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anatomy and physiology > Cells & Histology Chapter 3 Exam > Flashcards

Cells & Histology Chapter 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

ribosome

A 
Made of protein and RNA
Sites of protein synthesis 
Found at two locations
Free in the cytoplasm
As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

mitochondria

A

Powerhouses of the cell
Change shape continuously
Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
Provides ATP for cellular energy

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3
Q

lysosome

A

powerful digestive enzymes that are capable of breaking down a wide variety of molecules.

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4
Q

ER

A

Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances

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5
Q

Two types of ER

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Studded with ribosomes
Synthesizes proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

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6
Q

peroxisome

A

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde
Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Replicate by pinching in half

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7
Q

cytosol

A

Fluid that suspends other elements

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8
Q

cytoskeleton

A

is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization

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9
Q

cilia

A

Tiny hairlike structures that propel substances along the surface of the tissue aka mucus (Like in your throat/esophogus)

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10
Q

flagellum

A

substantially longer than the cilia

projection that moves the cell itself ex. sperm

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11
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Modifies and packages proteins
Produces different types of packages
Secretory vesicles
Cell membrane components

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12
Q

microvilli

A

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

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13
Q

Base Pairing

A

A - T
G - C
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine

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14
Q

Base Pairing In rna

A

A- U

G - C

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15
Q

Transcription vs. Translation

A

Transcription
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons

Translation
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

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16
Q

4 Major Types of Tissues

A

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

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17
Q

Epithelial Structure

A
  1. one side is free (exposed to outside or internal space)
    I’m 2. other side is attached to connective tissue by thin, nonliving layer called the basement membrane (basal lamina & reticular lamina)
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18
Q

Epithelial Functions

A

Protection, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, Filtration

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19
Q

Function of Connective

A

Bind, Support, Protect, Fill Spaces, Store Fat, Produce Blood Cells

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20
Q

Structure of Connective Tissue

A

Structure:

ground substance called the matrix with fibers and cells in it

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21
Q

Function of Muscular Tissue

A

Movement, Generate Heat

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22
Q

Function of Nervous Tissue

A

Functions:

Conduct Impulses for Coordination, Regulation, Integration, & Sensory Reception

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23
Q

Epithelial Tissues

A 
Simple Squamous Epithelium 
Simple cuboidal epithelium 
simple columnar epithelium 
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium 
Stratified columnar epithelium 
transitional epithelium
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24
Q

Connective Tissue

A 
Areolar 
Adipose 
Dense regular 
Dense irregular 
Hyaline cartilage 
Elastic cartilage 
Fibrocartilage
Reticular 
Bone
Blood
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25
Q

Muscular Tissues

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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26
Q

Major Steps in Tissue Repair

Step 1: Inflammation

A
  1. Inflammatory Chemical Release by:
    a. mast cells –> histamine
    b. macrophages & injured cells –> others
  2. Capillaries dilate & become permeable
  3. White blood cells, clotting proteins, antibodies diffuse to injured area
  4. Clot forms, “walls off” isolated area
  5. Portion exposed to air dries & hardens = scab
  6. Excess fluids, destroyed cells, & debris is picked-up by lymph vessels or phagocytized by macrophages
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27
Q

Major Steps in Tissue Repair

Step 2: Organization

A

(It Restores Blood Supply)

  1. Granulation tissue replaces blood clot
    a. capillaries bud to form new network
    b. fibroblasts produce new collagen
    c. macrophages digest clot
  2. Granulation tissue is destined to become scar tissue
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28
Q

Major Steps in Tissue Repair
Step 3: Regeneration and Fibrosis

A

(Effects Permanent Repair)
1. Surface epithelium regenerates
2. Epithelial cells migrate across the granulation tissue below the scab
3. Fibrous tissue beneath matures and contracts…(scar may/may not be
seen depending on severity of injury)

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29
Q

Regeneration vs. Fibrosis

A 
1. Regeneration
Destroyed tissue is replaced with the SAME kind of tissue.
2. Fibrosis
Destroyed tissue is replaced with a
DIFFERENT kind of tissue.
30
Q

Stages of Cell Division

A

Interphase: replication of DNA & cell parts
Mitosis: nuclear division (separation of DNA)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis: separation of cytoplasm

31
Q

What Causes a Good Cell to Turn into a Cancer Cell?

A

Mutation: change in DNA

32
Q

What Might Cause a Mutation?

A

Carcinogens: cancer causing agents radiation, some viruses, chemicals

33
Q

The nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

Contains genetic material (DNA)

34
Q

Nuclear envelope (membrane)

A

Barrier of the nucleus
Consists of a double membrane
Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

35
Q

Nucleoli

A

Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
Sites of ribosome assembly
Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

36
Q

Chromatin

A

Composed of DNA and protein
Present when the cell is not dividing
Scattered throughout the nucleus
Condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

37
Q

vacuole

A

storage structures for food, water, minerals, waste, in an animal cell

38
Q

DNA Structure

A

An organic macromolecule that stores information about how to make proteins.
composed of polynucleotides – have a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)
-Has a doubled helix that is formed by hydrogen bonds between polynucleotides
-Densely compacted into chromosomes to fit into nucleus

39
Q

RNA Structure

A

has polynucleotides – have a phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogen containing bases (adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)

  • single stranded
  • moves out of nucleus to perform protein synthesis
40
Q

Female Cancer Deaths All Ages

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Colon & Rectum
  4. Pancreas
  5. Ovary
41
Q

Male Cancer Deaths All Ages

A
  1. Lung
  2. Prostate
  3. Colon & Rectum
  4. Pancreas
  5. Leukemia
42
Q

Types of Tissue That Regenerate Well, Poorly…

A
  1. Epithelial: regenerates very well
  2. Bone and Most Fibrous Connective: regenerate well
  3. Smooth Muscle and Dense Regular Connective: limited regeneration
  4. Skeletal Muscle and Cartilage: regenerate poorly
  5. Cardiac Muscle and Nervous: not at all
43
Q

Exocytosis

A 
Moves materials out of the cell
Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane
Vesicle combines with plasma membrane
Material is emptied to the outside
44
Q

Endocytosis

A

Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle

45
Q

Phagocytosis
VS.
Pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis—cell eating

Pinocytosis—cell drinking

46
Q

Diffusion

A

Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution
Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

47
Q

Osmosis

A

—simple diffusion of water

Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins

48
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Substances require a protein carrier for

passive transport

49
Q

Transports lipid

A

-insoluble and large substances

50
Q

Filtration

A

Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high-pressure area to a lower pressure area

51
Q

Passive transport
VS.
Active transport

A

Passive transport- No energy is required

Active transport- Cell must provide metabolic energy (ATP)

52
Q

Isotonic

A

(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure

53
Q

Hypertonic

A

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

54
Q

Hypotonic

A

(of living tissue) lacking normal tone or tension

55
Q

neuron

A

are the cells that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system.

56
Q

fibroblasts

A

a type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen

57
Q

macrophages

A

Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

58
Q

osteocyte

A

Mature bone cells

59
Q

chondrocyte

A

Mature cartilage cells

60
Q

goblet

A

Modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces; the cells are shaped like a goblet or wine glass.

61
Q

Lumen

A

A unit of measure of light or brightness

62
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Located between most epithelium and deeper connective tissue, such as skin and oral mucosa, and is produced by epithelium and adjoining connective tissue

63
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

The non-cellular portion of a tissue produced and secreted by cells and mainly for providing support

64
Q

Vascular

A

Blood / Blood vessels

65
Q

Avascular

A

A lack of blood / blood vessels

66
Q

Keratin

A

A fibrous protein

67
Q

Ground Substance

A

unstructured, gel-like material that fills the spaces between cells and surrounds connective tissue fibers. Contains interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans.

68
Q

Fibers

A

Provides support

69
Q

Adipocyte

A

The storage of fat

70
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

stem cell from the embryonic mesenchyme and is capable of developing into any type of blood cell.

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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