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BIOL155 > WT1 Tutorial Final (1-5) > Flashcards

WT1 Tutorial Final (1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between prone and supine postures

A

Prone - lying face down on stomach
Supine - lying face up on back

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2
Q

Differentiate superior and inferior

A

Superior - toward the head and away from the feet, UPPER part of the structure
Inferior - near the feet and away from the head, LOWER part of the structure

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3
Q

What is anatomical position

A

Body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat, and directed forward

The upper limbs are at the body’s sides with the palms facing forward

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4
Q

Differentiate anterior and posterior

A

Anterior - at or near the FRONT of the body
Posterior - at or near the BACK of the body

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5
Q

What is the midline

A

Imaginary line that divides the body into right and left halves

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6
Q

Differentiate medial and lateral

A

Medial - NEAR the midline
Lateral - AWAY from the midline

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7
Q

Differentiate deep and superficial

A

Deep - AWAY from the surface of the body
Superficial - CLOSE to the surface of the body

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8
Q

Differentiate proximal and distal

A

Proximal - CLOSE to the origination
Distal - FAR from the origination

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9
Q

What are planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through parts of the body

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10
Q

What is the frontal (coronal) plane

A

Divides the body into front and back portions
(anterior/posterior)

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11
Q

What is the transverse/horizontal/axial plane

A

Divides the body into upper and lower portions
(superior/inferior)

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12
Q

What is the oblique plane

A

Passes through a structure or the entire body at an ANGLE

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13
Q

What is the sagittal plane (midsagittal/parasagittal)

A

Divides a structure or the body VERTICALLY into RIGHT or LEFT portions

Midsagittal - equal right and left portions
Parasagittal - unequal right and left portions

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14
Q

Cephalic and cervical region =

A

Cephalic = head
Cervical = neck

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15
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

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16
Q

Facial

A

Face

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17
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

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18
Q

Ocular

A

Eye

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19
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

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20
Q

Otic

A

Ear

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21
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

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22
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

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23
Q

Mental

A

Chin

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24
Q

Trunk and torso =

A

Chest region

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25
Q

Spinal

A

Vertebral

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26
Q

Thoracic

A

Thorax, chest

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27
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

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28
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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29
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdomen

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30
Q

Umbilical

A

Navel

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31
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin (lower back)

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32
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

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33
Q

Pubic

A

Pubis

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34
Q

Upper limbs =

A

Arms, etc.

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35
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

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36
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

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37
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

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38
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

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39
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

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40
Q

Olecranal

A

Elbow

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41
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

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42
Q

Manual

A

Hand

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43
Q

Palmar

A

Palm

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44
Q

Lower limb =

A

Legs, etc.

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45
Q

Gluteal

A

Ass

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46
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

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47
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

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48
Q

Patellar

A

Kneecap

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49
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

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50
Q

Crural

A

Leg

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51
Q

Sural

A

Calf

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52
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

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53
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heal of foot

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54
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

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55
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

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56
Q

2 body cavities =

A

Thoracic (pleural and mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic (peritoneal)

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57
Q

4 major tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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58
Q

Epithelia properties

A
  • stratified / simple / pseudo-stratified
  • cuboidal / squamous / columnar
  • keratinized / ciliated
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59
Q

Connective tissue categories (3)

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • supporting connective tissue
  • fluid connective tissue
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60
Q

Connective tissue subcategories

  • connective tissue proper
  • supporting connective tissue
  • fluid connective tissue
A

Connective tissue proper
- loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
- dense (regular, irregular, elastic)

Supporting connective tissue
- bones
- cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)

Fluid connective tissue
- blood
- lymph

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61
Q

Tissue combinations (2)

A
  • membrane
  • fascia
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62
Q

What makes up the cutaneous membrane

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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63
Q

What is the name of the subcutaneous layer

A

Hypodermis

**Not part of the integument

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64
Q

What are the 5* epidermal strata

A
  1. Stratum corneum
    *2. Stratum lucidum
  2. Stratum granulosome
  3. Stratum spinosum
  4. Stratum basale
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65
Q

What are the 3 special cells found in the integument

A
  1. Langerhan cells = immune cells
  2. Merkel cells = nerve cells
  3. Melanocytes = make melanin pigments
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66
Q

What are the two dermal layers

A
  1. Stratum papillary (top)
  2. Stratum reticular (bottom)
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67
Q

What are some examples of accessory structures and which layer of the integument are they found

A

Hair follicles, arrector pilae, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, touch-related receptors and nerve fibres

Accessory structures are found in the dermis

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68
Q

Differentiate the vascularity of the epidermis and dermis

A

Epidermis = non-vascular = no blood vessels
Dermis = vascular = has blood vessels

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69
Q

What separates the epidermis and dermis

A

Basement membrane

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70
Q

What kind of cells are found in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes = store keratin to keratinize skin (waterproof)
Melanocytes = make melanin pigments for skin
Langerhans’ cells = immune cells
Merkel’s cell = nerve cells

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71
Q

What kind of cells are found in the dermis

A

Fibroblasts = secrete matrix to form connective tissue
Macrophages = immune cells
Adipocytes = energy stores (fat)
Mast cells = loose areolar tissue, role in immune response
Schwann cells = produce myelin sheaths for axons
Stem cells = cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated

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72
Q

Classify a first degree burn - which layers of the integument are damaged

A

The first layers of the epidermis are damaged
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum

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73
Q

Classify a second degree burn - which layers of the integument are damaged

A

The epidermis is damaged and the damage may reach the dermis
- stratum corneum -> stratum basale
- stratum papillary (maybe)

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74
Q

Classify a third degree burn - which layers of the integument are damaged

A

The epidermis and dermis are completely damaged
- damage may even reach hypodermis

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75
Q

Differentiate thick and thin skin

A

Thick skin
- has hair
- has 5 strata in epidermis

Thin skin
- has no hair
- has 4 strata in epidermis
- contains more accessory structures

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76
Q

Where can thick skin be found? Where can thin skin be found?

A

Thick skin is found in the palms and the soles of the feet

Thin skin is found everywhere else in the body

77
Q

Long bones

A

Support the weight of the body & facilitate movement

78
Q

Short bones

A

Cube-shaped components of wrist/ankle joints

79
Q

Flat bones

A

Protects internal organs

80
Q

Irregular bones

A

Irregular in shape and function

81
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Reinforce tendons, protect from wear and tear

82
Q

Skull sutures

A

Immobile joints where cranial bone are connected with DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE

83
Q

What are the five types of bones

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
  5. Sesamoid
84
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Cranial bones

A

Flat bones

Skullcap

85
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Scapulae

A

Flat bones

Posterior portions of the shoulder girdle

86
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Sternum

A

Flat bones

Middle portion of the anterior wall of the thoracic cage

87
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Ribs

A

Flat bones

Make up the thoracic cage

88
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Humerus

A

Long bones

Longest/largest upper limb
Upper arm bone

89
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Radius and ulna (Which is which?)

A

Long bone

Long, thin forearm bones

In ANATOMICAL position,
Think UNDER for ulna (inside bone)
Recall that the radius is FAR from the centre of the circle for radius (outside bone)

90
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Femur

A

Long bone

Longest bone in the body
Thigh

91
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Tibia and fibula (Which is which?)

A

Long bones

Large parallel bones of the lower limbs

In ANATOMICAL position,
Think TALL for tibia (long, big bone)
think FIRST for fibula (first outside, smaller bone)

92
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Metacarpals

A

Long bones

Middle region between phalanges and carpal of hand

93
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Metatarsals

A

Long bones

Middle region between phalanges and tarsal of foot

94
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Phalanges

A

Long bones

Fingers and toes (5 for each hand/foot)

95
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Carpals

A

Short bones

Wrist

96
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Tarsals

A

Short bones

Forms the ankle

97
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Patella

A

Sesamoid bones

Kneecap

98
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Vertebrae

A

Irregular bones

Spine including axis and atlas

99
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Pelvic bone

A

Irregular bones

Hip bones

100
Q

What are the 6 components of long bones

A
  1. Compact bone
    - outer layer of osteons
    - more dense, stronger, less flexible, withstands weight
  2. Spongy bone
    - inside, latice-like network
    - less dense, weaker, more flexible, balances out weight
  3. Medullary cavity
    - hollow interior of bone
    - contains yellow bone marrow
  4. Bone marrow
    - found within medullary cavity
    - yellow bone marrow
  5. Diaphysis
    - middle of the bone covered by periosteum
  6. Epiphysis
    - proximal and distal ends
    - covered with articular cartilage

Bones are surrounded by periosteum

101
Q

What are the cranial bones (6)

FT POSE

A
  1. Parietal (paired)
  2. Occipital
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Ethmoid
  5. Facial
  6. Temporal (paired)
102
Q

What are the facial bones (8)

My Mandible Never Chews Very Large Zucchini Pizzas

A
  1. Maxillae (paired) - upper jaw
  2. Mandible - lower jaw
  3. Nasal bone (paired)
  4. Conchae (inferior conchae)
  5. Vomer
  6. Lacrimal (paired) - tears (medial to eyes)
  7. Zygomatic (paired) - cheek bones
  8. Palatine (paired) - hard palate
103
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Hyoid

A

Sesamoid bone

Horse-shoe shaped bone located in the neck

104
Q

Identify and differentiate the axis and atlas on the vertebral column

A

Atlas is C01
Axis is C02

105
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Sacrum

A

Irregular bone

Sacral region (S01-S05)
- all 5 vertebrae fuse together during early childhood

106
Q

Identify the type of bone and location:

Coccyx

A

Irregular bone

Tailbone

107
Q

Identify the three parts of the sternum (3)

A

Manubrium (top)
Body (middle)
Xiphoid (bottom)

108
Q

What are the four divisions of the vertebral column

A

Cervical (C01-C07)
Thoracic (T01-T12)
Lumbar (L01-L05)
Sacral (S01-S05) = sacrum

109
Q

Differentiate true/false ribs from vertebrochondral and floating ribs

A

True ribs - connected to the sternum (1-7)
False ribs - not connected to the sternum (8-12)
Vertebrochondral ribs (8-10) - True ribs
Floating ribs (11,12) - False ribs that are floating/not touching both sides

110
Q

What determines if a bone will have a medullary cavity or not

A

Medullary cavities are in long bones, flat (?), irregular, etc.

111
Q

Explain the differences between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of structure and location

A

Compact bone is the outside of the bone (containing osteon)
- weight bearing
- strong, dense, not flexible

Spongy bone is the inside, lattice-like
- balances weight
- weaker, less dense, more flexible

112
Q

What are the major components of an osteon

A
  • Haversion canal
  • blood vessels and nerves
  • Volkmann canal
  • osteocytes in lacunae
  • lamallae

Osteons are found in compact bone

113
Q

What is an osteon

A

Concentric lamellae enclosing central canals which blood vessels pass through

114
Q

What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton

A

Axial = the centre of the skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage)

Appendicular = everything else (outer, upper and lower limbs + shoulder girdle + pelvic girdle)

115
Q

Lambdoid sutures are between which cranial bones

A

Between parietal and occipital cranial bones

116
Q

Coronal sutures are between which cranial bones

A

Think about the frontal/coronal plane!

Between parietal and frontal cranial bones

117
Q

Sagittal sutures are between which cranial bones

A

Between paired parietal cranial bones

118
Q

Squamous sutures are between which cranial bones

A

Between temporal and parietal cranial bones

119
Q

Osteons

A

Concentric lamellae enclosing central canals which blood vessels pass
- found in compact bone (outside)

120
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Synthesize bone matrix
- found along bone surface

121
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone matrix
- found inside the bone

122
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health
- found within lacunae surrounded by bone matrix

123
Q

What is the axial skeleton and which regions are part of it

A

Skeleton on the long axis

  • including the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
124
Q

Explain the standard system of numbering used to identify individual ribs and individual vertebra within the vertebral column

A

Vertebrae and ribs are numbered (01-12, etc) according to their region

125
Q

Use the standard system of numbering to identify specific ribs and/or vertebrae

A

Ribs count from 1-12 (11 and 12 are floating)
Vertebrae count from atlas (C01), axis (C02), etc etc

C01 = small circle, big, small circle
C02 = has a bulb in the center
C03 = looks like a face

126
Q

What are the three functional categories of joints and what kind of movement do they permit

A

Synarthrosis = no movement
Amphiarthrosis = little movement
Diarthrosis = free movement

127
Q

Describe the movement permitted by synthartrosis joints

A

No movement

  • extremely strong joints located where movement between bones must be prevented
128
Q

What are the 4 categories of synarthrosis joints

A
  1. Sutures
    - bones of the skull
    - look like zippers, has dense connective tissue fibres
  2. Gomphosis
    - “gums”
    - teeth in their sockets; fibrous connections with periodontal ligament
  3. Synchondrosis
    - cartilaginous
    - 2 articular bones with no movement (ribs)
  4. Synostosis
    - bony
    - bones that have fused so their boundary goes away
    - epiphyseal lines of mature long bones
129
Q

What are the 2 categories of amphiarthrosis joints

A
  1. Syndesmosis
    - fibrous band/ligaments
    - distal joint between tibia and fibula
  2. Symphysis
    - fibrocartilage, pad-like structure between two articulating bones
    - pubic symphysis
130
Q

Describe the movement permitted by amphiarthrosis joints

A

Little movement

  • permits more movement than synarthrosis but is much stronger than a freely movable joint
  • connected by collagen fibers and cartilage
131
Q

Describe the movement permitted by diathrosis joints

A

Synovial joints = free movement

  • permits the widest range of movement
132
Q

What are the major components of a synovial joint

A
  1. Synovial membrane
  2. Articular cartilage
  3. Joint capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
133
Q

What are the key ligaments and cartilages that stabilize the knee

Ligaments = P LAMP

A
  1. Articular capsule = made of articular cartilage (prone to osteoarthritis)
  2. Medial and lateral menisci
  3. Ligaments
    - patellar ligament
    - anterior cruciate ligament
    - posterior cruciate pigament
    - medial collateral ligaments
    - lateral collateral ligaments
134
Q

What are 6 types of synovial joints

A
  1. Plane joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Pivot joint
  4. Condylar joint
  5. Saddle joint
  6. Ball-and-socket joint
135
Q

Describe the movement permitted at a:

Plane joint

And give an example

A

Movement = gliding, flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another (slight movement)

Ex: Sternoclavicular joints

136
Q

Describe the movement permitted at a:

Hinge joint

And give an example

A

Movement = angular, permits angular motion in a single plane (like opening and closing of a door)

Ex: elbow, knee, ankle joints

137
Q

Describe the movement permitted at a:

Pivot joint

And give an example

A

Movement = rotation, permits only rotation

Ex: atlanto-axial joint (neck)

138
Q

Describe the movement permitted at a:

Condylar joint

And give an example

A

Movement = angular, biaxial, oval-shaped concave

Ex: radiocarpal joints / wrist

139
Q

Describe the movement permitted at a:

Saddle joint

And give an example

A

Movement = angular, biaxial; articular faces that fit together like a rider in a saddle; each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other

Ex: thumb

140
Q

Describe the movement permitted at a:

Ball-and-socket joint

And give an example

A

Movement = angular, circumduction and rotation; the round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another

Ex: shoulder socket/joints or hip joints/sockets
Ball = humerus
Socket = scapula
Ball = femur
Socket = pelvic girdle

141
Q

What is a tendon

A

Anchors bone to muscle

142
Q

What is a ligament

A

Anchors bone to bone

143
Q

What is a joint

A

Formed when two bones meet each other
- articulate / move / allows bones to move

144
Q

Describe CT proper:

Loose:
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular

A
  1. Areolar = lots of stuff, many cell types (WBCs, lymphocytes)
    = contains fibroblasts and many different fibre types (elastin, collagen, reticular, etc.)
  2. Adipose = fats with lots of white space
    = fats push nucleic towards rim of fat shrivels
  3. Reticular = only has reticular fibres
145
Q

Describe CT proper:

Dense:
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic

A
  1. Dense regular = WAVY because of collagen fibers
    = make up tendons, ligaments, fascia
  2. Dense irregular = less organized (fibres go in many directions)
    = fibrous capsule of joints
  3. Elastic = elastic fibres that are thinner than collagen fibers
    = also looks wavy
    = makes up walls of large arteries
146
Q

Describe supportive CT:

  • cartilage (3)
  • chondrocytes in lacunae
A
  1. Hyaline cartilage = type II collagen
    = dark/smooth extracellular matrix with lots of chondrocytes in lacunae
    = not many fibres
  2. Fibrocartilage = 2 types of collagen (I and II)
    = some cells with clear fibres running through
  3. Elastic cartilage = type II collagen and elastic fibres
    = some cells suspended in elastic fibres that are arranged in many different directions
147
Q

Which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton

A

Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Pelvic (hip) girdle

148
Q

Which bones are part of:

Shoulder/pectoral girdle

A
  • clavicle = attaches pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
  • scapula
  • the sternum is not part of the pectoral girdle but it attaches the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
149
Q

Which bones are part of:

Pelvic girdle (hip bones)

A
  • fused sacrum (S01-S05) = connects pelvic girdle to axial skeleton
  • pubic symphysis = fibrocartilage
  • ilia (top wing)
  • ischium (back)
  • pubis (front)
150
Q

Name the three upper limb bones

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
151
Q

Name the six lower limb bones

A
  • femur
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • patella
152
Q

Wrist and hand group bones

A

Proximal/distal carpals

Metacarpals

Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

*The first digit is missing a middle phalange

153
Q

Ankle and foot group bones

A

Proximal/distal tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

*The first digit is missing a middle phalange

154
Q

Define origin of a muscle or a bone

A

Part of the muscle that typically does not move
- area where the muscle is attached to two articulating bones
- on the fixed bone

Bone = fixed bone (does not move)

155
Q

Define insertion of a muscle or a bone

A

Part of the muscle that does move
- area where the muscle is attached to two articulating bones
- on the moveable bone

Bone = moveable bone (does move)

156
Q

Describe the two types of actions in muscle interaction

A

Agonist and antagonist

157
Q

What is an antagonist/agonist

A

Agonist = generates the main force of an action; prime mover, responsible for producing the movement

Antagonist = performs the opposite action; opposes agonist

158
Q

Describe supination and pronation

A

Supination = SOUPination
Pronation = opposite of supination

159
Q

Describe lateral and medial rotation

A

Think of the wrist:

Lateral rotation = Rotating away from the midline
Medial rotation = Rotating towards the midline

160
Q

Describe adduction and abduction

A

Abduction = away from the midline / outwards
Adduction = adds to the midline / towards midline

161
Q

Describe extension and flexion

A

The agonist of extension becomes the antagonist of flexion

The agonist of flexion becomes the antagonist of extension

162
Q

Describe plantarflexion

A

Pointing foot down = flex foot downwards

163
Q

Describe dorsiflexion

A

Moving the foot up = upwards

164
Q

What is the paired action of each of the following:

  1. Flexion
  2. Elevation
  3. Pronation
  4. Bending
  5. Contracting
  6. Abducting
A
  1. Extension
  2. Depression
  3. Supination
  4. Straightening
  5. Relaxing
  6. Adducting
165
Q

How are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton

A

via TENDONS

166
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Occipitofrontalis

A

Axial muscle

Occipital to frontal bone

(paired)

167
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Orbicularis oculi vs orbicularis oris

A

Axial muscle

Circle shaped

Oculi = eye (paired)
Oris = mouth

168
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Buccinator

A

Axial muscle

Cheek / thin muscles (paired)

169
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Nasalis

A

Axial muscle

Goes over nose (paired)

170
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Platysma

A

Axial muscle

Anterior to neck (paired)
(spider fingers up neck)

171
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Temporalis

A

Axial muscle

Plays a role in mastication (chewing)
- located on sides of the head
(paired)

172
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Masseter

A

Axial muscle

Plays a role in mastication (chewing)
- located on sides of the face/cheeks
(paired)

173
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

External and internal obliques
Rectus abdominis
Transverse abdominis

A

Axial muscle

6 pack
- in abdomen

Exterior = external oblique
Next = rectus abdominis
Inferior = internal oblique
Very inside = transverse abdominis

174
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Diaphragm

A

Axial muscle

Inferior to thoracic cavity
- plays a role in breathing

175
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

Transverse perennials (deep and superficial)

A

Axial muscle

Deep and superficial
- part of the pelvic floor

Superficial = much thinner
Deep = bigger

176
Q

First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle

Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:

External anal sphincter

A

Axial muscle

Controls defecation
- controls release of feces

177
Q

List all the axial muscles:

POOTT N TROMBONED

A
  1. Platysma
  2. Orbicularis oris
  3. Orbicularis oculi
  4. Temporalis
  5. Transverse abdominis
  6. Nasalis
  7. Transverse perennials
  8. Rectus abdominis
  9. Occipitofrontalis
  10. Masseter
  11. Buccinator
  12. Obliques (external and internal)
  13. External anal sphincter
  14. Diaphragm
178
Q

What are the four main groups of muscles in the axial skeleton

A
  1. Head/neck
  2. Vertebral column
  3. Trunk
  4. Pelvic floor
179
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A
  1. Masseter (deep and superficial)
  2. Temporalis
  3. Pterygoid (medial and lateral)
180
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

A

Occipitofrontalis - moves forehead and eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi - open and close eyes
Orbicularis oris - purse the lips
Zygomaticus - raise corners of the mouth
Buccinator - compress cheeks
Levator/depressor anguli/labii inferioris/superioris

181
Q

Muscles for the tongue all end in “glossus” (latin for tongue): Name all 5 tongue muscles

PH GST

A
  1. Genioglossus
  2. Hyoglossus
  3. Palatoglossus
  4. Styloglossus
  5. Tongue
182
Q

3 Muscles of the pharynx

A
  1. Pharyngeal constrictors
  2. Laryngeal elevators
  3. Palatal muscles
183
Q

How can you identify if a muscle attaches to the hyoid

A

Its not the diagastric or sternothyroid, the muscle will end in “-hyoid”

184
Q

What are the scalene muscles and where can they be found

A

Muscles that flex and rotate the neck, elevate the upper two ribs during inspiration

  • anterior scalene
  • middle scalene
  • posterior scalene
185
Q

Describe the muscles involved in spinal extension

(deep/superificial?)

A

Erector spinae (deep/superficial?)

  • spinalis (medial)
  • longissimus (intermediate)
  • iliocostalis (lateral)
186
Q

Describe the muscles involved in spinal flexion

A

Spinal flexors

  • longus capitis
  • longus colli
  • quadratus lumborum
187
Q

External and internal intercostals

A

External intercostals = forced inhalation
Internal intercostals = forced exhalation

  1. external intercostals
  2. internal intercostals
  3. innermost intercostals
188
Q

What are the three muscles of the urogenital triangle

A
  • superficial transverse perineal
  • bulbospongiosus
  • ischiocavernosus
189
Q

What are the three muscles of the anal triangle

A
  • levator ani
  • external anal sphincter
  • coccygeus muscle

BIOL155 (34 decks)

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