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BIOL155 > Tutorial 5 - Axial Muscles > Flashcards

Tutorial 5 - Axial Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles make up how much of the human body’s weight?

A

~50%

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2
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal Muscles
- move the body by responding to signals from the nervous system
ex: Brachial muscles - flexing

Cardiac Muscles
- responds to involuntary signals from its own conduction system
ex: Heartbeats

Smooth Muscles
- respond to hormones and involuntary signals from the nervous system
- contract and relax to contain substances and move substances through the body
ex: Esophagus - peristalsis

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal muscles
  2. Cardiac muscles
  3. Smooth muscles
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4
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Attach to bones of the skeleton and contract voluntarily to produce movement

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5
Q

What connects muscles to bones?

A

Tendons - dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

What are the 11 regions used to classify muscles of the body?

A
  1. Abdomen
  2. Back
  3. Head
  4. Hip
  5. Gluteal
  6. Lower limbs
  7. Upper limbs
  8. Neck
  9. Pelvis
  10. Shoulder girdle
  11. Thorax
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7
Q

Skeleton: Axial and appendicular

A

Axial skeleton
- skull/head
- vertebral column
- thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder/pectoral girdle
- pelvic girdle

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8
Q

Head/neck

A
  • aid in swallowing and movements of the head/neck

Suprahyoid muscles:
- digastrics, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid

Infrahyoid muscles :
- omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid

Others:
- anterior/middle/posterior scalene, the splenius, sternocleidomastoid

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9
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

AKA shoulder joint
- join upper limbs with the axial skeleton
- facilitate the proper rotation of the upper limbs

  • coracobrachialis
  • pectoralis major
  • deltoid (anterior, middle, and posterior heads)
  • latissimus dorsi
  • teres major
  • muscles of the rotator cuff
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10
Q

Back

A
  • paired muscles that act on and support the head, neck, spine, and thoracic cage
  • superficial and deep muscles
  • deep muscles = intrinsic muscles:
    1. erector spinae
    2. transversospinalis
    3. suboccipital
    4. splenius
    5. prevertebral
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11
Q

Thorax/Abdomen

A
  • 4 paired muscles
  • make up portions of the abdominal wall and act on the abdomen, ribs, and spine
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transversus abdominis
  4. rectus abdominis
  5. pyramidalis
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12
Q

Pelvis/Hip

A

AKA pelvic diaphragm
- bowl shape to support the reproductive system and parts of the digestive and urinary system

  1. levator ani
  2. coccygeus
  3. iliococcygeus
  4. internal anal sphincter
  5. external anal sphincter
  6. deep transverse perineal
  7. superficial transverse perineal
  8. piriformis
  9. obturator internus
  10. sacrotuberous ligament
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13
Q

Pelvic diaphragm

A

muscles of the pelvic floor

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14
Q

Upper limbs

A
  • muscles of the arm
  • elbow joint
  • forearm
  • hand
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15
Q

Lower limbs

A
  • muscles of the thigh (proximal leg)
  • leg (distal leg)
  • foot
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16
Q

Which three systems interact to produce movement?

A

Muscular
Nervous
Skeletal

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17
Q

Trace the path from messages to movement

A
  1. messages travel through nervous system to skeletal muscles
  2. motor neurons of the nervous system connect to skeletal muscles via NMJ
  3. at NMJ neuron releases a neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine
  4. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the muscle and begin a chemical reaction within its fibers
  5. muscle filaments slide across each other and muscles shorten/contract
  6. movement is produced !
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18
Q

Describe 4 characteristics of skeletal muscles

A
  1. striated (actin and myosin)
  2. motor neurons connect to the skeletal muscle at NMJ
  3. neurotransmitters are released from motor neuron to skeletal muscle
  4. excitation (chemical release) and contraction (filaments sliding past each other, muscle shortens and produces movement)
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19
Q

Epimysium

A

Outer connective tissue layer around a skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding fascicles

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21
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding myofibers

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22
Q

Skeletal Muscle (component breakdown)

A

Skeletal muscle > fascicles > myofibers > myofibrils

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23
Q

Capillaries and motor neurons

A

Support myofibers

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24
Q

Myofibrils

A

thick and thin filaments

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25
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin protein molecules

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26
Q

Thin filaments

A

actin protein molecules

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27
Q

Sarcomeres

A

repeating units of thick and thin filaments

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28
Q

Describe the two types of actions in muscle interactions

A

Paired muscles that perform opposite and opposing actions

  1. Agonists
  2. Antagonists
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29
Q

Agonist

A

generates the main force of an action
- prime mover
- responsible for producing a movement

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30
Q

Antagonist

A

performs the opposite action
- action opposes agonist

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31
Q

What are the 6 paired actions

A

flexion - extension
elevation - depression
pronation - supination
flexing - extending
bending - straightening
contracting - relaxing

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32
Q

How are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton?

A

via TENDONS

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33
Q

What is the origin on a skeletal muscle

A

Area where the muscle is attached to 2 articulating bones

  • proximal to insertion in anatomical position
  • on the fixed bone
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34
Q

What is the insertion point on a skeletal muscle

A

Area where the muscle is attached to 2 articulating bones

  • on the moveable bone
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35
Q

What is the belly or middle of a skeletal muscle

A

The part of the muscle that shortens
(literally the centre lmfao)

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36
Q

4 Facial Muscles - Eyebrow and scalp

A
  • occipitofrontalis (epicranius)
  • corrugator supercilli
  • levator palpebrae superioris
  • orbicularis oculi
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37
Q

6 Facial Muscles - Upper mouth

A
  • orbicularis oris
  • zygomaticus major
  • zygomaticus minor
  • levator labii superioris
  • levator anguli oris
  • buccinator
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38
Q

5 Facial Muscles - Lower mouth

A
  • depressor anguli oris
  • depressor labii inferioris
  • risorius
  • mentalis
  • platysma
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39
Q

5 Facial Muscles - Mastication (chewing)

A
  • deep masseter
  • superficial masseter
  • temporalis
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
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40
Q

5 Facial Muscles - Tongue

A
  • genioglossus
  • hyoglossus
  • palatoglossus
  • styloglossus
  • tongue
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41
Q

Occipitofrontalis (epicranius)
Corrugator supercilli

A

facial: eyebrow and scalp
move forehead and eyebrows

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42
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris
Orbicularis oculi

A

facial: eyebrow and scalp
open and close the eyes

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43
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

facial: upper mouth
purse the lips

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44
Q

Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor

A

facial: upper mouth
raise corners of the mouth

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45
Q

Levator labii superioris
Levator anguli oris

A

facial: upper mouth
elevate upper lip

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46
Q

Buccinator

A

facial: upper mouth
compress cheeks

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47
Q

Depressor anguli oris
Depressor labii inferioris

A

facial: lower mouth
draw lower lips and corners of mouth down

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48
Q

Risorius

A

facial: lower mouth
stretches lips laterally

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49
Q

Mentalis

A

facial: lower mouth
protrudes lower lip

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50
Q

Platysma

A

facial: lower mouth
depress mandible and tense neck

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51
Q

Deep masseter
Superficial masseter
Temporalis

A

facial: mastication
elevate mandible during chewing

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52
Q

Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

A

facial: mastication
protrude mandible and produces side to side grinding motion

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53
Q

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Tongue

A

protrude, depress, elevate the tongue

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54
Q

What region does “capitis” refer to

A

neck-ish region

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55
Q

What region does “cervicis” refer to

A

cervical (neck)

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56
Q

What region does “thoracis” refer to

A

thorax

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57
Q

What region does “lumborum” refer to

A

lumbar

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58
Q

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

A

elevate the hyoid bone and larynx, widening the pharynx and closing off the trachea when swallowing

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59
Q

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

A

draw the hyoid bone and larynx downward

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60
Q

Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Splenius capitis
Longissimus capitis
Scalenes

A

flex and rotate the head and neck

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61
Q

Digastric

A

neck: suprahyoid

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62
Q

Stylohyoid

A

neck: suprahyoid

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63
Q

Mylohyoid

A

neck: suprahyoid

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64
Q

Geniohyoid

A

neck: suprahyoid

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65
Q

Omohyoid

A

neck: infrahyoid

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66
Q

Sternohyoid

A

neck: infrahyoid

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67
Q

Sternothyroid

A

neck: infrahyoid

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68
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

neck: infrahyoid

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69
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

neck: head and neck movements

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70
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A

neck: head and neck movements

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71
Q

Splenius capitis

A

neck: head and neck movements

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72
Q

Longissimus capitis

A

neck: head and neck movements

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73
Q

Scalenes

A

neck

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74
Q

What are the six regions of muscles that make up the vertebral column muscles

A
  1. Splenius
  2. Erector spinae
  3. Transversospinales
  4. Segmental
  5. Scalenes
  6. Spinal flexors
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75
Q

Splenius (2)

A

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

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76
Q

Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis

A

laterally flex, extend, rotate the neck

77
Q

What are the three subcategories of erector spinae muscles

A
  1. spinalis
  2. longissimus
  3. iliocostalis
78
Q

Erector spinae muscles

A

superficial back muscles
- prime movers in extension of the vertebral column

79
Q

Erector spinae: spinalis(2)

A

spinalis cervicis
spinalis thoracis

  • most medial of erector spinae and extend vertebral column
80
Q

Erector spinae: longissimus (3)

A

longissimus capitis
longissimus cervicis
longissimus thoracis

  • between spinalis and iliocostalis
  • extend and laterally flex vertebral column
81
Q

Erector spinae: iliocostalis (3)

A

iliocostalis capitis
iliocostalis cervicis
iliocostalis thoracis

  • most lateral of erector spinae
  • extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
82
Q

Transversospinales (3)

A

deep back muscles

  1. semispinalis
  2. multifidus
  3. rotatores
83
Q

Semispinalis (3)

A

transversospinales

Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis thoracis

84
Q

Rotatores (2)

A

transversospinales

Rotatores breves
Rotatores longi

85
Q

Multifidus

A

transversospinales

86
Q

Segmental (2)

A

interspinales
intertransversarii

87
Q

Splenius capitis

A

vertebral column: splenius

88
Q

Splenius cervicis

A

vertebral column: splenius

89
Q

Spinalis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae

90
Q

Longissimus

A

vertebral column: erector spinae

91
Q

Iliocostalis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae

92
Q

Spinal cervicis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- spinalis

93
Q

Spinalis thoracis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- spinalis

94
Q

Longissimus capitis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- longissimus

95
Q

Longissimus cervicis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- longissimus

96
Q

Longissimus thoracis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- longissimus

97
Q

Iliocostalis cervicis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- iliocostalis

98
Q

Iliocostalis thoracis

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- iliocostalis

99
Q

Iliocostalis lumborum

A

vertebral column: erector spinae
- iliocostalis

100
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A

vertebral column: transversospinales
- semispinalis

101
Q

Semispinalis cervicis

A

vertebral column: transversospinales
- semispinalis

102
Q

Semispinalis thoracis

A

vertebral column: transversospinales
- semispinalis

103
Q

Multifidus

A

vertebral column: transversospinales

104
Q

Rotatores breves

A

vertebral column: transversospinales
- rotatores

105
Q

Rotatores longi

A

vertebral column: transversospinales
- rotatores

106
Q

Interspinales

A

vertebral column: segmental
- extend vertebral column

107
Q

Intertransversarii

A

vertebral column: segmental
- laterally flex vertebral column

108
Q

Scalenes (3)

A

anterior scalenes
middle scalenes
posterior scalenes

  • flex and rotate the neck and elevate 2 ribs during inspiration (breathing)
109
Q

Anterior scalenes

A

vertebral column: scalenes

110
Q

Middle scalenes

A

vertebral column: scalenes

111
Q

Posterior scalenes

A

vertebral column: scalenes

112
Q

Abdomen (4)

A

rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis

  • protect and compress the viscera, aid in forced respiration, and rotate the trunk
113
Q

Spinal flexors (3)

A

longus capitis
longus colli
quadratus lumborum

  • flex the neck and vertebral column
114
Q

What is viscera

A

the internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g. the intestines.

115
Q

Longus capitis

A

vertebral column: spinal flexors

116
Q

Longus colli

A

vertebral column: spinal flexors

117
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

vertebral column: spinal flexors

118
Q

Rectus abdominis

A

abdomen

119
Q

External oblique

A

abdomen

120
Q

Internal oblique

A

abdomen

121
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

abdomen

122
Q

Pelvis (general - 2)

A
  1. levator ani
  2. coccygeus
123
Q

The levator ani and coccygeus form the _________________

A

Pelvic diaphragm

  • support the pelvic floor and draw it upward during defecation
124
Q

Pelvis - superficial perineal (3)

A
  1. superficial transverse perineal
  2. bulbospongiosus
  3. ischiocavernosus
125
Q

Pelvis - deep perineal (2)

A
  1. deep transverse perineal
  2. external anal sphincter
126
Q

levator ani

A

pelvis

127
Q

coccygeus

A

pelvis

128
Q

superficial transverse perineal
(identify and functions)

A

pelvis - superficial perineal
- support the central tendon of perineum

129
Q

bulbospingiosus
ischiocavernosus
(identify and functions)

A

pelvis - superficial perineal

  • maintain erection in the penis or clitoris
130
Q

deep transverse perineal (identify and functions)

A

pelvis - deep perineal
- support central tendon in perineum

131
Q

external anal sphincter (identify and functions)

A

pelvis - deep perineal
- close the anus

132
Q

Thorax (3)

A
  1. diaphragm
  2. external intercostals
  3. internal intercostals
133
Q

The thorax is involved in ___________

A

Breathing

134
Q

Diaphragm

A

Thorax
- prime mover of inspiration
- dome, thin muscle below lungs and heart
- attached to the sternum

135
Q

External intercostals

A

Thorax
- assist in inspiration

136
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Thorax
- assist in forced expiration

137
Q

What are the five types of movement in anatomic position?

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction

138
Q

What is flexion

A

movement in the anterior-posterior sagittal plane
- decreases angle

139
Q

What is extension

A

anatomical position is full extension of a muscle

  • hypertension is extension beyond the anatomical position
  • increases angle
140
Q

What is abduction

A

movement AWAY from the longitudinal axis (midline) in the frontal plane

141
Q

What is adduction

A

movement TOWARD the longitudinal axis (midline) in the frontal plane

142
Q

What is circumduction

A

movement of the arm in a circle but not rotating

143
Q

Describe flexion and extension

A

movement at the hinge joints of long bones
- movement of the AXIAL skeleton

144
Q

Describe abduction and adduction

A

movement of the APPENDICULAR skeleton

145
Q

What are the three different types of flexion/extension

A

lateral flexion - vertebral column bends side to side

dorsiflexion - ankle flexion

plantar flexion - called flexion but is ankle extension

146
Q

What is hyperextension

A

extension beyond the anatomical position

147
Q

What are the two types of rotation

A
  1. head and trunk rotation
  2. limb rotation
148
Q

What is head and trunk rotation

A

rotation at the atlanto-axial joint (head and neck) right and left

149
Q

What is limb rotation

A

medial or lateral rotation

150
Q

What is medial rotation

A

inward rotation

= anterior surface turned towards midline

151
Q

What is lateral rotation

A

outward rotation

= anterior surface turned away from midline

152
Q

What is forearm rotation (2)

A

pronation and supination

153
Q

Pronation

A

turning the palms facing forward in anatomical position to back

154
Q

Supination

A

turning the palms from back in anatomical position to forward

155
Q

What are the five types of special movements?

A
  • opposition
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • inversion
  • eversion
156
Q

Opposition

A

moving your thumb to touch other digits

157
Q

Protraction and retraction (Compare and contrast)

A

protraction = moving forward/anteriorly
retraction = moving backward/posteriorly

ex: jutting the jaw and retracting the jaw

158
Q

Inversion and eversion (Compare and contrast)

A

inversion = moving the foot towards the midline
eversion = moving the foot away from the midline

159
Q

What is an action (origin and insertions)

A

action = movement produced when a muscle contracts

160
Q

What is a synergist

A
  • aids agonist
  • prevents movement at another joint (fixators)
161
Q

Anterior

A

front

162
Q

External

A

on the outside

163
Q

Inferior

A

below

164
Q

Internal

A

away from the surface

165
Q

Lateral

A

on the side

166
Q

Medial

A

middle

167
Q

Oblique

A

slanting

168
Q

Posterior

A

back

169
Q

Rectus

A

straight

170
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface

171
Q

Superior

A

toward the head

172
Q

Transverse

A

crosswise

173
Q

Abductor

A

movement away

174
Q

Adductor

A

movement toward

175
Q

Depressor

A

lowering movement

176
Q

Extensor

A

straightening movement

177
Q

Flexor

A

bending movement

178
Q

Levator

A

raising movement

179
Q

Pronator

A

turning to prone position

180
Q

Supinator

A

turning into supine position

181
Q

Tensor

A

tensing movement

182
Q

What are the four groups of axial muscles

A
  1. muscles of the head and neck
  2. muscles of the vertebral column
  3. abdomen
  4. pelvis
183
Q

Muscles of the head and neck

A

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  • facial expression muscles, extrinsic eye muscles, tongue, pharynx, and neck muscles
184
Q

Muscles of the vertebral column

A

flex, extend, or rotate the vertebral column

185
Q

Abdomen

A

oblique and rectus trunk

186
Q

Pelvis

A

pelvic floor, pelvic outlet, and support pelvic organs

187
Q

What are the four muscles of the tongue

A

genioglossus
hyoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus

188
Q

What are the three muscles of the pharynx

A

pharyngeal constrictors
laryngeal elevators
palatal muscles

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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