Tutorial 3 - Bones Flashcards
1
Q
Five types of bones
A
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
2
Q
Long
A
support weight of the body & facilitate movement
ex) humerus, radius and ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals and metatarsals, phalanges
3
Q
Short
A
cube-shaped components of wrist/ankle joints
ex) carpals, tarsals,
4
Q
Flat
A
protect internal organs
ex) cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs
5
Q
Irregular
A
irregular in shape & function
ex) vertebrae, pelvic bone,
6
Q
Sesamoid
A
reinforce tendons, protect from wear and tear
ex) patella
7
Q
Cranial bones
A
flat bones - skullcap
8
Q
Scapulae
A
flat bones - posterior portions of the shoulder girdle
9
Q
Sternum
A
flat bones - middle portion of the anterior wall of the thoracic cage
10
Q
Ribs
A
flat bones - makes up the thoracic cage/framework
11
Q
Humerus
A
long bones - longest/largest upper limb - upper arm bone
12
Q
Radius and ulna
A
long bones - long, thin forearm bone
13
Q
Femur
A
long bones - longest bone of the body (thigh)
14
Q
Tibia and fibula
A
long bones - large parallel bones of the lower limbs
15
Q
Metacarpals and metatarsals
A
long bones - middle region of the foot
16
Q
Phalanges
A
long bones - fingers and toes
17
Q
Carpals
A
short bones - wrist
18
Q
Tarsals
A
short bones - forms the ankle
19
Q
Patella
A
sesamoid bones - knee cap
20
Q
Vertabrae
A
irregular bones - spine including axis and atlas
21
Q
Pelvic bone
A
irregular bones - hip bones
22
Q
6 Components of Long Bone
A
- compact bone
- spongy bone
- medullary cavity
- bone marrow
- diaphysis
- epiphysis
23
Q
Compact bone
A
outer layer - osteons
osteons - concentric lamellae enclosing central canal which blood vessels pass
- more dense
- stronger
- less flexible
- smaller SA
- osteons
24
Q
Spongy bone
A
surrounded by compact bone - lattice-like network of flat bone (Trabeculae)
- less dense
- weaker
- more flexible
- greater SA to facilitate Ca2+ exchange
25
Medullary cavity
hollow interior of the bone
- contains yellow bone marrow
26
Bone marrow
within the medullary cavity
- yellow bone marrow
27
Epiphysis
proximal and distal ends
- covered with articular cartilage
28
Diaphysis
middle of the bone
- covered by periosteum
29
Osteons
concentric lamellae enclosing central canal which blood vessels pass
30
Osteoclasts
- large cells that break down bone matrix
- secrete enzymes for the job
31
Osteoblasts
- synthesize bone matrix
32
Osteocytes
- maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health
33
Axial skeleton
long axis - including skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, thoracic cage
34
Skull
axial skeleton
35
Laryngeal skeleton
axial skeleton - between trachea and the root of the tongue
36
Vertebral column
axial skeleton
37
Thoracic cage
axial skeleton
38
Cranial bones
axial skeleton - skullcap
39
Facial skeleton
axial skeleton - skull/irregular bones
40
Occipital bones
axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones
back of head (vision)
41
Parietal bones
axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones
paired bone - top left and right
42
Temporal bones
axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones
ears / paired bones
43
Frontal bone
axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones
forehead area
44
Sphenoid
axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones
in front of temporal bones
45
Ethmoid
axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones
in the anterior centre-ish region
(behind nose but between eyes)
46
Skull sutures
immobile joints where cranial bones are connected with dense fibrous tissue
47
Lambdoid sutures
skull sutures - between parietal and occipital cranial bones
48
Coronal suture
skull sutures - between parietal and frontal cranial bones
49
Sagittal suture
skull sutures - between the two parietal cranial bones
50
Squamous suture
skull sutures - between temporal and parietal cranial bones
51
Fontanelles
regions of fibrous membrane connecting cranial bones in enfants and young children
52
Sphenoid fontanelle
fontanelle - parietal/frontal/temporal
53
Mastoid fontanelle
fontanelle - temporal/parietal/occipital
54
Posterior fontanelle
fontanelle - top back
55
Anterior fontanelle
fontanelle - top front
56
How many bones in the body
206+ bones in the body
57
How many bones in the face
14 bones in the face
58
Facial bones
form entrances to respiratory and digestive tract
59
Maxillae
facial bone - surrounding nose and cheek area / upper lip
paired bone
60
Mandible
facial bone - jaw
61
Zygomatic bones
facial bone - cheekbone
62
Palatine bones
facial bone - L-shaped
- paired bone
63
Lacrimal bones
facial bone - two smallest and most fragile facial bones
64
Nasal bones
facial bone - nose bridge
65
Inferior nasal conchae
facial bone - paired bones
66
Vomer
facial bone - dead in the centre of the skull but closer to the front, long thin bone
67
Auditory ossicles / smallest bones in the body
part of the temporal bone (ear)
- malleus, incus, stapes
68
Hyoid
- categorized with bones of the skull
- attached to muscles that move tongue and larynx
- located at the neck at the base of the tongue
69
Vertebra
spinal cord is covered by meninges enclosed in vertebral canal (hollow)
70
Cervical spine
(7)
- vertebrae of the neck / forms cervical curve
71
Atlas (C1)
cervical spine - very first vertebrae (on top of the axis)
72
Axis (C2)
cervical spine - second vertebrae (below the atlas)
73
Vertebrae (C3-C7)
cervical spine
74
Thoracic spine
(12)
- vertebrae of the thoracic region / forms thoracic curve
75
Lumbar spine
(5)
- vertebrae of the lumbar region / forms lumbar curve
76
Sacral spine
sacrum & coccyx
77
Thoracic cage
protects internal organs / attaches muscles
- sternum, ribs (true and false)
78
Sternum
manubrium
- body of the sternum
- xiphoid process
79
Ribs
true (1-7)
false (8-12)
80
Manubrium
sternum - top of the sternum
81
Body of the sternum
sternum - middle portion of the sternum
82
Xiphoid process
sternum - bottom part of the sternum
83
True ribs
(1-7) - connected to the sternum
84
False ribs
(8-12) - not connected to the sternum
85
Vertebrochondral ribs
(8,9,10) - false
86
Floating ribs
(11, 12) - false - floating/ not touching both sides
87
Flat bones lack what?
Flat bones lack BONE MARROW CAVITY
They have bone marrow, but no cavity for them
NO MEDULLARY CAVITY
88
What structural element of bones is unique to compact bone?
Osteons
89
In a long bone, the yellow bone marrow is found in the ____________ and red bone marrow is found in _____________________
1. medullary cavity
2. spongy bone
90
Describe flat bone formation
1. mesenchymal cells (connective tissue) develop into osteoblasts
2. osteoblasts cluster together to secrete bone matrix
3. osteoblasts development into osteocytes and harden bone matrix
4. trabeculae form spongy tissue
5. fibrous periosteum forms on surface of bone
6. compact bone replaces the upper layers of the spongy bone
91
In the embryonic development of long bones, ______________ secrete and form a shaft of _________________
1. chondrocytes
2. hyaline cartilage
92
What is the correct order of the following steps of bone repair?
i. Formation of a bony callus
ii. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus
iii. Blood clotting and formation of a fracture hematoma
iv. Remodeling of bone at the site
v. Removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts
iii, v, ii, i, iv
93
Osteoporosis results from a higher rate of bone _______ relative to ____________
1. reabsorption
2. deposition
94
What is the function of fontanelles?
Allow the cranium to expand
95
Cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebrae in what way?
They have bifid spinous processes
They have transverse foramina
96
