Written Final Details

Question 1

Why is range of motion important

Answer 1

to diagnose lameness

Question 2

What species does not have an intertubercular groove on the humerus

Answer 2

Ruminants (sheep and cows)

Question 3

Who has a supratrochlear foramen? Who has a supracondylar foramen?

Answer 3

Dogs; Cats

Question 4

Why is there no pronation and supination in hooved animals

Answer 4

prevents torsion fractures in bones distal to the humerus

Question 5

Cows have a ________ on the greater tubercle that encloses the __________

Answer 5

hook; biceps brachii

Question 6

What is special about the carpus in carnivores

Answer 6

can hyperextend during locomotion

Question 7

the medial aspect of the forearm receives sensory innervation from

Answer 7

cutaneous branches of musculocutaneous

Question 8

the craniolateral aspect of the arm receives sensory innervation from

Answer 8

cutaneous branches of axillary and radial

Question 9

the cranial aspect of the arm receives sensory innervation from

Answer 9

cutaneous branches of axillary

Question 10

the caudal aspect of the arm receives sensory innervation from

Answer 10

cutaneous branches of ulnar

Question 11

why is the pleura cupola medically relevant

Answer 11

injuries in the neck can cause pneumothorax; the cupola is an extension of pleura into the neck

Question 12

what happens when the cervicothoracic ganglion is compressed or infected? why?

Answer 12

signs of Horner’s syndrome (drooping eyelids, no PLR, anisocoria); all sympathetic innervation to the head passes through the ganglion

Question 13

what is the relevance of the paralumbar fossa

Answer 13

where we assess rumen motility

Question 14

how many thoracic nerves do horses have? cows?

Answer 14

18; 13

Question 15

What nerves are blocked for standing flank surgery in cows? what are their special names

Answer 15

Cows: T13, L1, L2
Horses: T18, L1, L2

T13: costoabdominal
L1: iliohypogastric
L2: ilioinguinal

Question 16

What is the surgical relevance of the falciform ligament?

Answer 16

it is filled with runny fat; when performing surgery through a mid-ventral approach, must go a little to the side (either side)

Question 17

what is the clinical relevance of the epiploic foramen

Answer 17

intestines can herniate

Question 18

What is the clinical relevance of the nephrosplenic recess

Answer 18

when a horse rolls, the pelvic flexure can become entrapped in the space, causing colic

Question 19

what is the major duodenal papilla

Answer 19

sphincter of the bile duct and main pancreatic duct in horses

Question 20

what are the important landmarks for the small and large intestine

Answer 20

transverse colon passes cranially to the root of the mesentery and cranial mesenteric artery (cranial flexure)

duodenum passes caudal to the root of the mesentery and cranial mesenteric artery (caudal flexure)

Question 21

where is the appendix

Answer 21

distal aspect of the cecum

Question 22

is the proximal or distal portion of the mesentery more likely to have issues

Answer 22

distal

Question 23

why is the ileal papilla important

Answer 23

prevents reflux of digesta from the cecum to the ileum

Question 24

what species has a ventral colic artery

Answer 24

rabbit

Question 25

what is relaxin

Answer 25

hormone that relaxes the joints and ligaments surrounding the pelvic inlet during parturition

Question 26

what is the promontory

Answer 26

the cranioventral portion of the sacrum; marks changed orientation with respect to the lumbar vertebrae

Question 27

describe the path of the vertebral artery once it gets to the brain

Answer 27

vertebral -> basilar -> circulus arteriosus cerebri (circle of Willis)

Question 28

what is the fovea dentis

Answer 28

space on the atlas that articulates with the dens from the axis

Question 29

who has a tympanic bulla

Answer 29

dogs and cats

Question 30

compression of what region of the neck causes wobblers

Answer 30

C3 or C4

Question 31

what is fistulous wither

Answer 31

inflammation of the thoracic bursa

Question 32

what is poll evil

Answer 32

inflammation of the atlantal bursa

Question 33

what is Viborg's triangle

Answer 33

where a needle can be introduced into the guttural pouch

Question 34

what protects the carotid in cows

Answer 34

sternocephalicus

Question 35

what protects the carotid in horses

Answer 35

omohyoideus

Question 36

why is the carotid sheath important

Answer 36

prevents the spread of infection from the esophagus to the carotid a

Question 37

what small animal has a diastema and a nasoincisive notch

Answer 37

rabbit

Question 38

what happens if buccal nerves are damaged

Answer 38

facial paralysis of one or more facial muscles

Question 39

where is a nasogastric tube inserted

Answer 39

ventral meatus (ventral to the ventral conchae)

Question 40

what happens if you force a nasogastric tube into a horse

Answer 40

will enter and perforate the nasal diverticulum

Question 41

how can you access teeth surgically (not via the mouth)

Answer 41

sinuses

Question 42

what animal has a large palatine sinus

Answer 42

cow

Question 43

T/F horses have a large palatine sinus

Answer 43

F (they have one, but it is small)

Question 44

what is the path of food

Answer 44

oral cavity -> piriform recess -> laryngopharynx -> esophagus

Question 45

what is the path of air

Answer 45

nostril -> through meatuses -> choanae -> nasal cavity -> interpharyngeal ostium -> nasopharynx -> larynx

Question 46

what is an issue horses can have with their epiglottis

Answer 46

it can be displaced ventral to the soft palate, closing off the larynx and making it difficult to breathe

Question 47

the guttural pouch tends to be infected with

Answer 47

fungi

Question 48

the cranial horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with ___________ and the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with __________

Answer 48

thyrohyoid bone; cricoid cartilage

Question 49

what is the clinical significance of the caudal thyroid notch

Answer 49

where you enter into the laryngeal lumen for surgery

Question 50

what do we have to bypass when inserting an ET

Answer 50

vocal folds

Question 51

who doesn't have vestibular folds

Answer 51

cows

Question 52

what is roaring

Answer 52

damage to a caudal recurrent laryngeal nerve; causes paralysis of pharyngeal muscles on the same side; causes vestibular folds, vocal folds, and arytenoid cartilage to flutter and make noise

Question 53

what does the auditory tube connect? how can this be an issue

Answer 53

nasopharynx to middle ear; can be a route for airborne pathogens to enter the middle ear

Question 54

what things are only found on the horse femur

Answer 54

trochanteric notch; third trochanter

Question 55

paralysis of what nerve would prevent weight bearing of the stifle

Answer 55

femoral (loss of function of quadriceps femoris and sartorius)

Question 56

what nerve can be damaged during parturition

Answer 56

obturator

Question 57

what is the best approach to the stifle during surgery

Answer 57

medially

Question 58

if inserting an arthroscope into the stifle joint, where do you make the incisions

Answer 58

below or beside the patella

Question 59

what are the crus muscles

Answer 59

long and lateral digital extensor

Question 60

what is the significance of the crus muscles

Answer 60

passage of tendons; act as a spring in ungulates

Question 61

palmar digital block

Answer 61

desensitize dorsal aspect of hoof; inject on either side of the digital pastern

Question 62

proximal sesamoid block

Answer 62

whole digit except dorsal aspect of long pastern

Question 63

distal metatarsal block

Answer 63

dorsal, plantar, and plantar metatarsal nerves from the fetlock down

Question 64

proximal metatarsal block

Answer 64

freezes palmar nerves