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BIOL155 > Tutorial 9 - Brain & Eyes > Flashcards

Tutorial 9 - Brain & Eyes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

CNS receives sensory input and integrates info to form perception and thought (speech and movement, maintain homeostasis)

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

Dura mater

A

outer, closest to the skull

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4
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle layer

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5
Q

Pia mater

A

clings to brain (inner layer)

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6
Q

What are the brainstem’s functions?

A

brainstem is continuous for the spinal cord
- motor and sensory neurons that connect CNS and PNS pass through brainstem
- responsible for involuntary functions of circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems

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7
Q

What are the three components of the brainstem?

A
  1. pons
  2. medulla oblongata
  3. midbrain
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8
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
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9
Q

What are the three main ventricles of the brain?

A
  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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10
Q

What are meninges?

A

Three layers of membrane protecting the CNS and brain

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11
Q

What are the functions of the ventricles of the brain?

A

Ventricles are cavities inside the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid - site of production of the CSF

  • CSF supports the CNS by absorbing impacts and exchanging nutrients/wastes with the bloodstream
  • produced in CHOROID PLEXUSES on the ventricle walls
  • circulates through ventricles into meninges and spinal cord
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12
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

In the CHOROID PLEXUSES on the ventricles walls

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13
Q

How is blood supplied to the brain?

A

Supplied through internal carotid and vertebral arteries

Drained through dural venous sinuses and internal jugular vein

Capillary walls and astrocytes surrounding the capillaries form BBB

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14
Q

What forms the BBB? What is the function of the BBB?

A

Formed by capillary walls and surrounding astrocytes

Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain tissue

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15
Q

Trace the path of blood TO the brain

A

Supplied through INTERNAL CAROTID and VERTEBRAL ARTERIES

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16
Q

Trace the path of blood FROM the brain

A

Drained through DURAL VENOUS SINUSES and INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN

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17
Q

What are the three main regions of the brain?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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18
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves

  • controls autonomic and involuntary functions such as respiration and heartbeat
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19
Q

Which sense is the medulla oblongata NOT responsible for?

A

Vision

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20
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Contains tracts and nuclei that link brain parts together / for cranial nerves

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21
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Contains nuclei for cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV (trochlear)

  • contains colliculi which controls visual (superior) and auditory (inferior) reflexes
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22
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • subconsciously evaluates body movement and sends signals to the cerebral cortex of the cerebrum to adjust skeletal muscles as needed
  • fine tunes body movements and manages balance and posture
  • posterior to brainstem and inferior to occipital of cerebrum
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23
Q

What are the structural parts of the cerebrum?

A

Made of 2 lobes, vermis, tracts of white matter (arbor vitae) and cerebellar peduncles
- cerebellar peduncles relay info to other parts of the brain

24
Q

What is the epithalamus made of?

A

Composed mostly of the pineal gland and related structures

25
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates autonomic nervous functions and behaviour - produces hormones to influence pituitary gland and regulate endocrine functions
26
What is the function of the thalamus?
- learning and memory - passes sensory info to different regions of cerebral cortex - chooses what info is important enough to go to the cerebral cortex for sensory input
27
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
- functions are activated by hormones from the hypothalamus - hormones from hypothalamus activate hormone secretion by pituitary - hormones drive endocrine functions by targeting glands and tissues
28
What are the functions of the limbic system structures?
Create functional classification of brain - associated with emotions, olfaction, memory
29
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
- higher intellectual functions and conscious thought
30
What is the function of the cerebral cortex
process sensory and motor info (left and right) - outermost part of cerebrum
31
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Coordinate learned movement - nuclei inside cerebrum that influence body movement and muscle tone
32
What are sulci
Cerebral cortex folds into gyri, which are separated by GROOVES CALLED SULCI
33
What are the two hemispheres of the brain?
Left and right
34
What does the left hemisphere control?
language/calculation
35
What does the right hemisphere control?
visual, emotional, artistic awareness
36
What are the six cerebral cortex areas?
1. Primary motor cortex (M1) 2. Olfactory cortex (O1) 3. Primary auditory cortex (A1) 4. Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) 5. Gustatory cortex (G1) 6. Visual cortex (V1)
37
What are the four lobes of the brain?
1. Parietal 2. Occipital 3. Temporal 4. Frontal
38
Which two lobes are responsible for motor signals?
1. Frontal lobe 2. Temporal lobe
39
Which two lobes are responsible for sensory signals?
1. Parietal lobe 2. Occipital lobe
40
Nasolacrimal duct
final destination for draining tears before they are emptied into the nasal cavity
41
Lacrimal sac
after the lacrimal canaliculi, tears drain into lacrimal sac
42
Lacrimal canaliculi
tears drained from the excretory duct go to the lacrimal canaliculi next
43
Cornea
refract light and projects image onto retina
44
Lens
refract light and projects image onto retina
45
Retina
- back of the eye - contains optic nerve (cranial nerve II) - contains optic disk - contains central retinal vein / central retinal artery - photoreceptors = specialized cells stimulated by light
46
Vitreous humour
fills vitreous cavity - holds retina against choroid
47
Aqueous humour
fills the cavity between cornea and lens
48
Excretory ducts
tears drain through excretory ducts and over eyeball surface to lacrimal canaliculi
49
Optic nerve
conveys visual info to brain
50
Lacrimal glands
secrete lacrimal fluid or tears
51
Sclera: vascular or fibrous tunic?
fibrous tunic
52
Choroid: vascular or fibrous tunic?
vascular tunic
53
Ciliary body: vascular or fibrous tunic?
vascular tunic
54
Iris: vascular or fibrous tunic?
vascular tunic
55
What are rod photoreceptors?
detect light but not colour (intensity)
56
What are cone photoreceptors?
detect bright light and allow for colour vision
57

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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