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BIOL155 > Tutorial 4 - Joints & Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Tutorial 4 - Joints & Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Three functional categories of joints

A

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis

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2
Q

Synarthrosis

A

no movement

  • extremely strong joints are located where movement between the bones must be prevented
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3
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

little movement

  • permits more movement than synarthrosis but is much stronger than a freely movable joint
  • connected by collagen fibers and cartilage
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4
Q

Diarthrosis

A

free movement

  • permits the widest range of movement
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5
Q

What are the 4 structural categories/types of synarthrosis joints?

A

suture
gomphosis
synchondrosis
synostosis

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6
Q

What are the 2 structural categories/types of amphiarthrosis joints?

A

syndesmosis
symphysis

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7
Q

What is the one structural categories/types of diarthrosis joints?

A

synovial

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8
Q

Suture

A
  • synarthrotic joint located only between bones of the skull
  • interlocked and bound together at the suture by dense fibrous connective tissue
  • fibrous joints
  • occur only in the skull
  • immovable joint
  • joint with no movement
  • serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue
  • strong and fracture-resistant
  • all skull joints are sutures except the joint connecting the mandible and the temporal bone, which is a movable synovial joint

ex: coronal suture is the suture connecting the parietal and frontal bones in the cranial

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9
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • synarthrosis joint
  • binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible
  • a periodontal ligament
  • fibrous articulations between teeth and maxillae or teeth and mandible

ex: teeth to bony sockets

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10
Q

Synchondrosis

A
  • synarthrosis joint
  • a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones
  • immovable cartilaginous joint
  • first pair of ribs and sternum

ex: connect the ends of the first pair of ribs and the sternum

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11
Q

Synostosis

A
  • synarthrosis joint
  • a totally rigid, immovable joint formed when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears

ex: frontal suture of the frontal bone and epiphyseal lines of mature long bones are synostoses

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12
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • amphiarthrosis joint
  • connect bones by a ligament
  • ligament connecting two bones
  • distal joint between tibia and fibula (tibiofibular ligament)

ex: distal joint between the tibia and fibula

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13
Q

Symphysis

A
  • amphiarthrosis joint
  • bones separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage
  • fibrocartilaginous pads between two bones
  • vertebrae, intervertebral disc, etc.

ex: joint between the two pubic bones

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14
Q

Synovial

A
  • diarthrosis joint
  • greatest range of motion compared to other joints
  • typically located at the ends of long bones
  • 6 types
  • presence of an articular capsule between two joined bones
  • bone surfaces at synovial joints are covered in a coating of articular cartilage

ex: ends of long bones in the upper and lower limbs

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15
Q

What are the four components of a synovial joint?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. joint capsule
  3. synovial membrane
  4. joint cavity
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16
Q

What are the three functions of synovial fluid?

A

lubrication
nutrient distribution
shock absorption

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

like hyaline cartilage

wraps bones at joints

no perichondrium & its matrix contains more water

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18
Q

Joint capsule

A

sac enclosing the articulating ends of joints

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19
Q

Synovial membrane

A

lines interior of joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid

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20
Q

Joint cavity

A

contains synovial fluid

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21
Q

What are the four accessory structures supporting the knee?

A
  1. bursa
  2. fat pads
  3. meniscus
  4. accessory ligaments
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22
Q

Bursa

A

reduce friction and act as shock absorbers (connective tissue)

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23
Q

Fat pads

A

fill in spaces created as joint cavity changes shape when bones move (adipose tissue)

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24
Q

Meniscus

A

subdivide a synovial cavity, channel flow of synovial fluid, allow for shape variations of articular surfaces (fibrocartilage)

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25
Q

Accessory ligaments (4)

A
  1. capsular ligaments
  2. extrinsic ligaments
  3. patellar ligament (extracapsular ligament)
  4. cruciate ligaments (intracapsular ligament)
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26
Q

What causes dislocation?

A

Excessive force applied to joints can cause dislocation

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27
Q

What are the four types of motion for joints?

A
  1. gliding
  2. angular motion
  3. circumduction
  4. rotation
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28
Q

Gliding

A

linear motion

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29
Q

Angular motion

A

changing the angle

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30
Q

Circumduction

A

complete circle on an angle

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31
Q

Rotation

A

spinning around its longitudinal axis

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32
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  1. plane joints
  2. hinge joints
  3. pivot joints
  4. condylar joints
  5. saddle joints
  6. ball and socket joints
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33
Q

Motion type: plane joints

A

gliding

  • intervertebral joints
  • carpal joints
  • tarsal joints
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34
Q

Motion type: hinge joints

A

angular, monaxial

  • elbow joints
  • knee joints
  • finger joints
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35
Q

Motion type: pivot joints

A

rotation, monaxial

  • axis
  • atlas
  • allow movement of head
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36
Q

Motion type: condylar joints

A

angular, biaxial

  • radius
  • carpal bones
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37
Q

Motion type: saddle joints

A

angular, biaxial

  • thumb (trapezium)
  • first metacarpal
38
Q

Motion type: ball and socket joints

A

angular, circumduction, rotation; triaxial

  • shoulder joint
  • hip joint
39
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

upper limbs
lower limbs
pectoral (shoulder) girdle
pelvic (hip) girdle

40
Q

Pectoral girdle

A
  • shoulder girdle
  • contains scapulae and clavicles
  • connected to the rest of the skeleton by the clavicle and manubrium
  • relies on skeletal muscles to position them correctly
41
Q

Scapulae and clavicles

A

Part of the pectoral girdle

scapulae - flat bones
clavicles - long bones

42
Q

Upper limbs

A

arm (brachial)
forearm (antebrachial)
wrist (carpal)
hand (palmar)

43
Q

Humerus

A

arm

radius (anterior)
ulna (posterior)
- connected at the elbow joint

44
Q

Radius

A

forearm

  • in front of the ulna
45
Q

Carpus

A

wrist

  • made of 8 carpal bones
46
Q

8 carpal bones making up the wrist

A

lunate
scaphoid
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
triquetral
pisiform

47
Q

Lunate

A

carpus (wrist)

48
Q

Scaphoid

A

carpus (wrist)

49
Q

Trapezium

A

carpus (wrist)

50
Q

Trapezoid

A

carpus (wrist)

51
Q

Capitate

A

carpus (wrist)

52
Q

Hamate

A

carpus (wrist)

53
Q

Triquetral

A

carpus (wrist)

54
Q

Pisiform

A

carpus (wrist)

55
Q

What makes up the hand?

A

Metacarpals and phalanges

  • proximal, middle, distal phalanges
56
Q

Phalanges (hand)

A

proximal phalanges
middle phalanges
distal phalanges

57
Q

Metacarpals

A

hand

58
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

right/left hip bones

ilium
ischium
pubis

59
Q

Ilium

A

pelvic girdle

60
Q

Ischium

A

pelvic girdle

61
Q

Pubis

A

pelvic girdle

62
Q

Male pelvis

A

deeper
smaller pelvic brim
narrower pelvic outlet
pubic arch angle of less than 90 deg

63
Q

Female pelvis

A

larger and wider pelvic brim
pubic arch angle is over 90 deg

64
Q

Lower limbs

A

thighs
legs
ankles
feet

65
Q

Thigh and leg

A

femur (thigh)
tibia
fibula
patella

66
Q

Femur

A

only bone in the thigh

67
Q

Tibia

A

anterior (articulates with femur at the knee joint)

68
Q

Fibula

A

lateral (articulates with femur at the knee joint)

69
Q

Patella

A

knee cap

70
Q

Tarsus

A

ankle - made of 7 tarsal bones

calcaneus
cuneiforms (3)
talus
cuboid
navicular

71
Q

Calcaneus

A

tarsus (ankle)

72
Q

Cuneiforms

A

3 - tarsus (ankle)

73
Q

Talus

A

tarsus (ankle)

74
Q

Cuboid

A

tarsus (ankle)

75
Q

Navicular

A

tarsus (ankle)

76
Q

Foot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

77
Q

metacarpals vs metatarsals

A

metacarpals - hands
metatarsals - feet

78
Q

Phalanges (foot)

A

proximal phalanges
middle phalanges
distal phalanges

79
Q

2 Arches of the Foot

A
  1. Transverse arch
  2. Longitudinal arch
80
Q

Transverse arch

A

runs across the cuneiforms and base of metatarsal bones

81
Q

Longitudinal arch

A

lateral (outer)
medial (inner)

runs from calcaneus to metatarsals (heel to long foot bones)

82
Q

What is rheumatism?

A

indicates pain and stiffness affecting the
musculoskeletal system

83
Q

What is arthritis?

A

inflammation caused by damage to the articular cartilage at a joint

the inflammation puts more stress on the already damaged articular cartilage, causing even more damage

which then causes more inflammation and pain in a positive feedback loop

84
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

degenerative joint disease - tissues in the joint break down over time

  • degeneration of articular cartilage in the knee, elbow, shoulder, and hip joints
  • inflammation due to articulating bones rubbing together without cushioning
85
Q

Two less common types of arthritis:

A

gouty arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis

86
Q

All skull joints are sutures except:

A

All skull joints are sutures except the JOINT CONNECTING THE MANDIBLE TO THE TEMPORAL BONE

which is a movable synovial joint

87
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

to reinforce synovial joints and limit movement to prevent injury

88
Q

What are the four types of ligaments found at synovial joints (specifically the knee joint)?

A
  1. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  2. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  3. collateral ligament (side)
  4. patellar ligament (below kneecap)
89
Q

What is the most common cause of knee sprains?

A

a tear in the anterior/posterior cruciate ligaments

90
Q

Where is a torn meniscus most commonly located?

A

posterior horn tear

91
Q

What are the two most common types of osteoarthritis?

A
  1. patellofemoral osteoarthritis - cartilage between patella and femur
  2. tibiofemoral osteoarthritis - cartilage between tibia and femur

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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