphincter
126
levator ani
pelvis
127
coccygeus
pelvis
128
superficial transverse perineal (identify and functions)
pelvis - superficial perineal - support the central tendon of perineum
129
bulbospingiosus ischiocavernosus (identify and functions)
pelvis - superficial perineal - maintain erection in the penis or clitoris
130
deep transverse perineal (identify and functions)
pelvis - deep perineal - support central tendon in perineum
131
external anal sphincter (identify and functions)
pelvis - deep perineal - close the anus
132
Thorax (3)
1. diaphragm 2. external intercostals 3. internal intercostals
133
The thorax is involved in ___________
Breathing
134
Diaphragm
Thorax - prime mover of inspiration - dome, thin muscle below lungs and heart - attached to the sternum
135
External intercostals
Thorax - assist in inspiration
136
Internal intercostals
Thorax - assist in forced expiration
137
What are the five types of movement in anatomic position?
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction
138
What is flexion
movement in the anterior-posterior sagittal plane - decreases angle
139
What is extension
anatomical position is full extension of a muscle - hypertension is extension beyond the anatomical position - increases angle
140
What is abduction
movement AWAY from the longitudinal axis (midline) in the frontal plane
141
What is adduction
movement TOWARD the longitudinal axis (midline) in the frontal plane
142
What is circumduction
movement of the arm in a circle but not rotating
143
Describe flexion and extension
movement at the hinge joints of long bones - movement of the AXIAL skeleton
144
Describe abduction and adduction
movement of the APPENDICULAR skeleton
145
What are the three different types of flexion/extension
lateral flexion - vertebral column bends side to side dorsiflexion - ankle flexion plantar flexion - called flexion but is ankle extension
146
What is hyperextension
extension beyond the anatomical position
147
What are the two types of rotation
1. head and trunk rotation 2. limb rotation
148
What is head and trunk rotation
rotation at the atlanto-axial joint (head and neck) right and left
149
What is limb rotation
medial or lateral rotation
150
What is medial rotation
inward rotation = anterior surface turned towards midline
151
What is lateral rotation
outward rotation = anterior surface turned away from midline
152
What is forearm rotation (2)
pronation and supination
153
Pronation
turning the palms facing forward in anatomical position to back
154
Supination
turning the palms from back in anatomical position to forward
155
What are the five types of special movements?
- opposition - protraction - retraction - inversion - eversion
156
Opposition
moving your thumb to touch other digits
157
Protraction and retraction (Compare and contrast)
protraction = moving forward/anteriorly retraction = moving backward/posteriorly ex: jutting the jaw and retracting the jaw
158
Inversion and eversion (Compare and contrast)
inversion = moving the foot towards the midline eversion = moving the foot away from the midline
159
What is an action (origin and insertions)
action = movement produced when a muscle contracts
160
What is a synergist
- aids agonist - prevents movement at another joint (fixators)
161
Anterior
front
162
External
on the outside
163
Inferior
below
164
Internal
away from the surface
165
Lateral
on the side
166
Medial
middle
167
Oblique
slanting
168
Posterior
back
169
Rectus
straight
170
Superficial
toward the surface
171
Superior
toward the head
172
Transverse
crosswise
173
Abductor
movement away
174
Adductor
movement toward
175
Depressor
lowering movement
176
Extensor
straightening movement
177
Flexor
bending movement
178
Levator
raising movement
179
Pronator
turning to prone position
180
Supinator
turning into supine position
181
Tensor
tensing movement
182
What are the four groups of axial muscles
1. muscles of the head and neck 2. muscles of the vertebral column 3. abdomen 4. pelvis
183
Muscles of the head and neck
NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN - facial expression muscles, extrinsic eye muscles, tongue, pharynx, and neck muscles
184
Muscles of the vertebral column
flex, extend, or rotate the vertebral column
185
Abdomen
oblique and rectus trunk
186
Pelvis
pelvic floor, pelvic outlet, and support pelvic organs
187
What are the four muscles of the tongue
genioglossus hyoglossus palatoglossus styloglossus
188
What are the three muscles of the pharynx
pharyngeal constrictors laryngeal elevators palatal muscles

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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