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BIOL155 > Ovarian and Uterine Cycle > Flashcards

Ovarian and Uterine Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Both ovaries and testes contain nurse and steroid-secreting types of cells

A

TRUE
- both gonads contain nurse (support), steroid-secreting, and germ cells

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1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Both ovaries and testes release gametes into ducts/tubules within the internal reproductive tract.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Both ovaries and testes release gametes into internal tubule systems within the gonad.

A

FALSE
- While both ovaries and testes release gametes, the statement about releasing them into internal tubule systems within the gonad is not accurate for both.

  • In females, the ovaries release eggs (ova) into the fallopian tubes not internal tubule systems within the gonad.
  • In males, the testes release sperm into a system of ducts that includes the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct, not directly into internal tubule systems within the gonad.
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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Gametogenesis involves the proliferation of support cells in both ovaries and testes.

A

FALSE
- gametogenesis involves the maturation of gametes in the ovaries and testes

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Both ovaries and testes only release one (or occasionally) two gametes at one time.

A

FALSE
- testes release many sperm at once, while ovaries only release a single ovum at a time

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Both ovaries and testes can maintain the release of gametes throughout adulthood as long as sex steroid levels are maintained.

A

FALSE

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6
Q

What are the internal genitalia of the female reproductive system

A
  • ovaries (gonads)
  • uterine (Fallopian) ducts
  • uterus
  • vagina
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7
Q

What are the external genitalia of the female reproductive system

A
  • mons pubis
  • clitoris
  • labia
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8
Q

Why is the vagina considered both an internal and external genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

It is structurally internal but during embryonic development it was formed outside?

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9
Q

What is the role of internal genitalia in the female reproductive system

A

to help move, protect, and nourish an ovum/zygote before and after fertilization

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10
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system

A
  • manufacture gametes (ova)
  • provide nourishment and protection to a developing embryo
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11
Q

Describe the function of the following female reproductive structure:

Ovaries

A

make the ova (oogenesis)

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12
Q

Describe the function of the following female reproductive structure:

Uterus

A

site of embryonic and fetal development

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13
Q

Describe the function of the following female reproductive structure:

Clitoris

A

erectile tissue; responsible for pleasurable sensations associated with the sexual response

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14
Q

Describe the function of the following female reproductive structure:

Vagina

A

responsible for receiving sperm and for pleasurable sensations associated with the sexual response
- birth canal

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15
Q

Describe the function of the following female reproductive structure:

Uterine tubes/Fallopian tubes

A

site of fertilization

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16
Q

What does bipotential gonad mean

A
  • has the potential to become either male or female
  • depending on the signals from SRY -> may push towards male or female reproductive system
  • bipotential refers to the capability of a structure to differentiate into either male or female reproductive organs
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17
Q

During the embryonic period, there are two ducts, which one degrades and which ones develops into the female reproductive system

A
  • Wolffian duct degrades
  • Mullerian duct becomes part of the female reproductive system
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18
Q

True or False:

The Fallopian tube is attached to the ovary

A

FALSE
- the Fallopian tube is not attracted to the ovary
- there are like little hand-like projections that sweep the ovaries

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19
Q

What are the three classes of cells organized into clusters/layers in ovarian follicles

A
  1. Steroid-secreting cells
  2. Germ cells
  3. Nurse (support) cells
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20
Q

Describe the regions of a mature ovary

A
  • cortical and medullary regions
  • ovarian hilum
  • germinal epithelium
  • tunica albuginea
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21
Q

What is the ovarian hilum of the ovary

A

a ligament like structure that connects the ovaries to the rest of the reproductive tract

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22
Q

What is the germinal epithelium of the ovary

A

outer epithelium surrounding the ovary

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23
Q

What is the tunica albuginea of the ovary

A

part of the layer surrounding the ovary, but is a layer of dense connective tissue just beneath the germinal epithelium

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24
Q

What is the cortex and medulla of the ovary

A

cortex = outside
medulla = middle region

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25
Q

Where do oocytes develop

A

Oocytes develop within follicles in the ovarian cortex
- housed in follicles

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26
Q

What type of cells do oocytes form from

A

Oocytes form from germ cells within ovarian follicles, surrounded by two classes of support cells
- develop within follicles in the ovarian cortex

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27
Q

What are germ cells called in the female reproductive system

A

oogonia/oocytes

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28
Q

What are support/nurse cells called in the female reproductive system

A

granulosa cells

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29
Q

What are steroid-secreting cells called in the female reproductive system

A

theca/thecal cells

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30
Q

Compare and contrast the names of the three functional classes of cells in the male vs female reproductive system

A

Male

  1. Spermatogonia/spermatocytes
  2. Sertoli cells
  3. Leydig cells

Female

  1. Oogonia/oocytes
  2. Granulosa cells
  3. Theca/thecal cells
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31
Q

Describe the layering of the three types of cells in the ovaries

A

Inside = primary oocyte
Middle = granulosa cells
Outside = theca cells

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32
Q

How many oocytes form from oogenesis

A

ONE gamete and 2-3 non-functional polar bodies

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33
Q

What is oogenesis

A

Process by which ova are produced
- process that involves both mitosis and meiosis

34
Q

Trace the steps of oogenesis

A
  1. Start with oogonium/oogonia
    - undergoes mitosis and divides into two offspring cells with 46 chromosomes
  2. Becomes a primary oocyte
    - only one of the offspring cells from mitosis enters meiosis I
    - formation of tetrads
    - becomes a secondary oocyte
  3. Secondary oocyte forms 1 gamete (ovum) with 23 chromosomes
    - the other 3 become polar bodies that do not progress (will degrade)
35
Q

When does oogenesis begin

A

Begins during embryonic development, continues during the ovarian cycle and is not fully complete until fertilization

36
Q

What is an oocyte

A

Oocyte = immature egg cell
Oogonia = germ cell (very immature)
Ovum = mature egg cell
Ova = multiple mature eggs

37
Q

Describe how it goes from

oogonia -> oocyte -> ovum

A

Oogonia -> oocyte = oogenesis
Oocyte -> ovum = maturation and fertilization by sperm

38
Q

How long is oogenesis

A

~14 days (shorter than spermatogenesis)

39
Q

True or False:

Oogenesis occurs in parallel with development and growth of the follicle surrounding an individual oocyte

A

TRUE

40
Q

Trace the path of oogenesis and follicle development

A
  1. Get primary oocytes by 5 months of development
    - primordial ovarian follicles in egg nest
  2. Formation of primary ovarian follicle
    - development of primary oocyte, theca cells, and granulosa cells
  3. Formation of secondary ovarian follicle
    - development of zona pellucida
    - protective layer around oocyte
  4. Formation of a tertiary ovarian follicle
    - develops antrum containing follicular fluid
41
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

Protective layer around the oocyte

42
Q

What condition must be met in order for a follicle to be considered a tertiary follicle

A
  • needs antrum
  • space with fluid
  • space with no cells
  • contains a secondary oocyte
  • ready for ovulation
43
Q

How many follicles reach the tertiary stage of development

A

Usually only 1 follicle per cycle reaches this stage

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Oocyte activation and maturation is accompanied by cell proliferation and differentiation in its surrounding follicular cells (granulosa and thecal cells)

A

TRUE

45
Q

What is ovulation

A

The rupturing of the follicle, release of the secondary oocyte and transformation into the corpus luteum

46
Q

What is the corpus luteum

A

Follicular granulosa cells that are converted into corpus luteum after ovulation

47
Q

When does ovulation usually occur

A

~day 14 of the ovarian cycle

48
Q

What does atretic mean

A

Follicles that do not complete the process of ovulation become ATRETIC during the LUTEAL phase of the cycle
- non-functional and the oocyte cannot be reactivated

49
Q

Approx how many oogonia do you have at birth and at puberty

A

During early embryonic development, you get ~7 million oogonia

At birth, the number goes down to 2 million oogonia

By puberty, only about 400,000 oocytes remain (~20% of what you started with)

50
Q

What is one major side effect of ovarian atresia

A

Loss of fertility

51
Q

What is the HPG axis

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
gonad

52
Q

What controls oogenesis and ovarian hormonal secretions

A

the HPG axis controls oogenesis and ovarian hormonal secretions
- levels of HPG hormone secretion vary across the ovarian cycle

53
Q

What is the role of FSH in the ovarian cycle

A
  • stimulates follicle proliferation
  • stimulates secretion of aromatase by granulosa cells
  • stimulates secretion of regulatory hormone inhibin
54
Q

What is the role of LH is the ovarian cycle

A
  • stimulates meiosis
  • stimulates ovulation
  • stimulates corpus luteum formation
  • stimulates secretion of testosterone by thecal cells
  • stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum
55
Q

What is aromatase

A

enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen

56
Q

How does inhibin provide negative feedback for FSH secretion

A
  1. GnRH from hypothalamus goes to anterior lobe of pituitary gland
  2. Pituitary gland produces and secretes FSH
  3. FSH acts on ovaries
  4. Granulosa cells in ovaries releases inhibin
  5. Inhibin provides negative feedback on FSH from anterior pituitary
57
Q

Hoes estrogen control LH secretion

A
  1. GnRH from hypothalamus goes to anterior lobe of pituitary gland
  2. Pituitary gland produces and secretes FSH
  3. FSH acts on ovaries
  4. Granulosa cells produce estrogens that cause the secretion of LH (causes ovulation/corpus luteum formation)

COMES DOWN TO THE LEVEL OF ESTROGEN THAT WE HAVE

  • low estrogen = negative feedback = inhibits secretion of LH
  • high estrogen = positive feedback = increased secretion of LH
58
Q

Why do estrogen levels rise despite negative feedback on LH from Days 1-10

A

Because of follicular cell proliferation (more cells that can secrete = more hormones)

59
Q

What role does progesterone have in negative feedback of GnRH secretion

A

1.1. GnRH from hypothalamus goes to anterior lobe of pituitary gland
2. Pituitary gland produces and secretes LH
3. LH acts on ovaries
4. LH causes ovulation and corpus luteum formation
5. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
6. High levels of progesterone shuts off GnRH release
- acts on hypothalamus

60
Q

How are progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin different in their feedback loops

A

Progesterone = negative feedback on GnRH secretion (acts on hypothalamus)

Estrogen = can be positive or negative feedback on LH secretion (acts on anterior pituitary)

Inhibin = negative feedback on FSH secretion (acts on anterior pituitary)

61
Q

How do oral contraceptive pills work

A

Use synthetic forms of estrogen and/or progesterone to suppress ovulation through negative feedback

62
Q

What is the result of ovulation

A

Release of a mature secondary oocyte from its follicle into the peritoneal cavity
- ovaries are not directly attached to the uterine tubes
- still surrounded by protective layer

63
Q

How do oocytes move from the ovaries to towards the uterus

A

Released oocytes enter the uterine (Fallopian) tube and are moved toward the uterus
- a ciliated epithelial layer creates currents that pull the oocyte into the tube and propel it toward the uterus
- lined with epithelial layer that has cilia
- fluid current sucks whatever is floating in the opening into the uterine tube
- pulls it into the uterine tube and to the uterus

64
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

in the uterine tube

65
Q

What is the uterus

A

a hollow organ with a thick, muscular wall and a glandular lining that can grow and shrink

66
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
67
Q

What is the perimetrium

A

protective outer membrane

68
Q

What is the myometrium

A

smooth muscle

69
Q

What is the endometrium

A

secretory inner membrane

70
Q

What are the two layers of tissues and two different types of arteries in the endometrium

A
  1. functional layer
  2. basal layer
  3. simple columnar epithelium
  4. stroma (connective tissue)
71
Q

Differentiate the functional layer from the basal layer of the endometrium

A

The two layers refer to parts of the stroma (connective tissue) with different functions

  • functional layer = closer to lumen
  • basal layer = closer to walls
72
Q

Differentiate spiral arteries from the straight arteries in the endometrium

A

Spiral arteries are found in the functional layer

Straight arteries are found in the basal layer

73
Q

Which layer of the endometrium changes across the uterine/menstrual cycle

A

Functional layer

74
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle and when do they occur

A
  1. Menstrual phase (Days 1-7)
  2. Proliferative phase (7-14 => ovulation occurs in the ovarian cycle on day 14)
  3. Secretory phase (days 14-28)
75
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase

A

Because fertilization did not occur, there is no need for the endometrium, so it is shed (in the form of a period)

76
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase

A

Functional layer grows and expands

77
Q

What happens in the secretory phase

A

Secretes lots and lots of mucus + pooling of blood

78
Q

What is the main secretion of the uterine glands during the secretory phase

A

Mucus

79
Q

What role does estrogen and progesterone have in the ovarian/uterine cycle

A

estrogen = proliferation
progesterone = maintenance and secretion

80
Q

How does the female sexual response involve the autonomic nervous system

A

ORGASM
- activation of smooth muscle in the uterus and vagina

AROUSAL
- engorgement of erectile tissue
- lubricating secretions from vaginal glands

**both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions appear to be necessary for female arousal responses

81
Q

How does the female sexual response involve the somatic nervous system

A

ORGASM
- rhythmic activation of several pelvic floor muscles

82
Q
A

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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