WT1 Tutorial Final (1-5) Flashcards
1
Q
Differentiate between prone and supine postures
A
Prone - lying face down on stomach
Supine - lying face up on back
2
Q
Differentiate superior and inferior
A
Superior - toward the head and away from the feet, UPPER part of the structure
Inferior - near the feet and away from the head, LOWER part of the structure
3
Q
What is anatomical position
A
Body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat, and directed forward
The upper limbs are at the body’s sides with the palms facing forward
4
Q
Differentiate anterior and posterior
A
Anterior - at or near the FRONT of the body
Posterior - at or near the BACK of the body
5
Q
What is the midline
A
Imaginary line that divides the body into right and left halves
6
Q
Differentiate medial and lateral
A
Medial - NEAR the midline
Lateral - AWAY from the midline
7
Q
Differentiate deep and superficial
A
Deep - AWAY from the surface of the body
Superficial - CLOSE to the surface of the body
8
Q
Differentiate proximal and distal
A
Proximal - CLOSE to the origination
Distal - FAR from the origination
9
Q
What are planes
A
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through parts of the body
10
Q
What is the frontal (coronal) plane
A
Divides the body into front and back portions
(anterior/posterior)
11
Q
What is the transverse/horizontal/axial plane
A
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
(superior/inferior)
12
Q
What is the oblique plane
A
Passes through a structure or the entire body at an ANGLE
13
Q
What is the sagittal plane (midsagittal/parasagittal)
A
Divides a structure or the body VERTICALLY into RIGHT or LEFT portions
Midsagittal - equal right and left portions
Parasagittal - unequal right and left portions
14
Q
Cephalic and cervical region =
A
Cephalic = head
Cervical = neck
15
Q
Cranial
A
Skull
16
Q
Facial
A
Face
17
Q
Frontal
A
Forehead
18
Q
Ocular
A
Eye
19
Q
Nasal
A
Nose
20
Q
Otic
A
Ear
21
Q
Buccal
A
Cheek
22
Q
Oral
A
Mouth
23
Q
Mental
A
Chin
24
Q
Trunk and torso =
A
Chest region
25
Spinal
Vertebral
26
Thoracic
Thorax, chest
27
Mammary
Breast
28
Dorsal
Back
29
Abdominal
Abdomen
30
Umbilical
Navel
31
Lumbar
Loin (lower back)
32
Pelvic
Pelvis
33
Pubic
Pubis
34
Upper limbs =
Arms, etc.
35
Acromial
Shoulder
36
Axillary
Armpit
37
Brachial
Arm
38
Antecubital
Front of elbow
39
Antebrachial
Forearm
40
Olecranal
Elbow
41
Carpal
Wrist
42
Manual
Hand
43
Palmar
Palm
44
Lower limb =
Legs, etc.
45
Gluteal
Ass
46
Inguinal
Groin
47
Femoral
Thigh
48
Patellar
Kneecap
49
Popliteal
Back of knee
50
Crural
Leg
51
Sural
Calf
52
Tarsal
Ankle
53
Calcaneal
Heal of foot
54
Pedal
Foot
55
Plantar
Sole of foot
56
2 body cavities =
Thoracic (pleural and mediastinum)
Abdominopelvic (peritoneal)
57
4 major tissue types
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
58
Epithelia properties
- stratified / simple / pseudo-stratified
- cuboidal / squamous / columnar
- keratinized / ciliated
59
Connective tissue categories (3)
- connective tissue proper
- supporting connective tissue
- fluid connective tissue
60
Connective tissue subcategories
- connective tissue proper
- supporting connective tissue
- fluid connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
- loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
- dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
Supporting connective tissue
- bones
- cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
Fluid connective tissue
- blood
- lymph
61
Tissue combinations (2)
- membrane
- fascia
62
What makes up the cutaneous membrane
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
63
What is the name of the subcutaneous layer
Hypodermis
**Not part of the integument
64
What are the 5* epidermal strata
1. Stratum corneum
*2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosome
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale
65
What are the 3 special cells found in the integument
1. Langerhan cells = immune cells
2. Merkel cells = nerve cells
3. Melanocytes = make melanin pigments
66
What are the two dermal layers
1. Stratum papillary (top)
2. Stratum reticular (bottom)
67
What are some examples of accessory structures and which layer of the integument are they found
Hair follicles, arrector pilae, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, touch-related receptors and nerve fibres
Accessory structures are found in the dermis
68
Differentiate the vascularity of the epidermis and dermis
Epidermis = non-vascular = no blood vessels
Dermis = vascular = has blood vessels
69
What separates the epidermis and dermis
Basement membrane
70
What kind of cells are found in the epidermis
Keratinocytes = store keratin to keratinize skin (waterproof)
Melanocytes = make melanin pigments for skin
Langerhans' cells = immune cells
Merkel's cell = nerve cells
71
What kind of cells are found in the dermis
Fibroblasts = secrete matrix to form connective tissue
Macrophages = immune cells
Adipocytes = energy stores (fat)
Mast cells = loose areolar tissue, role in immune response
Schwann cells = produce myelin sheaths for axons
Stem cells = cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated
72
Classify a first degree burn - which layers of the integument are damaged
The first layers of the epidermis are damaged
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
73
Classify a second degree burn - which layers of the integument are damaged
The epidermis is damaged and the damage may reach the dermis
- stratum corneum -> stratum basale
- stratum papillary (maybe)
74
Classify a third degree burn - which layers of the integument are damaged
The epidermis and dermis are completely damaged
- damage may even reach hypodermis
75
Differentiate thick and thin skin
Thick skin
- has hair
- has 5 strata in epidermis
Thin skin
- has no hair
- has 4 strata in epidermis
- contains more accessory structures
76
Where can thick skin be found? Where can thin skin be found?
Thick skin is found in the palms and the soles of the feet
Thin skin is found everywhere else in the body
77
Long bones
Support the weight of the body & facilitate movement
78
Short bones
Cube-shaped components of wrist/ankle joints
79
Flat bones
Protects internal organs
80
Irregular bones
Irregular in shape and function
81
Sesamoid bones
Reinforce tendons, protect from wear and tear
82
Skull sutures
Immobile joints where cranial bone are connected with DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE
83
What are the five types of bones
1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid
84
Identify the type of bone and location:
Cranial bones
Flat bones
Skullcap
85
Identify the type of bone and location:
Scapulae
Flat bones
Posterior portions of the shoulder girdle
86
Identify the type of bone and location:
Sternum
Flat bones
Middle portion of the anterior wall of the thoracic cage
87
Identify the type of bone and location:
Ribs
Flat bones
Make up the thoracic cage
88
Identify the type of bone and location:
Humerus
Long bones
Longest/largest upper limb
Upper arm bone
89
Identify the type of bone and location:
Radius and ulna (Which is which?)
Long bone
Long, thin forearm bones
In ANATOMICAL position,
Think UNDER for ulna (inside bone)
Recall that the radius is FAR from the centre of the circle for radius (outside bone)
90
Identify the type of bone and location:
Femur
Long bone
Longest bone in the body
Thigh
91
Identify the type of bone and location:
Tibia and fibula (Which is which?)
Long bones
Large parallel bones of the lower limbs
In ANATOMICAL position,
Think TALL for tibia (long, big bone)
think FIRST for fibula (first outside, smaller bone)
92
Identify the type of bone and location:
Metacarpals
Long bones
Middle region between phalanges and carpal of hand
93
Identify the type of bone and location:
Metatarsals
Long bones
Middle region between phalanges and tarsal of foot
94
Identify the type of bone and location:
Phalanges
Long bones
Fingers and toes (5 for each hand/foot)
95
Identify the type of bone and location:
Carpals
Short bones
Wrist
96
Identify the type of bone and location:
Tarsals
Short bones
Forms the ankle
97
Identify the type of bone and location:
Patella
Sesamoid bones
Kneecap
98
Identify the type of bone and location:
Vertebrae
Irregular bones
Spine including axis and atlas
99
Identify the type of bone and location:
Pelvic bone
Irregular bones
Hip bones
100
What are the 6 components of long bones
1. Compact bone
- outer layer of osteons
- more dense, stronger, less flexible, withstands weight
2. Spongy bone
- inside, latice-like network
- less dense, weaker, more flexible, balances out weight
3. Medullary cavity
- hollow interior of bone
- contains yellow bone marrow
4. Bone marrow
- found within medullary cavity
- yellow bone marrow
5. Diaphysis
- middle of the bone covered by periosteum
6. Epiphysis
- proximal and distal ends
- covered with articular cartilage
Bones are surrounded by periosteum
101
What are the cranial bones (6)
FT POSE
1. Parietal (paired)
2. Occipital
3. Sphenoid
4. Ethmoid
5. Facial
6. Temporal (paired)
102
What are the facial bones (8)
My Mandible Never Chews Very Large Zucchini Pizzas
1. Maxillae (paired) - upper jaw
2. Mandible - lower jaw
3. Nasal bone (paired)
4. Conchae (inferior conchae)
5. Vomer
6. Lacrimal (paired) - tears (medial to eyes)
7. Zygomatic (paired) - cheek bones
8. Palatine (paired) - hard palate
103
Identify the type of bone and location:
Hyoid
Sesamoid bone
Horse-shoe shaped bone located in the neck
104
Identify and differentiate the axis and atlas on the vertebral column
Atlas is C01
Axis is C02
105
Identify the type of bone and location:
Sacrum
Irregular bone
Sacral region (S01-S05)
- all 5 vertebrae fuse together during early childhood
106
Identify the type of bone and location:
Coccyx
Irregular bone
Tailbone
107
Identify the three parts of the sternum (3)
Manubrium (top)
Body (middle)
Xiphoid (bottom)
108
What are the four divisions of the vertebral column
Cervical (C01-C07)
Thoracic (T01-T12)
Lumbar (L01-L05)
Sacral (S01-S05) = sacrum
109
Differentiate true/false ribs from vertebrochondral and floating ribs
True ribs - connected to the sternum (1-7)
False ribs - not connected to the sternum (8-12)
Vertebrochondral ribs (8-10) - True ribs
Floating ribs (11,12) - False ribs that are floating/not touching both sides
110
What determines if a bone will have a medullary cavity or not
Medullary cavities are in long bones, flat (?), irregular, etc.
111
Explain the differences between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of structure and location
Compact bone is the outside of the bone (containing osteon)
- weight bearing
- strong, dense, not flexible
Spongy bone is the inside, lattice-like
- balances weight
- weaker, less dense, more flexible
112
What are the major components of an osteon
- Haversion canal
- blood vessels and nerves
- Volkmann canal
- osteocytes in lacunae
- lamallae
Osteons are found in compact bone
113
What is an osteon
Concentric lamellae enclosing central canals which blood vessels pass through
114
What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton
Axial = the centre of the skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage)
Appendicular = everything else (outer, upper and lower limbs + shoulder girdle + pelvic girdle)
115
Lambdoid sutures are between which cranial bones
Between parietal and occipital cranial bones
116
Coronal sutures are between which cranial bones
Think about the frontal/coronal plane!
Between parietal and frontal cranial bones
117
Sagittal sutures are between which cranial bones
Between paired parietal cranial bones
118
Squamous sutures are between which cranial bones
Between temporal and parietal cranial bones
119
Osteons
Concentric lamellae enclosing central canals which blood vessels pass
- found in compact bone (outside)
120
Osteoblasts
Synthesize bone matrix
- found along bone surface
121
Osteoclasts
Break down bone matrix
- found inside the bone
122
Osteocytes
Maintain bone tissue structure and sense bone health
- found within lacunae surrounded by bone matrix
123
What is the axial skeleton and which regions are part of it
Skeleton on the long axis
- including the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
124
Explain the standard system of numbering used to identify individual ribs and individual vertebra within the vertebral column
Vertebrae and ribs are numbered (01-12, etc) according to their region
125
Use the standard system of numbering to identify specific ribs and/or vertebrae
Ribs count from 1-12 (11 and 12 are floating)
Vertebrae count from atlas (C01), axis (C02), etc etc
C01 = small circle, big, small circle
C02 = has a bulb in the center
C03 = looks like a face
126
What are the three functional categories of joints and what kind of movement do they permit
Synarthrosis = no movement
Amphiarthrosis = little movement
Diarthrosis = free movement
127
Describe the movement permitted by synthartrosis joints
No movement
- extremely strong joints located where movement between bones must be prevented
128
What are the 4 categories of synarthrosis joints
1. Sutures
- bones of the skull
- look like zippers, has dense connective tissue fibres
2. Gomphosis
- "gums"
- teeth in their sockets; fibrous connections with periodontal ligament
3. Synchondrosis
- cartilaginous
- 2 articular bones with no movement (ribs)
4. Synostosis
- bony
- bones that have fused so their boundary goes away
- epiphyseal lines of mature long bones
129
What are the 2 categories of amphiarthrosis joints
1. Syndesmosis
- fibrous band/ligaments
- distal joint between tibia and fibula
2. Symphysis
- fibrocartilage, pad-like structure between two articulating bones
- pubic symphysis
130
Describe the movement permitted by amphiarthrosis joints
Little movement
- permits more movement than synarthrosis but is much stronger than a freely movable joint
- connected by collagen fibers and cartilage
131
Describe the movement permitted by diathrosis joints
Synovial joints = free movement
- permits the widest range of movement
132
What are the major components of a synovial joint
1. Synovial membrane
2. Articular cartilage
3. Joint capsule
4. Synovial fluid
133
What are the key ligaments and cartilages that stabilize the knee
Ligaments = P LAMP
1. Articular capsule = made of articular cartilage (prone to osteoarthritis)
2. Medial and lateral menisci
3. Ligaments
- patellar ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate pigament
- medial collateral ligaments
- lateral collateral ligaments
134
What are 6 types of synovial joints
1. Plane joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Pivot joint
4. Condylar joint
5. Saddle joint
6. Ball-and-socket joint
135
Describe the movement permitted at a:
Plane joint
And give an example
Movement = gliding, flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another (slight movement)
Ex: Sternoclavicular joints
136
Describe the movement permitted at a:
Hinge joint
And give an example
Movement = angular, permits angular motion in a single plane (like opening and closing of a door)
Ex: elbow, knee, ankle joints
137
Describe the movement permitted at a:
Pivot joint
And give an example
Movement = rotation, permits only rotation
Ex: atlanto-axial joint (neck)
138
Describe the movement permitted at a:
Condylar joint
And give an example
Movement = angular, biaxial, oval-shaped concave
Ex: radiocarpal joints / wrist
139
Describe the movement permitted at a:
Saddle joint
And give an example
Movement = angular, biaxial; articular faces that fit together like a rider in a saddle; each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other
Ex: thumb
140
Describe the movement permitted at a:
Ball-and-socket joint
And give an example
Movement = angular, circumduction and rotation; the round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another
Ex: shoulder socket/joints or hip joints/sockets
Ball = humerus
Socket = scapula
Ball = femur
Socket = pelvic girdle
141
What is a tendon
Anchors bone to muscle
142
What is a ligament
Anchors bone to bone
143
What is a joint
Formed when two bones meet each other
- articulate / move / allows bones to move
144
Describe CT proper:
Loose:
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
1. Areolar = lots of stuff, many cell types (WBCs, lymphocytes)
= contains fibroblasts and many different fibre types (elastin, collagen, reticular, etc.)
2. Adipose = fats with lots of white space
= fats push nucleic towards rim of fat shrivels
3. Reticular = only has reticular fibres
145
Describe CT proper:
Dense:
- dense regular
- dense irregular
- elastic
1. Dense regular = WAVY because of collagen fibers
= make up tendons, ligaments, fascia
2. Dense irregular = less organized (fibres go in many directions)
= fibrous capsule of joints
3. Elastic = elastic fibres that are thinner than collagen fibers
= also looks wavy
= makes up walls of large arteries
146
Describe supportive CT:
- cartilage (3)
- chondrocytes in lacunae
1. Hyaline cartilage = type II collagen
= dark/smooth extracellular matrix with lots of chondrocytes in lacunae
= not many fibres
2. Fibrocartilage = 2 types of collagen (I and II)
= some cells with clear fibres running through
3. Elastic cartilage = type II collagen and elastic fibres
= some cells suspended in elastic fibres that are arranged in many different directions
147
Which bones are part of the appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Pelvic (hip) girdle
148
Which bones are part of:
Shoulder/pectoral girdle
- clavicle = attaches pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
- scapula
- the sternum is not part of the pectoral girdle but it attaches the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton
149
Which bones are part of:
Pelvic girdle (hip bones)
- fused sacrum (S01-S05) = connects pelvic girdle to axial skeleton
- pubic symphysis = fibrocartilage
- ilia (top wing)
- ischium (back)
- pubis (front)
150
Name the three upper limb bones
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
151
Name the six lower limb bones
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- calcaneus
- talus
- patella
152
Wrist and hand group bones
Proximal/distal carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
*The first digit is missing a middle phalange
153
Ankle and foot group bones
Proximal/distal tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
*The first digit is missing a middle phalange
154
Define origin of a muscle or a bone
Part of the muscle that typically does not move
- area where the muscle is attached to two articulating bones
- on the fixed bone
Bone = fixed bone (does not move)
155
Define insertion of a muscle or a bone
Part of the muscle that does move
- area where the muscle is attached to two articulating bones
- on the moveable bone
Bone = moveable bone (does move)
156
Describe the two types of actions in muscle interaction
Agonist and antagonist
157
What is an antagonist/agonist
Agonist = generates the main force of an action; prime mover, responsible for producing the movement
Antagonist = performs the opposite action; opposes agonist
158
Describe supination and pronation
Supination = SOUPination
Pronation = opposite of supination
159
Describe lateral and medial rotation
Think of the wrist:
Lateral rotation = Rotating away from the midline
Medial rotation = Rotating towards the midline
160
Describe adduction and abduction
Abduction = away from the midline / outwards
Adduction = adds to the midline / towards midline
161
Describe extension and flexion
The agonist of extension becomes the antagonist of flexion
The agonist of flexion becomes the antagonist of extension
162
Describe plantarflexion
Pointing foot down = flex foot downwards
163
Describe dorsiflexion
Moving the foot up = upwards
164
What is the paired action of each of the following:
1. Flexion
2. Elevation
3. Pronation
4. Bending
5. Contracting
6. Abducting
1. Extension
2. Depression
3. Supination
4. Straightening
5. Relaxing
6. Adducting
165
How are skeletal muscles attached to the skeleton
via TENDONS
166
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Occipitofrontalis
Axial muscle
Occipital to frontal bone
(paired)
167
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Orbicularis oculi vs orbicularis oris
Axial muscle
Circle shaped
Oculi = eye (paired)
Oris = mouth
168
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Buccinator
Axial muscle
Cheek / thin muscles (paired)
169
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Nasalis
Axial muscle
Goes over nose (paired)
170
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Platysma
Axial muscle
Anterior to neck (paired)
(spider fingers up neck)
171
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Temporalis
Axial muscle
Plays a role in mastication (chewing)
- located on sides of the head
(paired)
172
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Masseter
Axial muscle
Plays a role in mastication (chewing)
- located on sides of the face/cheeks
(paired)
173
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
External and internal obliques
Rectus abdominis
Transverse abdominis
Axial muscle
6 pack
- in abdomen
Exterior = external oblique
Next = rectus abdominis
Inferior = internal oblique
Very inside = transverse abdominis
174
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Diaphragm
Axial muscle
Inferior to thoracic cavity
- plays a role in breathing
175
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
Transverse perennials (deep and superficial)
Axial muscle
Deep and superficial
- part of the pelvic floor
Superficial = much thinner
Deep = bigger
176
First: Is the following an axial or appendicular muscle
Then, describe the general location of the following muscle:
External anal sphincter
Axial muscle
Controls defecation
- controls release of feces
177
List all the axial muscles:
POOTT N TROMBONED
1. Platysma
2. Orbicularis oris
3. Orbicularis oculi
4. Temporalis
5. Transverse abdominis
6. Nasalis
7. Transverse perennials
8. Rectus abdominis
9. Occipitofrontalis
10. Masseter
11. Buccinator
12. Obliques (external and internal)
13. External anal sphincter
14. Diaphragm
178
What are the four main groups of muscles in the axial skeleton
1. Head/neck
2. Vertebral column
3. Trunk
4. Pelvic floor
179
Muscles of Mastication
1. Masseter (deep and superficial)
2. Temporalis
3. Pterygoid (medial and lateral)
180
Muscles of Facial Expression
Occipitofrontalis - moves forehead and eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi - open and close eyes
Orbicularis oris - purse the lips
Zygomaticus - raise corners of the mouth
Buccinator - compress cheeks
Levator/depressor anguli/labii inferioris/superioris
181
Muscles for the tongue all end in "glossus" (latin for tongue): Name all 5 tongue muscles
PH GST
1. Genioglossus
2. Hyoglossus
3. Palatoglossus
4. Styloglossus
5. Tongue
182
3 Muscles of the pharynx
1. Pharyngeal constrictors
2. Laryngeal elevators
3. Palatal muscles
183
How can you identify if a muscle attaches to the hyoid
Its not the diagastric or sternothyroid, the muscle will end in "-hyoid"
184
What are the scalene muscles and where can they be found
Muscles that flex and rotate the neck, elevate the upper two ribs during inspiration
- anterior scalene
- middle scalene
- posterior scalene
185
Describe the muscles involved in spinal extension
(deep/superificial?)
Erector spinae (deep/superficial?)
- spinalis (medial)
- longissimus (intermediate)
- iliocostalis (lateral)
186
Describe the muscles involved in spinal flexion
Spinal flexors
- longus capitis
- longus colli
- quadratus lumborum
187
External and internal intercostals
External intercostals = forced inhalation
Internal intercostals = forced exhalation
1. external intercostals
2. internal intercostals
3. innermost intercostals
188
What are the three muscles of the urogenital triangle
- superficial transverse perineal
- bulbospongiosus
- ischiocavernosus
189
What are the three muscles of the anal triangle
- levator ani
- external anal sphincter
- coccygeus muscle
