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Veterinary Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity

A

Cranial: thoracic inlet
Caudal: diaphragm
Lateral: ribs, muscles, skin
Dorsal: vertebrae, muscles, skin
Ventral: sternum, muscles, skin

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2
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus dorsalis cranialis

A

O: thoracic fascia and spines of first 6-8 thoracic vertebrae
I: cranial border and lateral surface of ribs 2-10

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3
Q

Action of serratus dorsalis cranialis

A

Lift ribs for inspiration

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4
Q

Origin and insertion of serratus dorsalis caudalis

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia
I: caudal border of last 3-8 ribs

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5
Q

Action of serratus dorsalis caudalis

A

Draw last few ribs caudally for expiration

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6
Q

External intercostal muscles run…

A

Craniodorsally to caudoventrally

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7
Q

Internal intercostal muscles run….

A

Caudodorsally to cranioventrally

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8
Q

External intercostal pulls ribs ____________ to assist in ________________

A

Cranially; inspiration

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9
Q

Internal intercostal pulls ribs ____________ to assist in ___________

A

Caudally; expiration

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10
Q

Where is transversus thoracis (parasternal) located

A

Inside ribcage from sternum to costochondral junction

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11
Q

Transversus thoracis pulls the costal cartilages __________ to assist with _______________

A

Inward; expiration

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12
Q

What muscles assist inspiration

A

Serratus dorsalis cranialis; external intercostal

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13
Q

What muscles assist expiration

A

Serratus dorsalis caudalis; internal intercostal; transversus thoracis (parasternal)

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14
Q

What are the epaxial muscles

A

Iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus, Spinalis thoracis

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15
Q

Where is rectus thoracis

A

From the 1st to 4th rib

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16
Q

What muscle acts to retract the ribs and keep the ribcage in place

A

retractor costae

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17
Q

What muscle acts to elevate the ribs and where is it located

A

levator costae; between the transverse processes of the vertebrae and upper aspect of the rib

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18
Q

What are four thoracic wall nerves

A

dorsal cutaneous, lateral cutaneous, lateral thoracic (innervates pectoralis), intercostobracial

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19
Q

where are VANs located

A

on the caudal border of the ribs

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20
Q

What is pleura

A

serous membrane that folds onto itself to form a two layered bag (visceral and parietal pleura)

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21
Q

T/F visceral pleura is only surrounding the lungs

A

T; costal, diaphragmatic, cupular and mediastinal pleura is parietal

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22
Q

what is the term for where the pleura extend beyond the first rib

A

the pleural cupulae

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23
Q

What are the four types of parietal pleura

A

costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal and cupular

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24
Q

What is chylothorax

A

lymph in the thorax

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25
Q

what is the line of pleural reflection

A

where the costal pleura connects with the diaphragmatic pleura

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26
Q

what is the location of the cardiac notch in horses and what is its importance

A

3rd-6th intercostal spaces; if you put a needle in here it will not pierce the pleura

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27
Q

where is the location of the cardiac notch in cows

A

3rd-4th intercostal space

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28
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

A

the diaphragm; has tendinous and muscular regions

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29
Q

what are the parts of the diaphragm

A

tendinous: central tendon and L/R crura
muscular: sternal and L/R costal portions

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30
Q

what are the three main openings in the diaphram

A

aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval foramen (for caudal vena cava)

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31
Q

what is the purpose of the crura

A

attach to the ventral aspect of the 3rd/4th lumbar vertebrae centra

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32
Q

what animals are prone to chylothorax

A

cats

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33
Q

T/F the thoracic duct is paired

A

False; only on the left side

34
Q

what is the path of the thoracic duct

A

extends from the cysterna chylii (in the abdomen) through the aortic hiatus (in the diaphram) into the jugular vein or cranial vena cava (in the thoracic cavity)

35
Q

at what point does vagus split into dorsal and ventral branches

A

after crossing the heart

36
Q

what is the path of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

passes under the aorta, then loops up to innervate the pharyngeal muscles (exception = cricothyroid)

37
Q

what is the path of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

curves around the right subclavian artery

38
Q

at what point does the vagus and sympathetic trunk separate

A

at the thoracic inlet; in the neck it is the vagosympathetic trunk

39
Q

what is the importance of the cervicothoracic ganglion

A

where sympathetic innervation to the head passes through (and joins in the vertebral nerve)

40
Q

T/F the cervicothoracic ganglion is parasympathetic

A

False; it is sympathetic

41
Q

Where is the cervicothoracic ganglion located

A

head of the 1st rib

42
Q

Left azygous vein is only in __________

A

ruminants; all other species have only right azygous vein

43
Q

the bifurcation of the trachea occurs ________ to the heart and is called the _________

A

dorsal; carina

44
Q

tracheal cartilage is open _________

A

dorsally

45
Q

what closes the gap in tracheal cartilage

A

trachealis m.

46
Q

describe the left and right lobes of the small animal lung

A

left: cranial cranial lobe, caudal cranial lobe, caudal lobe
right: cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe

47
Q

describe the left and right lobes of the horse lung

A

left: no cranial or caudal lobes (all one big lobe)
right: cranial lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe (no middle lobe)

48
Q

describe the left and right lobes of the bovine lung

A

left: cranial cranial lobe, caudal cranial lobe, caudal lobe
right: cranial cranial lobe, caudal cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, accessory lobe

49
Q

what is the extent of the ruminant heart

A

2-5 IC

50
Q

what is the extent of the horse heart

A

2-6 IC

51
Q

what is the extent of the dog heart

A

3 rib to 6 IC

52
Q

what is the extent of the cat heart

A

3 IC to 6/7 rib

53
Q

what lies between the sternum and the heart? what is its job

A

sternopericardial ligament; maintains apex of pericardial sac in fixed position near the sternum

54
Q

what lies between the diaphragm and the heart

A

phrenicopericardial ligament; maintains apex of pericardial sac in fixed position near the diaphragm

55
Q

what is the importance of the auricle

A

reduces turbulence in the atria

56
Q

what is an important structure that is only found in the right ventricle? what is its job

A

septomarginal trabeculae (aka moderator band); limits movement of the right side of the heart and conducts pulses

57
Q

the _____ ventricle is more cranial than the ____ ventricle

A

right is more cranial than the left

58
Q

in neonates, there is a _______________ between the pulmonary artery and the aorta; in adults, the ___________________ becomes the _________________

A

in neonates, there is a DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM between the pulmonary artery and the aorta; in adults, the DUCTUS ARTERIOSUM becomes the LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM

59
Q

what is the purpose of the ductus arteriosum

A

shunts blood from the pulmonary circulation into the aorta, since the lungs are non-functional

60
Q

describe the orientation of the heart

A

right ventricle is more cranial than the left ventricle, but 60% of the heart is on the left side

61
Q

the heart base is located (dorsally/ventrally) whereas the apex is located (dorsally/ventrally)

A

base is located dorsally, apex is located ventrally

62
Q

what is the angle of the heart in cats

A

30 degrees

63
Q

what is the angle of the heart in dogs

A

45 degrees

64
Q

what is the angle of the heart in cows

A

75 degrees

65
Q

what is the angle of the heart in horses

A

90 degrees

66
Q

describe PAM in horses

A

PAM, 3 low, 4 high, 5 low

67
Q

the left heart base includes what valve(s)

A

pulmonic and aortic

68
Q

the left heart apex includes what valve(s)

A

mitral (bicuspid)

69
Q

the right mid heart includes what valve(s)

A

tricuspid

70
Q

the right heart sternal border allows you to diagnose what

A

VSD

71
Q

where would you listen for the tricuspid valve

A

low in the 3rd or 4th IC on the right side

72
Q

describe PAM in cows

A

PAM, 3 low, 4 high, 4 low

73
Q

describe the connections to the heart tricuspid and bicuspid valves

A

from septum inward: papillary muscles, cordae tendinae, valves

74
Q

describe the branches of the left coronary artery

A

paraconal (in the paraconal groove) and circumflex (in the atrioventricular groove)

75
Q

describe the branches of the right coronary artery

A

becomes subsinuosal branch (in horse and pig)

76
Q

coronary arteries are filled in ________

A

diastole (when blood backflows into the aorta but the aortic/pulmonic valves have closed)

77
Q

there is/are ______ aortic sinuses and ________ coronary sinuses

A

3 aortic, 1 coronary

78
Q

the coronary sinus is the termination of what vein

A

the great cardiac vein

79
Q

what is one potential consequence of surgery in the abdomen or thorax on the heart

A

disturbing parasympathetic fibres (i.e. vagus) will slow the heart rate

80
Q

what is the hole in the fetus that connects the left and right sides of the heart

A

fossa ovalis

Veterinary Anatomy (16 decks)

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