Cells & Histology Chapter 3 Exam Flashcards
ribosome
Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
Powerhouses of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy
lysosome
powerful digestive enzymes that are capable of breaking down a wide variety of molecules.
ER
Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
Two types of ER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides
peroxisome
Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half
cytosol
Fluid that suspends other elements
cytoskeleton
is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization
cilia
Tiny hairlike structures that propel substances along the surface of the tissue aka mucus (Like in your throat/esophogus)
flagellum
substantially longer than the cilia
projection that moves the cell itself ex. sperm
Golgi apparatus
Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components
microvilli
Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption
Base Pairing
A - T
G - C
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine
Base Pairing In rna
A- U
G - C
Transcription vs. Translation
Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons
Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
4 Major Types of Tissues
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Epithelial Structure
- one side is free (exposed to outside or internal space)
I’m 2. other side is attached to connective tissue by thin, nonliving layer called the basement membrane (basal lamina & reticular lamina)
Epithelial Functions
Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, Filtration
Function of Connective
Bind, Support, Protect, Fill Spaces, Store Fat, Produce Blood Cells
Structure of Connective Tissue
Structure:
ground substance called the matrix with fibers and cells in it
Function of Muscular Tissue
Movement, Generate Heat
Function of Nervous Tissue
Functions:
Conduct Impulses for Coordination, Regulation, Integration, & Sensory Reception
Epithelial Tissues
Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium transitional epithelium
Connective Tissue
Areolar Adipose Dense regular Dense irregular Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Reticular Bone Blood
Muscular Tissues
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Major Steps in Tissue Repair
Step 1: Inflammation
- Inflammatory Chemical Release by:
a. mast cells –> histamine
b. macrophages & injured cells –> others - Capillaries dilate & become permeable
- White blood cells, clotting proteins, antibodies diffuse to injured area
- Clot forms, “walls off” isolated area
- Portion exposed to air dries & hardens = scab
- Excess fluids, destroyed cells, & debris is picked-up by lymph vessels or phagocytized by macrophages
Major Steps in Tissue Repair
Step 2: Organization
(It Restores Blood Supply)
- Granulation tissue replaces blood clot
a. capillaries bud to form new network
b. fibroblasts produce new collagen
c. macrophages digest clot - Granulation tissue is destined to become scar tissue
Major Steps in Tissue Repair
Step 3: Regeneration and Fibrosis
(Effects Permanent Repair)
1. Surface epithelium regenerates
2. Epithelial cells migrate across the granulation tissue below the scab
3. Fibrous tissue beneath matures and contracts…(scar may/may not be
seen depending on severity of injury)
Regeneration vs. Fibrosis
1. Regeneration Destroyed tissue is replaced with the SAME kind of tissue. 2. Fibrosis Destroyed tissue is replaced with a DIFFERENT kind of tissue.
Stages of Cell Division
Interphase: replication of DNA & cell parts
Mitosis: nuclear division (separation of DNA)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis: separation of cytoplasm
What Causes a Good Cell to Turn into a Cancer Cell?
Mutation: change in DNA
What Might Cause a Mutation?
Carcinogens: cancer causing agents radiation, some viruses, chemicals
The nucleus
Control center of the cell
Contains genetic material (DNA)
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Barrier of the nucleus
Consists of a double membrane
Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Nucleoli
Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome assembly
Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
Chromatin
Composed of DNA and protein
Present when the cell is not dividing
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides
vacuole
storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste, in an animal cell
DNA Structure
An organic macromolecule that stores information about how to make proteins.
composed of polynucleotides – have a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)
-Has a doubled helix that is formed by hydrogen bonds between polynucleotides
-Densely compacted into chromosomes to fit into nucleus
RNA Structure
has polynucleotides – have a phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogen containing bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)
- single stranded
- moves out of nucleus to perform protein synthesis
Female Cancer Deaths All Ages
- Lung
- Breast
- Colon & Rectum
- Pancreas
- Ovary
Male Cancer Deaths All Ages
- Lung
- Prostate
- Colon & Rectum
- Pancreas
- Leukemia
Types of Tissue That Regenerate Well, Poorly…
- Epithelial: regenerates very well
- Bone and Most Fibrous Connective: regenerate well
- Smooth Muscle and Dense Regular Connective: limited regeneration
- Skeletal Muscle and Cartilage: regenerate poorly
- Cardiac Muscle and Nervous: not at all
Exocytosis
Moves materials out of the cell Material is carried in a membranous vesicle Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane Vesicle combines with plasma membrane Material is emptied to the outside
Endocytosis
Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle
Phagocytosis
VS.
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis—cell eating
Pinocytosis—cell drinking
Diffusion
Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
Osmosis
—simple diffusion of water
Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins
Facilitated diffusion
Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport
Transports lipid
-insoluble and large substances
Filtration
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area
Passive transport
VS.
Active transport
Passive transport- No energy is required
Active transport- Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)
Isotonic
(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Hypotonic
(of living tissue) lacking normal tone or tension
neuron
are the cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system.
fibroblasts
a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen
macrophages
Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells
osteocyte
Mature bone cells
chondrocyte
Mature cartilage cells
goblet
Modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces; the cells are shaped like a goblet or wine glass.
Lumen
A unit of measure of light or brightness
Basement Membrane
Located between most epithelium and deeper connective tissue, such as skin and oral mucosa, and is produced by epithelium and adjoining connective tissue
Extracellular Matrix
The non-cellular portion of a tissue produced and secreted by cells and mainly for providing support
Vascular
Blood / Blood vessels
Avascular
A lack of blood / blood vessels
Keratin
A fibrous protein
Ground Substance
unstructured, gel-like material that fills the spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers. Contains interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans.
Fibers
Provides support
Adipocyte
The storage of fat
Hemocytoblast
stem cell from the embryonic mesenchyme and is capable of developing into any type of blood cell.
