Tarsus, Femur, Tibia and Fibula Flashcards
what is the name for the accessory tarsus bone
calcaneus
T________ and C____________ make up the first of three rows for the tarsus bones
talus and calcaneus
What is the knee joint called
Stifle
What is the ankle joint called
Tarsus or hock
What is the joint between the metatarsus and phalanges?
Metatarsophylangeal
What is the joint between the phalanges?
Interphalangeal (proximal, PIP or distal, DIP)
What is the foot posture of carnivores
Digitigrade
What is the foot posture of horses
Unguligrade
Does the tibia or fibula bear all weight
tibia (in both SA and LA)
Why are there hindlimb differences between SA and LA
Much heavier weight of guts in LA due to grass diet
What is one consequence of gut size in relation to the vertebral column in SA vs LA
Much more flexible vertebral column in SA; much more rigid vertebral column in LA
What drives extension of the vertebral column
Iliocostalis, longissimus, and transversospinalis
What drives flexion of the vertebral column
Iliopsoas, rectus abdominis, and abdominal obliques
Why do animals have long skinny legs
Having the mass near the pivot point makes the leg easier to move (has to do with inertia)
Do large animals have a longer or shorter femur relative to small animals? Why
Shorter; brings hip muscles closer to the body
What is the role of calcaneus
Leverage for tarsal extension muscles
How does the spring mechanism work in SA
Bounce off the tarsal/digital flexor muscles and use the tendons as springs
How does the spring mechanism work in LA
Bounce off of metacarpophylangeal joints and use digital flexor tendons as springs
Why is the radius/tibia prone to fracture
Long slim bones under a heavy bone; will fracture if additional force is added
What is the shape of the femoral head in dogs and horses
Spheroidal
What is the shape of the femoral head in cows
Elongated
What is the labrum
Cartilage lip on the dorsal rim of the acetabulum; helps prevent subluxation of the femur
What does the ligament of the head of the femur lie between
The acetabular fossa to the fovea of the femur
What is the function of the ligament of the head of the femur
prevents lateral translation of the femur
What is the role of the transverse acetabular ligament
Prevents ventral translation of the femur
What species has an extra ligament and what is it
Accessory ligament; horse
What is the origin of the accessory ligament
Pre-pubic tendon
What part of the tarsus does the tibia/fibula articulate with
Talus
What are the three joints of the tarsus
Tibiotarsal, intertarsal, tarsometatarsal
What is the sustentaculum tali
Shelf of calcaneus; DDFT rests on it
What is the term for the shelf of calcaneus
Sustentaculum tali
What is the foot called
pes
Where is the location of proximal sesamoid bones in the foot and what animals are they important for
At the metatarsophalangeal joint on the plantar aspect; important in ungulates
Where is the location of distal sesamoid bones in the foot
At the junction of the second and third phalanges
The tarsus has ______ rows of bones medially and _______ rows of bones laterally
3 rows of bones medially; 2 rows of bones laterally
In horses, the metatarsophalangeal joint is called the
Fetlock
In horses, the proximal interphalangeal joint is called the
Pastern joint
In horses, the distal interphalangeal joint is called the
Coffin joint
What is the name for the sesamoid bone only present in carnivores behind the stifle
Fabella
Is the medial or lateral meniscus more likely to be injured and way
medial more likely; attached to the tibia; not as much room for movement during flexion/extension
What direction does the cranial vs caudal cruciate ligament run in
Cranial: caudolateral femur to cranial tibia
Caudal: craniomedial femur to caudal tibia
What is the parapatellar cartilage
Cartilage over the medial aspect of the patella; helps lock the patella over the trochlea
What species is parapatellar cartilage present in
Horse, ruminants
What is the formation when the stay apparatus is locked
Parapatellar cartilage hooks over the medial ridge of the femur; medial ridge forced between the medial and middle patellar ligaments
T/F the tibia and fibula are separate in carnivores
T
