Tutorial 4 - Joints & Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Three functional categories of joints
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Synarthrosis
no movement
- extremely strong joints are located where movement between the bones must be prevented
Amphiarthrosis
little movement
- permits more movement than synarthrosis but is much stronger than a freely movable joint
- connected by collagen fibers and cartilage
Diarthrosis
free movement
- permits the widest range of movement
What are the 4 structural categories/types of synarthrosis joints?
suture
gomphosis
synchondrosis
synostosis
What are the 2 structural categories/types of amphiarthrosis joints?
syndesmosis
symphysis
What is the one structural categories/types of diarthrosis joints?
synovial
Suture
- synarthrotic joint located only between bones of the skull
- interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue
- fibrous joints
- occur only in the skull
- immovable joint
- joint with no movement
- serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue
- strong and fracture-resistant
- all skull joints are sutures except the joint connecting the mandible and the temporal bone, which is a movable synovial joint
ex: coronal suture is the suture connecting the parietal and frontal bones in the cranial
Gomphosis
- synarthrosis joint
- binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible
- a periodontal ligament
- fibrous articulations between teeth and maxillae or teeth and mandible
ex: teeth to bony sockets
Synchondrosis
- synarthrosis joint
- a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones
- immovable cartilaginous joint
- first pair of ribs and sternum
ex: connect the ends of the first pair of ribs and the sternum
Synostosis
- synarthrosis joint
- a totally rigid, immovable joint formed when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears
ex: frontal suture of the frontal bone and epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostoses
Syndesmosis
- amphiarthrosis joint
- connect bones by a ligament
- ligament connecting two bones
- distal joint between tibia and fibula (tibiofibular ligament)
ex: distal joint between the tibia and fibula
Symphysis
- amphiarthrosis joint
- bones separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage
- fibrocartilaginous pads between two bones
- vertebrae, intervertebral disc, etc.
ex: joint between the two pubic bones
Synovial
- diarthrosis joint
- greatest range of motion compared to other joints
- typically located at the ends of long bones
- 6 types
- presence of an articular capsule between two joined bones
- bone surfaces at synovial joints are covered in a coating of articular cartilage
ex: ends of long bones in the upper and lower limbs
What are the four components of a synovial joint?
- articular cartilage
- joint capsule
- synovial membrane
- joint cavity
What are the three functions of synovial fluid?
lubrication
nutrient distribution
shock absorption
Articular cartilage
like hyaline cartilage
wraps bones at joints
no perichondrium & its matrix contains more water
Joint capsule
sac enclosing the articulating ends of joints
Synovial membrane
lines interior of joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Joint cavity
contains synovial fluid
What are the four accessory structures supporting the knee?
- bursa
- fat pads
- meniscus
- accessory ligaments
Bursa
reduce friction and act as shock absorbers (connective tissue)
Fat pads
fill in spaces created as joint cavity changes shape when bones move (adipose tissue)
Meniscus
subdivide a synovial cavity, channel flow of synovial fluid, allow for shape variations of articular surfaces (fibrocartilage)
Accessory ligaments (4)
- capsular ligaments
- extrinsic ligaments
- patellar ligament (extracapsular ligament)
- cruciate ligaments (intracapsular ligament)
What causes dislocation?
Excessive force applied to joints can cause dislocation
What are the four types of motion for joints?
- gliding
- angular motion
- circumduction
- rotation
Gliding
linear motion
Angular motion
changing the angle
Circumduction
complete circle on an angle
Rotation
spinning around its longitudinal axis
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- plane joints
- hinge joints
- pivot joints
- condylar joints
- saddle joints
- ball and socket joints
Motion type: plane joints
gliding
- intervertebral joints
- carpal joints
- tarsal joints
Motion type: hinge joints
angular, monaxial
- elbow joints
- knee joints
- finger joints
Motion type: pivot joints
rotation, monaxial
- axis
- atlas
- allow movement of head
Motion type: condylar joints
angular, biaxial
- radius
- carpal bones
Motion type: saddle joints
angular, biaxial
- thumb (trapezium)
- first metacarpal
Motion type: ball and socket joints
angular, circumduction, rotation; triaxial
- shoulder joint
- hip joint
Appendicular skeleton
upper limbs
lower limbs
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
pelvic (hip) girdle
Pectoral girdle
- shoulder girdle
- contains scapulae and clavicles
- connected to the rest of the skeleton by the clavicle and manubrium
- relies on skeletal muscles to position them correctly
Scapulae and clavicles
Part of the pectoral girdle
scapulae - flat bones
clavicles - long bones
Upper limbs
arm (brachial)
forearm (antebrachial)
wrist (carpal)
hand (palmar)
Humerus
arm
radius (anterior)
ulna (posterior)
- connected at the elbow joint
Radius
forearm
- in front of the ulna
Carpus
wrist
- made of 8 carpal bones
8 carpal bones making up the wrist
lunate
scaphoid
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
triquetral
pisiform
Lunate
carpus (wrist)
Scaphoid
carpus (wrist)
Trapezium
carpus (wrist)
Trapezoid
carpus (wrist)
Capitate
carpus (wrist)
Hamate
carpus (wrist)
Triquetral
carpus (wrist)
Pisiform
carpus (wrist)
What makes up the hand?
Metacarpals and phalanges
- proximal, middle, distal phalanges
Phalanges (hand)
proximal phalanges
middle phalanges
distal phalanges
Metacarpals
hand
Pelvic girdle
right/left hip bones
ilium
ischium
pubis
Ilium
pelvic girdle
Ischium
pelvic girdle
Pubis
pelvic girdle
Male pelvis
deeper
smaller pelvic brim
narrower pelvic outlet
pubic arch angle of less than 90 deg
Female pelvis
larger and wider pelvic brim
pubic arch angle is over 90 deg
Lower limbs
thighs
legs
ankles
feet
Thigh and leg
femur (thigh)
tibia
fibula
patella
Femur
only bone in the thigh
Tibia
anterior (articulates with femur at the knee joint)
Fibula
lateral (articulates with femur at the knee joint)
Patella
knee cap
Tarsus
ankle - made of 7 tarsal bones
calcaneus
cuneiforms (3)
talus
cuboid
navicular
Calcaneus
tarsus (ankle)
Cuneiforms
3 - tarsus (ankle)
Talus
tarsus (ankle)
Cuboid
tarsus (ankle)
Navicular
tarsus (ankle)
Foot
metatarsals and phalanges
metacarpals vs metatarsals
metacarpals - hands
metatarsals - feet
Phalanges (foot)
proximal phalanges
middle phalanges
distal phalanges
2 Arches of the Foot
- Transverse arch
- Longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
runs across the cuneiforms and base of metatarsal bones
Longitudinal arch
lateral (outer)
medial (inner)
runs from calcaneus to metatarsals (heel to long foot bones)
What is rheumatism?
indicates pain and stiffness affecting the
musculoskeletal system
What is arthritis?
inflammation caused by damage to the articular cartilage at a joint
the inflammation puts more stress on the already damaged articular cartilage, causing even more damage
which then causes more inflammation and pain in a positive feedback loop
What is osteoarthritis?
degenerative joint disease - tissues in the joint break down over time
- degeneration of articular cartilage in the knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip joints
- inflammation due to articulating bones rubbing together without cushioning
Two less common types of arthritis:
gouty arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
All skull joints are sutures except:
All skull joints are sutures except the JOINT CONNECTING THE MANDIBLE TO THE TEMPORAL BONE
which is a movable synovial joint
What is the function of ligaments?
to reinforce synovial joints and limit movement to prevent injury
What are the four types of ligaments found at synovial joints (specifically the knee joint)?
- anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
- collateral ligament (side)
- patellar ligament (below kneecap)
What is the most common cause of knee sprains?
a tear in the anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments
Where is a torn meniscus most commonly located?
posterior horn tear
What are the two most common types of osteoarthritis?
- patellofemoral osteoarthritis - cartilage between patella and femur
- tibiofemoral osteoarthritis - cartilage between tibia and femur
