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anatomy and physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Myo-
or
Mys-

A

muscle

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2
Q

Sarco-

A

flesh (referring to muscle)

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Involuntary

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated (obvious stripes)

Voluntary

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5
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Not striated

Involuntary

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6
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle

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7
Q

Role of troponin-

A

importance in muscle contraction

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8
Q

Role of tropomyosin-

A

reinforces and importance in muscle contraction

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9
Q

Role of sarcomere-

A

are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes.

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10
Q

Role of ATP-

A

bonds to myosin which causes detachment from actin

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11
Q

Role of ATP hydrolysis-

A

energy transferred to myosin head so repositioning occurs

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12
Q

Role of Ca+2

If low intracellular Ca2+

A

Myosin binding sites on actin are blocked by tropomyosin

Muscle stays relaxed

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13
Q

Role of Ca2+

If high intracellular Ca2+

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin
Troponin changes shape causing tropomyosin to move out of the way
Myosin can bind to actin
Muscle contracts

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14
Q

Role of T-Tubules-

A

protrudes deep into cell from sacrolemma conducts nerve impulse to myofibrils inlet for glucose, O2 and imp. ions

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15
Q

Role of SR-

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates intracellular Ca2+

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16
Q

acetylcholine-

A

The neurotransmitter substance released at the neuromuscular junction within the synaptic cleft

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17
Q

sliding filament theory-

A

is the process of muscle contraction involving the sliding of actin and; myosin myofilaments past each other to shorten the length of each sacromere.

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18
Q

acetylcholinesterase-

A

breaks down ACh, which allows chemically gated ion channels to close.

19
Q

globular heads-

A

form “cross bridges” during contraction

20
Q

cross bridge-

A

the portion of the myosin filaments that pulls the actin filaments toward the center of a sarcomere during contraction

21
Q

synapse-

A

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell

22
Q

Connective Tissue Wrappings:

A

Endomysium
Fascicles
Perimysium
Epimysium

23
Q

Endomysium-

A

surrounds the muscle fiber.

24
Q

Fascicles-

A

several muscle fibers

25
Q

Perimysium-

A

surrounds a fascicle

26
Q

Epimysium-

A

surrounds the entire muscle

27
Q

A band-

A

thick myosin filaments, portion of thin actin filaments

28
Q

I band-

A

portion of thin actin filaments, Z line/disc (anchoring protein)

29
Q

sarcomere-

A

distance between two Z lines smallest contractile unit, composed of myofilaments

30
Q

myosin-

A

thick filament

31
Q

actin-

A

thin filament

32
Q

SR-

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, regulates intracellular Ca2+

33
Q

T-Tubules-

A

protrudes deep into cell from sacrolemma conducts nerve impulse to myofibrils inlet for glucose

34
Q

striations-

A

alternating light and dark transverse bands across a myofibril

35
Q

Z line-

A

separate one sarcomere from the next

36
Q

Origin vs. Insertion

A

Origin: immovable/less movable bone
Insertion: movable bone

37
Q

Tendon:

A

dense fibrous tissue

38
Q

Aponeurosis:

A

flat fibrous tissue

39
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Produce skeletal movement
    - Contractions pull tendons, move bones
  2. Maintain posture and body position
    - By tension in skeletal muscles
  3. Support soft tissues
    - Support organs, shield internal tissues
  4. Guard entrances and exits
    - Openings of digestive/urinary tracts
  5. Maintain body temperature
    - Heat released by working muscles
  6. Store nutrient reserves
    - Proteins in muscles can break down
40
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

Steps

A
  1. Actin exposed due to Ca+2
  2. Myosin binds to Actin (crossbridge)
  3. Myosin pulls on Actin (powerstroke)- sliding it toward the center of the sarcomere.
  4. Myosin detaches from Actin due to ATP
  5. Reposition Myosin heads (thanks to ATP Hydrolysis)
  6. Remove Ca+2
41
Q

The Neuromuscular Junction steps

A
  1. Electricity (A.P) travels down the Axon
  2. Vesicles release Acetycholine (Ach)
  3. Ach diffuses across Synapse
  4. Ach binds to Ach receptors on sarcomere
  5. Action potential generated and propagted
  6. Acetycholinesterase breaks down Ach
42
Q

Role of Myoglobin-

A

an intracellular storage site for oxygen

43
Q

7 Ways we name muscles

A 
Location
Shape
Size
# of origins
Direction of muscle fibers
Point(s) of origin and/or Insertion
Action

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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