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BIOL155 > WT1 Final > Flashcards

WT1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is sex

A

Sex is what you have

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2
Q

Sexuality

A

Who I am - who you are attracted to

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2
Q

What is gender

A

Who I am - who you identify as

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3
Q

What is morphological sex

A
  • external genitalia
  • male reproductive = scrotum, penis
  • female reproductive = vagina, clitoris
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4
Q

What are primary sex characteristics

A
  • include the male and female reproductive systems
  • penis, vagina, scrotum, ability to give birth, menstruation (external genitalia)
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5
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics

A
  • body hair, facial hair, breast development, voice changes, sexual response
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6
Q

What is gonadal sex

A

The anatomy of gonads and which gametes are produced
- testes = sperm
- ovaries = ova

  • all gonads start as bipotential and eventually develop into either the testes or ovaries based on the presence of the SRY gene and TDF (SOX9)
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7
Q

What is chromosomal sex

A
  • The XX or XY combination of chromosomes that you have in your non-germline cells
  • There is an SRY gene on such chromosomes that drive the development of male characteristics
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8
Q

What are the sex hormones

A

Testicular or ovarian hormones
- testosterone
- estrogen

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9
Q

What are the three types of cells in gonads

A
  1. Steroid-secreting cells
  2. Germ cells
  3. Support/nurse cells
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10
Q

Describe the indifferent stage of the male/female gonads and how it differentiates into one or the other

A
  • bipotential gonad
  • presence or absence of SRY drives male characteristics development
  • TDF or SOX9 drives testes development
  • if not present, female development occurs
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11
Q

What are the three types of gonadal cells in testes

A
  1. Steroid-secreting cells: Leydig cells
  2. Germ cells: Spermatogonia
  3. Nurse/support cells: Sertoli cells
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12
Q

What are the three types of gonadal cells in ovaries

A
  1. Steroid-secreting cells: thecal cells/follicular cells
  2. Germ cells: oogonia
  3. Nurse/support cells: granulosa cells
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13
Q

Describe the degradation of the ducts in a bipotential gonad

A
  1. Wolffian duct
  2. Mullerian duct
  • anti-Mullerian hormone in Sertoli cells
  • AMH+ means wolffian becomes vas deferens
  • AMH- means mullerian becomes oviduct
  • other duct will degrade
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14
Q

What is the role of FSH and LH during puberty

A
  • gonadal hormone levels rise in both sexes
  • FSH initiates gamete production
  • LH initiates sex hormone release which starts secondary sex characteristic development & behaviour
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15
Q

Where is sperm formed

A
  • formed within seminiferous tubules of the testes
  • sperm comes from germ cells (spermatogonia)
16
Q

Describe the order in which you would find the gonadal cells in testes from inside to outside

A

Inside = spermatogonia
Middle = Sertoli cells
Outside = Leydig cells

17
Q

What is gametogenesis for males

A
  1. mitosis of spermatogonium
  2. meiosis I of primary spermatocyte = 2 secondary spermatocytes
  3. meiosis II converts secondary spermatocytes into 4 spermatids
  4. spermatogenesis (physical maturation) produces 4 sperm cells
18
Q

Trace the path of sperm development

A

testes > seminiferous tubules > lumen > retes testis > epididymis > vas deferens/ampulla > ejaculatory duct > urethra > penis

19
Q

What are the stages of a sperm cell

A

spermatogonium/spermatogonia > spermatocyte > spermatid > sperm

20
Q

What are the five structural components of a sperm and their functions

A
  1. Acrosome - contains enzymes that help with breaking through/penetrating the corona radiata of the ova
  2. Head - contains the DNA/haploid chromosomes
  3. Neck - connects the head to the middle piece
  4. Middle piece - contains the mitochondria needed to produce ATP to make the sperm motile
  5. Tail - contains flagellum to help with swimming and propulsion
21
Q

Where are sperm stored

A

in the vas deferens/ampulla

22
Q

What is capacitation and where does it first occur

A
  • process by which sperm becomes motile
  • occurs in the ejaculatory duct where sperm mixes with seminal fluid from the seminal glands
23
Q

What are the components of sperm

A
  1. 5-10% sperm from testes
  2. 60-65% fluid/fructose from seminal glands
  3. 20-30% seminal plasmis from prostate gland (protects urethra)
  4. ~1% muscous from bulbourethral glands (protects sperm and lubricates penis)
24
Q

How is penile tissue influenced by the ANS and somatic NS

A

Autonomic
- parasympathetic fibers innervate erectile tissue (relaxation of smooth muscle increases blood pooling and causes erection)
- sympathetic fibers innervate the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles (stimulates final maturation stages)

Somatic
- somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles at the base of the penis to help push semen out of the urethra

25
Q
A

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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