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BIOL155 > Tutorial 3 - Bones > Flashcards

Tutorial 3 - Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Five types of bones

A

long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid

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2
Q

Long

A

support weight of the body & facilitate movement

ex) humerus, radius and ulna, femur, tibia and fibula, metacarpals and metatarsals, phalanges

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3
Q

Short

A

cube-shaped components of wrist/ankle joints

ex) carpals, tarsals,

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4
Q

Flat

A

protect internal organs

ex) cranial bones, scapulae, sternum, ribs

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5
Q

Irregular

A

irregular in shape & function

ex) vertebrae, pelvic bone,

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6
Q

Sesamoid

A

reinforce tendons, protect from wear and tear

ex) patella

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7
Q

Cranial bones

A

flat bones - skullcap

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8
Q

Scapulae

A

flat bones - posterior portions of the shoulder girdle

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9
Q

Sternum

A

flat bones - middle portion of the anterior wall of the thoracic cage

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10
Q

Ribs

A

flat bones - makes up the thoracic cage/framework

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11
Q

Humerus

A

long bones - longest/largest upper limb - upper arm bone

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12
Q

Radius and ulna

A

long bones - long, thin forearm bone

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13
Q

Femur

A

long bones - longest bone of the body (thigh)

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14
Q

Tibia and fibula

A

long bones - large parallel bones of the lower limbs

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15
Q

Metacarpals and metatarsals

A

long bones - middle region of the foot

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16
Q

Phalanges

A

long bones - fingers and toes

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17
Q

Carpals

A

short bones - wrist

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18
Q

Tarsals

A

short bones - forms the ankle

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19
Q

Patella

A

sesamoid bones - knee cap

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20
Q

Vertabrae

A

irregular bones - spine including axis and atlas

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21
Q

Pelvic bone

A

irregular bones - hip bones

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22
Q

6 Components of Long Bone

A
  1. compact bone
  2. spongy bone
  3. medullary cavity
  4. bone marrow
  5. diaphysis
  6. epiphysis
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23
Q

Compact bone

A

outer layer - osteons

osteons - concentric lamellae enclosing central canal which blood vessels pass

  • more dense
  • stronger
  • less flexible
  • smaller SA
  • osteons
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24
Q

Spongy bone

A

surrounded by compact bone - lattice-like network of flat bone (Trabeculae)

  • less dense
  • weaker
  • more flexible
  • greater SA to facilitate Ca2+ exchange
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25
Q

Medullary cavity

A

hollow interior of the bone

  • contains yellow bone marrow
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26
Q

Bone marrow

A

within the medullary cavity

  • yellow bone marrow
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27
Q

Epiphysis

A

proximal and distal ends
- covered with articular cartilage

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28
Q

Diaphysis

A

middle of the bone
- covered by periosteum

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29
Q

Osteons

A

concentric lamellae enclosing central canal which blood vessels pass

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30
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • large cells that break down bone matrix
  • secrete enzymes for the job
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31
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • synthesize bone matrix
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32
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health
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33
Q

Axial skeleton

A

long axis - including skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, thoracic cage

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34
Q

Skull

A

axial skeleton

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35
Q

Laryngeal skeleton

A

axial skeleton - between trachea and the root of the tongue

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36
Q

Vertebral column

A

axial skeleton

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37
Q

Thoracic cage

A

axial skeleton

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38
Q

Cranial bones

A

axial skeleton - skullcap

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39
Q

Facial skeleton

A

axial skeleton - skull/irregular bones

40
Q

Occipital bones

A

axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones

back of head (vision)

41
Q

Parietal bones

A

axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones

paired bone - top left and right

42
Q

Temporal bones

A

axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones

ears / paired bones

43
Q

Frontal bone

A

axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones

forehead area

44
Q

Sphenoid

A

axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones

in front of temporal bones

45
Q

Ethmoid

A

axial skeleton - skull - cranial bones

in the anterior centre-ish region
(behind nose but between eyes)

46
Q

Skull sutures

A

immobile joints where cranial bones are connected with dense fibrous tissue

47
Q

Lambdoid sutures

A

skull sutures - between parietal and occipital cranial bones

48
Q

Coronal suture

A

skull sutures - between parietal and frontal cranial bones

49
Q

Sagittal suture

A

skull sutures - between the two parietal cranial bones

50
Q

Squamous suture

A

skull sutures - between temporal and parietal cranial bones

51
Q

Fontanelles

A

regions of fibrous membrane connecting cranial bones in enfants and young children

52
Q

Sphenoid fontanelle

A

fontanelle - parietal/frontal/temporal

53
Q

Mastoid fontanelle

A

fontanelle - temporal/parietal/occipital

54
Q

Posterior fontanelle

A

fontanelle - top back

55
Q

Anterior fontanelle

A

fontanelle - top front

56
Q

How many bones in the body

A

206+ bones in the body

57
Q

How many bones in the face

A

14 bones in the face

58
Q

Facial bones

A

form entrances to respiratory and digestive tract

59
Q

Maxillae

A

facial bone - surrounding nose and cheek area / upper lip

paired bone

60
Q

Mandible

A

facial bone - jaw

61
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

facial bone - cheekbone

62
Q

Palatine bones

A

facial bone - L-shaped

  • paired bone
63
Q

Lacrimal bones

A

facial bone - two smallest and most fragile facial bones

64
Q

Nasal bones

A

facial bone - nose bridge

65
Q

Inferior nasal conchae

A

facial bone - paired bones

66
Q

Vomer

A

facial bone - dead in the centre of the skull but closer to the front, long thin bone

67
Q

Auditory ossicles / smallest bones in the body

A

part of the temporal bone (ear)

  • malleus, incus, stapes
68
Q

Hyoid

A
  • categorized with bones of the skull
  • attached to muscles that move tongue and larynx
  • located at the neck at the base of the tongue
69
Q

Vertebra

A

spinal cord is covered by meninges enclosed in vertebral canal (hollow)

70
Q

Cervical spine

A

(7)

  • vertebrae of the neck / forms cervical curve
71
Q

Atlas (C1)

A

cervical spine - very first vertebrae (on top of the axis)

72
Q

Axis (C2)

A

cervical spine - second vertebrae (below the atlas)

73
Q

Vertebrae (C3-C7)

A

cervical spine

74
Q

Thoracic spine

A

(12)

  • vertebrae of the thoracic region / forms thoracic curve
75
Q

Lumbar spine

A

(5)

  • vertebrae of the lumbar region / forms lumbar curve
76
Q

Sacral spine

A

sacrum & coccyx

77
Q

Thoracic cage

A

protects internal organs / attaches muscles

  • sternum, ribs (true and false)
78
Q

Sternum

A

manubrium

  • body of the sternum
  • xiphoid process
79
Q

Ribs

A

true (1-7)
false (8-12)

80
Q

Manubrium

A

sternum - top of the sternum

81
Q

Body of the sternum

A

sternum - middle portion of the sternum

82
Q

Xiphoid process

A

sternum - bottom part of the sternum

83
Q

True ribs

A

(1-7) - connected to the sternum

84
Q

False ribs

A

(8-12) - not connected to the sternum

85
Q

Vertebrochondral ribs

A

(8,9,10) - false

86
Q

Floating ribs

A

(11, 12) - false - floating/ not touching both sides

87
Q

Flat bones lack what?

A

Flat bones lack BONE MARROW CAVITY

They have bone marrow, but no cavity for them

NO MEDULLARY CAVITY

88
Q

What structural element of bones is unique to compact bone?

89
Q

In a long bone, the yellow bone marrow is found in the ____________ and red bone marrow is found in _____________________

A
  1. medullary cavity
  2. spongy bone
90
Q

Describe flat bone formation

A
  1. mesenchymal cells (connective tissue) develop into osteoblasts
  2. osteoblasts cluster together to secrete bone matrix
  3. osteoblasts development into osteocytes and harden bone matrix
  4. trabeculae form spongy tissue
  5. fibrous periosteum forms on surface of bone
  6. compact bone replaces the upper layers of the spongy bone
91
Q

In the embryonic development of long bones, ______________ secrete and form a shaft of _________________

A
  1. chondrocytes
  2. hyaline cartilage
92
Q

What is the correct order of the following steps of bone repair?

i. Formation of a bony callus
ii. Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus
iii. Blood clotting and formation of a fracture hematoma
iv. Remodeling of bone at the site
v. Removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts

A

iii, v, ii, i, iv

93
Q

Osteoporosis results from a higher rate of bone _______ relative to ____________

A
  1. reabsorption
  2. deposition
94
Q

What is the function of fontanelles?

A

Allow the cranium to expand

95
Q

Cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebrae in what way?

A

They have bifid spinous processes

They have transverse foramina

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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