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BIOL155 > Tutorial 7 - Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Tutorial 7 - Lower Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Breakdown the structural components of muscles?

A

Muscle -> Fascicle -> Myofibre -> Myofibril -> Myofilaments

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2
Q

What are thick filaments in muscles made of?

A

Myosin protein

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3
Q

What are the thin filaments in muscles made of?

A

Actin, actinin, troponin, tropomyosin

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4
Q

What does hallucis mean?

A

Digit 1 - big toe

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5
Q

What does minimi mean?

A

Digit 5 - little toe

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6
Q

What are the 5 main steps in muscle contraction?

A
  1. Calcium release and binding to troponin reveals myosin binding active site on actin
  2. Cross bridges form as myosin head binds to actin
  3. Power stroke caused by the release of ADP+P and sarcomeres shorten as they are pulled
  4. New supply of ATP binds to myosin to cross bridges detach
  5. ATP hydrolysis to ADP + P recocks and resets myosin head
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7
Q

What group of lower limb muscles is responsible for flexion of the hip?

A

Iliopsoas:

  1. Psoas major
  2. Psoas minor
  3. Iliacus
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8
Q

Iliopsoas (3 muscles)

A

Psoas major
Psoas minor
Iliacus

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9
Q

What group of lower limb muscles is responsible for rotation/extension of the hip?

A

Gluteal:

  1. Gluteal maximus
  2. Gluteal medius
  3. Gluteal minimus
  4. Tensor fasciae latae
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10
Q

What group of lower limb muscles is responsible for lateral rotation of the hip?

A

Lateral rotators

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11
Q

What are the 4 muscles in the gluteal?

A
  1. Gluteal maximus
  2. Gluteal medius
  3. Gluteal minimus
  4. Tensor fasciae latae
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12
Q

What are the 6 muscles of the lateral rotators?

A
  1. Obturator externus
  2. Obturator internus
  3. Superior gernellus
  4. Inferior gernellus
  5. Quadratus femoris
  6. Piriformis
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13
Q

How many compartments does the thigh have?

A

3

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • medial
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14
Q

What are the two muscles of the anterior thigh compartment?

A
  1. Quadriceps femoris
  2. Sartorius
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15
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps femoris?

A
  • has 4 heads that extend the knee
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16
Q

What is the function of the sartorius?

A
  • involved in knee and hip flexion
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17
Q

What are the four heads of the anterior compartment?

A
  1. rectus femoris
  2. vastus laterialis
  3. vastus medialis
  4. vastus intermedius
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18
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps?

A
  • extend the knee
  • insert by a common tendon(the quadriceps tendon) to the patella
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19
Q

What are the three muscles of the medial thigh compartment?

A

Medial compartment

  1. Adductors
  2. Pectineus
  3. Gracilis
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20
Q

What is the function of the medial thigh compartment?

A

Adductor muscles - adduct and rotate the hips

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21
Q

Which group of lower limb muscles is responsible for adducting and rotating the hip?

A

The medial thigh compartment

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22
Q

What are the three adductors in the medial thigh compartment?

A
  1. Adductor brevis
  2. Adductor longus
  3. Adductor magnus
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23
Q

What are the three muscles of the posterior thigh compartment?

A

AKA HAMSTRINGS

  1. biceps femoris
  2. semitendinosus
  3. semimembranous
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24
Q

What is the function of the hamstrings?

A

Act as prime movers in knee flexion and thigh extension (notice that the prime movers of knee flexion are located at the back of the leg)

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25
Q

Which group of lower limb muscles is the prime movers in knee flexion and thigh extension?

A

Posterior thigh compartment = hamstrings

26
Q

What are the four muscles in the anterior lower leg compartment?

A
  1. tibialis anterior
  2. extensor digitorum longus
  3. extensor hallucis longus
  4. fibularis (peroneus) tertius
27
Q

What is the function of the anterior lower leg compartment?

A

Extend digits 2-5 and the big toe

28
Q

Which group of lower limbs muscles is responsible for extending digits 2-5 and the big toe?

A

Anterior lower leg compartment

29
Q

Which group of lower limbs muscles is responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

Anterior lower leg compartment

30
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Upward movement of the foot or toes or digging of the heel

31
Q

What are the two muscles of the lateral lower leg compartment?

A
  1. fibularis (peroneus) longus
  2. fibularis (peroneus) brevis
32
Q

What is the function of the lateral lower leg compartment?

A

Plantarflexion and eversion of the foot
- stabilizing the ankle

33
Q

Which group of lower limb muscles is responsible for plantarflexion and eversion of the foot?

A

Lateral lower leg compartment

34
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Downward movement of the foot or toes
- tippy toes?

35
Q

What is eversion?

A

Turning the foot outwards

36
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the posterior/superficial compartment of the lower leg?

A
  1. Gastrocnemius (upper calf)
  2. Soleus (majority of the calf/beneath)
  3. Achilles tendon (lower calf)
  4. Plantaris (thin, long running down the calf)
37
Q

What is the function of the posterior superficial lower leg compartment?

A

Plantarflexion of the foot
- insert by a common tendon
- Achilles or calcaneal tendon in the calcaneus

38
Q

What are the four muscles in the posterior/deep compartment of the leg?

A
  1. popliteus
  2. tibialis posterior
  3. flexor digitorum longus (digits 2-5)
  4. flexor hallucis (longus (digit 1)
39
Q

What is the function of the popliteus?

A

To rotate the leg

40
Q

What is the function of the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus?

A

These are two flexors that flex the toes

41
Q

What is the function of the posterior/deep compartment of the lower leg

A

Plantarflex and invert the foot

42
Q

What is inversion?

A

Turning structure inwards

43
Q

What divides limb muscles into separate compartments?

A

Deep fasciae divide limb muscles into separate compartments

44
Q

What are the two muscles of the dorsum?

A
  1. extensor digitorum brevis (digits 2-4)
  2. extensor hallucis brevis (digit 1)
45
Q

Which group of foot muscles are the extensors?

46
Q

What is the function of the dorsum muscles?

A

Extend the toes

47
Q

What are the three muscles of the plantar layer 1?

A
  1. flexor digitorum brevis (digits 2-5)
  2. abductor hallucis (digit 1)
  3. abductor digiti minimi (digit 5)
48
Q

What is the function of the plantar layer 1?

A

Flex and abduct the toes

49
Q

What are the two muscles of the plantar layer 2?

A
  1. Quadratus plantae
  2. Lumbricals
50
Q

What is the function of the plantar layer 2?

A

Flex the toes

51
Q

Where is the plantar layer 1?

A

Superficial, bottom-most layer

52
Q

What are the four muscles of the plantar layer 3?

A
  1. flexor hallucis brevis (Digit 1)
  2. adductor hallucis
  3. flexor digiti minimi brevis (digit 5)
  4. opponens digiti minimi (digit 5)
53
Q

What is the function of the plantar layer 3?

A

Flex and adduct the toes

54
Q

What are the two muscles of the plantar layer 4?

A
  1. dorsal interossei (top of the foot)
  2. plantar interossei (bottom of the foot)
55
Q

Where is the plantar layer 4?

A

fourth and deepest layer

56
Q

What is the function of the plantar layer 4?

A

Adduct and abduct toes

57
Q

What is hypertrophy

A
  • muscles that are used a lot develop more mitochondria
  • inserting more myofibrils in a myofibre (increased diameter)
  • enlargement of the stimulated muscle
  • training or steroids
58
Q

What is atrophy

A
  • opposite of hypertrophy
  • muscle is underused -> becomes weaker, smaller, flaccid
  • normal consequence of aging -> can be the result of paralysis
  • initially reversible but dying muscles fibres cannot be replaced
59
Q

What is muscular dystrophy

A
  • conditions that produce muscle weakness and deterioration
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
  • Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
  • progressive muscular weakness develops -> can lead to death by respiratory paralysis
60
Q

How is muscular dystrophy sex linked?

A

Women are usually unaffected because dystrophy affects the x chromosome/gene, and since women have two copies of the x chromosome, there is a possibility that they do not express the dystrophic mutation

However, in males, because they only have one y and one x chromosome, they are more likely to express dystrophy if it exists on their x chromosome - there is no other x chromosome to mask it

Symptoms usually start showing up at young ages

61
Q

What causes dystrophy?

A

When dystrophin ( a protein that stabilizes muscle cell membrane) gets a mutation, it either leads to a

  1. LOSS OF DYSTORPHIN
    = Duchenne muscular dystrophy

or

  1. MISSHAPE DYSTROPHIN
    = Becker muscular dystrophy

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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