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BIOL155 > Tutorial 2 - Tissue Types / Burns > Flashcards

Tutorial 2 - Tissue Types / Burns Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue membrane?

A

epithelial tissue + connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the four types of membranes?

A
  • cutaneous (skin)
  • synovial
  • mucous
  • serous
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3
Q

What is a mucous membrane?

A

lines passageways/chambers - absorption and secretion

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4
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

found in the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum - delicate and never connected to the exterior

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5
Q

What is a cutaneous membrane?

A

covers the surface of body - thick, waterproof, stratified squamous epithelium and layer of areolar tissue

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6
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

freely movable joint cavities
- different from true epithelia:
a) develops within connective tissue
b) no basement membrane present
c) gaps separating adjacent cells
d) synovial fluid + capillaries in underlying connective tissue exchange

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7
Q

What is fasciae?

A

connective tissue layers that support and surround organs
- not connected to epithelium

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8
Q

What are the three subtypes of fasciae?

A
  • superficial: between skin and underlying organs (areolar and adipose tissue)
  • deep: fibrous framework, continuous with capsules, ligaments, etc. (dense regular connective tissue)
  • subserous: between serous membranes and deep fascia
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9
Q

Describe first degree burns

A
  • only the surface of epidermis is damaged
  • causes erythema: inflammation of sun-damaged tissues (reddening)
  • capable of self repair
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10
Q

Describe second degree burns

A
  • damages entire epidermis and some dermis
  • most accessory structures are unaffected
  • capable of self repair
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11
Q

Describe third degree burns

A
  • aka full thickness burn
  • epidermis and dermis are damaged
  • not capable of self repair
  • may reach the subcutaneous membrane (hypodermis)
  • accessory structures (nerves) are damaged = loss of sensation!
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12
Q

What layer of the cutaneous membrane would be affected in a second degree burn but not a first degree burn?

A

some of the dermis
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare

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13
Q

What layer of the cutaneous membrane would be affected in a third degree burn but not a second degree burn?

A

the entirety of the dermis
- stratum papillare
- stratum reticulare

  • may reach the subcutaneous membrane
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14
Q

What is skin grafting

A

skin transplant
- split-thickness
- full-thickeness

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15
Q

What is split-thickness skin grafting

A

split-thickness = epidermis + superficial layers of dermis

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16
Q

What is full-thickness skin grafting

A

full-thickness = epidermis + dermis

17
Q

What are the four phases of repair for the integumentary system

A
  1. inflammatory
  2. migratory
  3. proliferation
  4. scarring
18
Q

What is the inflammation phase

A

mast cell activation (immune cells)
- phagocytic cells rush to the site
- increased blood flow

19
Q

What is the migratory phase

A

cells of the stratum basale are migrating to replace missing cells
- blood clot or scar temporarily acts as the epidermis and prevents invasions (formed by platelets)
- fibroblasts & mesenchymal cells begin formation of new blood vessels and GRANULATION TISSUE (in connective tissue)

20
Q

What is the proliferation phase

A
  • fibroblasts continue to produce collagen fibres and ground substance (connective tissue - dermis)
  • not fully restored but the dermis will have lots of collagen fibres and fewer blood vessels/capillares
21
Q

What is the scarring phase

A

damaged accessory structures are repaired and replaced

22
Q

How does scar tissue differ from undamaged cutaneous membrane/skin?

A

compared to undamaged cutaneous membrane/skin, scar tissue has lost some of its normal functions

23
Q

What is a keloid scar?

A

excess scar tissue formation beyond what is needed for tissue repair gets pushed up
- raised, thickened mass of scar tissue from site of injury growing into dermis
- covered by shiny, smooth epidermal surface

24
Q

What are the 6 types of body cells and their functions?

A
  1. bone cells - support bone (skeletal system)
  2. blood cells - carry oxygen (circulatory system)
  3. nerve cells - transmit signals (nervous system)
  4. muscle cells - move the body (muscular system)
  5. skin cells - protects organs (integumentary system)
  6. sex cells - enable reproduction (reproductive system)
25
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  1. somatic (body) cells
    ex: neurons, red blood cells, skeletal muscle cells, osteocytes
    (divide by mitosis)
  2. gametes (sex cells)
    ex: sperm cells, egg cells
    (divide by meiosis)
26
Q

What are the four main tissue types?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
27
Q

What are the 2 types of specialized connective tissue that contain fluid instead of fibers?

A

blood and lymph

28
Q

What are the three types of epithelium?

A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. pseudo-stratified
  4. cuboidal
  5. squamous
  6. columnar
29
Q

Describe the structure of epithelium

A
  1. apical side - top surface (in contact with lumen)
  2. basolateral side - bottom/side (in contact with interstitial fluid)
  3. basement membrane - separates epithelial cells from underlying connective tissue
30
Q

What are the two subtypes of connective tissue?

A

loose - less fibres

dense - packed with fibres

31
Q

What are the three subtypes of loose connective tissue and some characteristics about them?

A
  • loosely arranged fibres and abundant ground substance
  • adipose
  • areolar
  • reticular
32
Q

What are the six subtypes of dense connective tissues and some characteristics about them?

A
  • tightly arranged fibres
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • packed with fibres

regular dense tissue:
- tendons
- ligaments

  • bone
  • cartilage

fluid matrix, no fibres
- blood
- lymph

33
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosome
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
34
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. stratum papillare
  2. stratum reticulare
35
Q

What is autografting

A

using the patient’s own undamaged to skin transplant

36
Q

What is allografting

A

using frozen skin from a cadaver to skin transplant - temporary solution because the body will reject it after 1-3 weeks

37
Q

What is xenografting

A

using animal skin to skin transplant - temporary solution because the body will reject it after 1-3 weeks

38
Q

What is the difference between dense regular and irregular connective tissue?

A

dense regular connective tissue:
- extracellular fibres dominate over cells
- make up tendons and ligaments
- parallel to the long axis of fibres
- fibers run parallel to the vertical axis

dense irregular connective tissue:
- extracellular fibres dominate over cells
- mesh with no consistent pattern
- covers bones and cartilage
- fibres are more chaotic -> some run parallel to the vertical axis and some run perpendicular as well

39
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A
  • epithelium with multiple layers and marshmellow-looking cells on the top :P

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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