Written Final Flashcards
- Define homeostasis. Explain the difference between a positive and negative feedback mechanism. Give an example of each one in the human body.
Homeostasis is the dynamic state of equilibrium. Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous environmental changes. Negative feedback is the most common. Negative feedback reduces the original stimulus. Examples of negative feedback would be blood sugar levels, the body’s heart rate, and the body’s temperature. Positive feedback isn’t very common, as much as negative feedback is common. Positive feedback intensifies the original stimulus. Examples of positive feedback would be blood clotting and in labor contractions.
- Describe the anatomical position, why is an understanding of this position important? What is the importance of directional terms?
The anatomical position is “standing at attention” with palms facing forward. This position is the universal reference for terminology. Directional terms are important because they allow the medical personal to explain where one body structure is in relation to another. Using the anatomical terminology is more descriptive and clearer once understood.
- Name three important functions of connective tissue and; provide one specific example from the body that illustrates each function. Include the location of each tissue example. You may not use the same tissue more than once.
Dense regular Tissue Location tendons, ligaments. Function: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative positions of bones.
Adipose tissue Function supports and protects organs, insulates against heat loss, Location around kidney and eye balls, within abdomen and breast.
Hyaline cartilage Function support and reinforce. Location connects ribs to sternum, cartilage of nose, trachea, and larynx.
- Name three important functions of epithelial tissue and provide one specific example of a tissue that exemplifies each function. Include the location of each tissue example. You may not use the same tissue more than once.
Simple cuboidal epithelium, Function: secretion and absorption. Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.
Stratified squamous epithelium Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.
Transitional epithelium function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
- Describe a minimum of three appendages within the integumentary system and explain how each appendage helps maintain homeostasis. (ex: sweat gland)
The sebaceous, sudoriferous, and hair are all appendages of the skin that help maintain homeostasis.
The Sebaceous (oil) glands help keep the skin moist and prevents bacteria present on the skin surface from invading deeper skin origins.
The Sweat glands inhabits the growth of bacteria, and is efficient in regulating heat. This is why we sweat when body temperature is too high.
Hairs scattered on the body, protection light touches
- Distinguish clearly between first-, second-, and third-degree burns and how they affect each layer of the skin. Include symptoms of each degree of burn.
A first degree burn is a burn on only the epidermis. Redness, and swelling result of this burn and it takes about 2-3 days to heal. A sunburn is an example of a first degree burn. A second degree burn is on the epidermis and top of the dermis. Blisters arise and the healing Time is 3-4 weeks. A third degree burn is the entire thickness of the skin that is burned and skin grafts are needed for treatment.
- Osteoporosis is a homeostatic imbalance that causes decreased bone mass. Identify two cell types involved, their effects on bone growth, and two preventative measures.
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the two cells involved in osteoporosis.
The job of the osteoblasts is to build bone and make sure they have enough calcium, while the osteoclasts destroy bone and are like a sculptor in relation to taking calcium and putting it where it is needed.
In osteoporosis, osteoclasts are breaking down bone faster than osteoblasts have the ability to make it. Preventative measures that can be taken are weight bearing activities and a well balanced diet ( enough calcium for the body)
- Describe three of the five functions of the skeletal system. Relate and describe a homeostatic imbalance to each function. You may not use the same imbalance more than once.
Mineral storage, protection, movement, and blood production are some functions of the skeletal system.
Rickets Is an example of a homeostatic imbalance for movement.
Osteoporosis is an imbalance for mineral storage.
Leukemia is an imbalance in relation to blood storage since an unequal number of Red and white blood cells is a result.
A fracture is a homeostatic imbalance that relates to protection. For example if a rib was broken the lungs wouldn’t be fully protected any longer.
- Describe the steps in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction starting with calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Be sure to mention the roles of actin, myosin, calcium (Ca2+) and ATP.
Actin is exposed thanks to calcium, myosin binds to the actin ( cross bridge), myosin pulls on the actin ( power stroke) sliding it toward the center of Sarcomere. Myosin detaches from the actin thanks to ATP, reposition of the myosin heads thanks to ATP hydrolysis, the calcium is removed and returns back to sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Name and describe six of the seven criteria used for naming muscles and give a specific muscle example for each. You may not use the same muscle more than once.
Location, for example the temporalis (temporal bone) or intercostals (between ribs).
Shape, deltoid has the shape of a triangle and the trapezius is another example.
Size, gluteus Maximus (largest muscle in the body) minimus (small) and longus ( long muscles).
Number of origins such as bicep(2) tricep(3) and quadriceps (4).
Directions of muscle fibers is another criteria. Example is the oblique=oblique angle.
points of origin and/or insertion such as the sternocleidomastoid.
