Written Final Details Flashcards
Why is range of motion important
to diagnose lameness
What species does not have an intertubercular groove on the humerus
Ruminants (sheep and cows)
Who has a supratrochlear foramen? Who has a supracondylar foramen?
Dogs; Cats
Why is there no pronation and supination in hooved animals
prevents torsion fractures in bones distal to the humerus
Cows have a ________ on the greater tubercle that encloses the __________
hook; biceps brachii
What is special about the carpus in carnivores
can hyperextend during locomotion
the medial aspect of the forearm receives sensory innervation from
cutaneous branches of musculocutaneous
the craniolateral aspect of the arm receives sensory innervation from
cutaneous branches of axillary and radial
the cranial aspect of the arm receives sensory innervation from
cutaneous branches of axillary
the caudal aspect of the arm receives sensory innervation from
cutaneous branches of ulnar
why is the pleura cupola medically relevant
injuries in the neck can cause pneumothorax; the cupola is an extension of pleura into the neck
what happens when the cervicothoracic ganglion is compressed or infected? why?
signs of Horner’s syndrome (drooping eyelids, no PLR, anisocoria); all sympathetic innervation to the head passes through the ganglion
what is the relevance of the paralumbar fossa
where we assess rumen motility
how many thoracic nerves do horses have? cows?
18; 13
What nerves are blocked for standing flank surgery in cows? what are their special names
Cows: T13, L1, L2
Horses: T18, L1, L2
T13: costoabdominal
L1: iliohypogastric
L2: ilioinguinal
What is the surgical relevance of the falciform ligament?
it is filled with runny fat; when performing surgery through a mid-ventral approach, must go a little to the side (either side)
what is the clinical relevance of the epiploic foramen
intestines can herniate
What is the clinical relevance of the nephrosplenic recess
when a horse rolls, the pelvic flexure can become entrapped in the space, causing colic
what is the major duodenal papilla
sphincter of the bile duct and main pancreatic duct in horses
what are the important landmarks for the small and large intestine
transverse colon passes cranially to the root of the mesentery and cranial mesenteric artery (cranial flexure)
duodenum passes caudal to the root of the mesentery and cranial mesenteric artery (caudal flexure)
where is the appendix
distal aspect of the cecum
is the proximal or distal portion of the mesentery more likely to have issues
distal
why is the ileal papilla important
prevents reflux of digesta from the cecum to the ileum
what species has a ventral colic artery
rabbit
what is relaxin
hormone that relaxes the joints and ligaments surrounding the pelvic inlet during parturition
what is the promontory
the cranioventral portion of the sacrum; marks changed orientation with respect to the lumbar vertebrae
describe the path of the vertebral artery once it gets to the brain
vertebral -> basilar -> circulus arteriosus cerebri (circle of Willis)
what is the fovea dentis
space on the atlas that articulates with the dens from the axis
who has a tympanic bulla
dogs and cats
compression of what region of the neck causes wobblers
C3 or C4
what is fistulous wither
inflammation of the thoracic bursa
what is poll evil
inflammation of the atlantal bursa
what is Viborg’s triangle
where a needle can be introduced into the guttural pouch
what protects the carotid in cows
sternocephalicus
what protects the carotid in horses
omohyoideus
why is the carotid sheath important
prevents the spread of infection from the esophagus to the carotid a
what small animal has a diastema and a nasoincisive notch
rabbit
what happens if buccal nerves are damaged
facial paralysis of one or more facial muscles
where is a nasogastric tube inserted
ventral meatus (ventral to the ventral conchae)
what happens if you force a nasogastric tube into a horse
will enter and perforate the nasal diverticulum
how can you access teeth surgically (not via the mouth)
sinuses
what animal has a large palatine sinus
cow
T/F horses have a large palatine sinus
F (they have one, but it is small)
what is the path of food
oral cavity -> piriform recess -> laryngopharynx -> esophagus
what is the path of air
nostril -> through meatuses -> choanae -> nasal cavity -> interpharyngeal ostium -> nasopharynx -> larynx
what is an issue horses can have with their epiglottis
it can be displaced ventral to the soft palate, closing off the larynx and making it difficult to breathe
the guttural pouch tends to be infected with
fungi
the cranial horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with ___________ and the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with __________
thyrohyoid bone; cricoid cartilage
what is the clinical significance of the caudal thyroid notch
where you enter into the laryngeal lumen for surgery
what do we have to bypass when inserting an ET
vocal folds
who doesn’t have vestibular folds
cows
what is roaring
damage to a caudal recurrent laryngeal nerve; causes paralysis of pharyngeal muscles on the same side; causes vestibular folds, vocal folds, and arytenoid cartilage to flutter and make noise
what does the auditory tube connect? how can this be an issue
nasopharynx to middle ear; can be a route for airborne pathogens to enter the middle ear
what things are only found on the horse femur
trochanteric notch; third trochanter
paralysis of what nerve would prevent weight bearing of the stifle
femoral (loss of function of quadriceps femoris and sartorius)
what nerve can be damaged during parturition
obturator
what is the best approach to the stifle during surgery
medially
if inserting an arthroscope into the stifle joint, where do you make the incisions
below or beside the patella
what are the crus muscles
long and lateral digital extensor
what is the significance of the crus muscles
passage of tendons; act as a spring in ungulates
palmar digital block
desensitize dorsal aspect of hoof; inject on either side of the digital pastern
proximal sesamoid block
whole digit except dorsal aspect of long pastern
distal metatarsal block
dorsal, plantar, and plantar metatarsal nerves from the fetlock down
proximal metatarsal block
freezes palmar nerves
