Tutorial 2 - Tissue Types / Burns Flashcards
What is a tissue membrane?
epithelial tissue + connective tissue
What are the four types of membranes?
- cutaneous (skin)
- synovial
- mucous
- serous
What is a mucous membrane?
lines passageways/chambers - absorption and secretion
What is a serous membrane?
found in the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum - delicate and never connected to the exterior
What is a cutaneous membrane?
covers the surface of body - thick, waterproof, stratified squamous epithelium and layer of areolar tissue
What is a synovial membrane?
freely movable joint cavities
- different from true epithelia:
a) develops within connective tissue
b) no basement membrane present
c) gaps separating adjacent cells
d) synovial fluid + capillaries in underlying connective tissue exchange
What is fasciae?
connective tissue layers that support and surround organs
- not connected to epithelium
What are the three subtypes of fasciae?
- superficial: between skin and underlying organs (areolar and adipose tissue)
- deep: fibrous framework, continuous with capsules, ligaments, etc. (dense regular connective tissue)
- subserous: between serous membranes and deep fascia
Describe first degree burns
- only the surface of epidermis is damaged
- causes erythema: inflammation of sun-damaged tissues (reddening)
- capable of self repair
Describe second degree burns
- damages entire epidermis and some dermis
- most accessory structures are unaffected
- capable of self repair
Describe third degree burns
- aka full thickness burn
- epidermis and dermis are damaged
- not capable of self repair
- may reach the subcutaneous membrane (hypodermis)
- accessory structures (nerves) are damaged = loss of sensation!
What layer of the cutaneous membrane would be affected in a second degree burn but not a first degree burn?
some of the dermis
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare
What layer of the cutaneous membrane would be affected in a third degree burn but not a second degree burn?
the entirety of the dermis
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare
- may reach the subcutaneous membrane
What is skin grafting
skin transplant
- split-thickness
- full-thickeness
What is split-thickness skin grafting
split-thickness = epidermis + superficial layers of dermis
What is full-thickness skin grafting
full-thickness = epidermis + dermis
What are the four phases of repair for the integumentary system
- inflammatory
- migratory
- proliferation
- scarring
What is the inflammation phase
mast cell activation (immune cells)
- phagocytic cells rush to the site
- increased blood flow
What is the migratory phase
cells of the stratum basale are migrating to replace missing cells
- blood clot or scar temporarily acts as the epidermis and prevents invasions (formed by platelets)
- fibroblasts & mesenchymal cells begin formation of new blood vessels and GRANULATION TISSUE (in connective tissue)
What is the proliferation phase
- fibroblasts continue to produce collagen fibres and ground substance (connective tissue - dermis)
- not fully restored but the dermis will have lots of collagen fibres and fewer blood vessels/capillares
What is the scarring phase
damaged accessory structures are repaired and replaced
How does scar tissue differ from undamaged cutaneous membrane/skin?
compared to undamaged cutaneous membrane/skin, scar tissue has lost some of its normal functions
What is a keloid scar?
excess scar tissue formation beyond what is needed for tissue repair gets pushed up
- raised, thickened mass of scar tissue from site of injury growing into dermis
- covered by shiny, smooth epidermal surface
What are the 6 types of body cells and their functions?
- bone cells - support bone (skeletal system)
- blood cells - carry oxygen (circulatory system)
- nerve cells - transmit signals (nervous system)
- muscle cells - move the body (muscular system)
- skin cells - protects organs (integumentary system)
- sex cells - enable reproduction (reproductive system)
What are the two types of cells?
- somatic (body) cells
ex: neurons, red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, osteocytes
(divide by mitosis) - gametes (sex cells)
ex: sperm cells, egg cells
(divide by meiosis)
What are the four main tissue types?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
What are the 2 types of specialized connective tissue that contain fluid instead of fibers?
blood and lymph
What are the three types of epithelium?
- simple
- stratified
- pseudo-stratified
- cuboidal
- squamous
- columnar
Describe the structure of epithelium
- apical side - top surface (in contact with lumen)
- basolateral side - bottom/side (in contact with interstitial fluid)
- basement membrane - separates epithelial cells from underlying connective tissue
What are the two subtypes of connective tissue?
loose - less fibres
dense - packed with fibres
What are the three subtypes of loose connective tissue and some characteristics about them?
- loosely arranged fibres and abundant ground substance
- adipose
- areolar
- reticular
What are the six subtypes of dense connective tissues and some characteristics about them?
- tightly arranged fibres
- fibrous connective tissue
- packed with fibres
regular dense tissue:
- tendons
- ligaments
- bone
- cartilage
fluid matrix, no fibres
- blood
- lymph
What are the five layers of the epidermis?
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosome
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
What are the two layers of the dermis?
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare
What is autografting
using the patient’s own undamaged to skin transplant
What is allografting
using frozen skin from a cadaver to skin transplant - temporary solution because the body will reject it after 1-3 weeks
What is xenografting
using animal skin to skin transplant - temporary solution because the body will reject it after 1-3 weeks
What is the difference between dense regular and irregular connective tissue?
dense regular connective tissue:
- extracellular fibres dominate over cells
- make up tendons and ligaments
- parallel to the long axis of fibres
- fibers run parallel to the vertical axis
dense irregular connective tissue:
- extracellular fibres dominate over cells
- mesh with no consistent pattern
- covers bones and cartilage
- fibres are more chaotic -> some run parallel to the vertical axis and some run perpendicular as well
What is transitional epithelium?
- epithelium with multiple layers and marshmellow-looking cells on the top :P
