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anatomy and physiology > Orientation of the Human Body & Biochemistry Exam Human Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Orientation of the Human Body & Biochemistry Exam Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Integumentary

A

-Forms the external body covering
-Protects deeper tissue from injury
-Helps regulate body temperature
-Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

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2
Q

Skeletal

A

-Protects and supports body organs
-Provides muscle attachment for movement
-Site of blood cell formation
-Stores minerals

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3
Q

Muscular

A
  • Produces movement
  • Maintains posture
  • Produces heat
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4
Q

Nervous

A
  • Fast-acting control system
  • Responds to internal and external change
  • Activates muscles and glands
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5
Q

Endocrine

A

Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism

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6
Q

Cardiovascular

A 
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
  Oxygen
  Carbon dioxide 
  Nutrients
  Wastes
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7
Q

Lymphatic

A

Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity

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8
Q

Respiratory

A

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

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9
Q

Digestive

A

Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material

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10
Q

Urinary

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes

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11
Q

Reproductive

A

Produces offspring

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12
Q

Compare anatomy vs. physiology

A

Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts & their relationships to one another
Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

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13
Q

Describe 3 components of homeostatic control mechanisms

A
  1. Receptor
    a. detects stimulus
    b. sends input (info) to control center
  2. Control Center
    a. analyzes input & determines response b. sends output (info) to effector
  3. Effector
    a. provides means for response
    b. 2 types of feedback influence stimulus
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14
Q

+ vs. – Feedback in Homeostasis

A 
Negative Feedback System
Very Common
Reduces the original stimulus
Ex: blood sugar level, heart rate, body temp
Positive Feedback System
Not Common
Intensifies the original stimulus
Ex: blood clotting, labor contractions
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15
Q

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging X-ray

A 
X Ray
Uses X rays (electromagnetic radiation)
Dense structures absorb X rays & appear as light areas
Detects: 
1) broken bones
2) abnormal dense tissues
(tumors & TB nodules)
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16
Q

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging CT

A 
CT Computed Tomography
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Refined version of X ray equipment
Patient slowly moved through machine
X ray tube rotates around the body forming “slices” of the body
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17
Q

Why is the CT better than a conventional X ray?

A

Detailed, cross-sectional pictures
No confusion from overlapping structures
Helps in the location & severity of head traumas and strokes

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18
Q
  1. Compare/contrast types of medical imaging PET
A 
PET
Positron Emission Tomography
Can Observe brain activity/physiology
Radioisotope
–injected & bonds to molecule like glucose –absorbed by active brain cells
–gives off gamma rays
Computer produces “live-action” picture
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19
Q

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging Ultrasound

A 
Ultrasound
Uses soundwaves
Soundwaves reflected & scattered
by body tissue as computer analyzes 
“Inexpensive”
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20
Q

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging MRI

A

MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Produces high-contrast images of soft tissue
Magnetic waves used causing H to spin (H gives off detectable radiowaves)
(Can even differentiate white & gray matter in nervous tissue)

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21
Q
  1. Direction terminology (proximal vs. distal, superior vs. inferior, medial vs. lateral, etc.)
A

• Superior (cranial) - toward the head
• Inferior (caudal) - away from the head
• Anterior - toward the front of the body
• Posterior - toward the back of the body
• Medial - toward the midline of the body
Lateral - away from the midline of the body
Intermediate - between medial & lateral
Proximal - closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
Distal - farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment
Superficial - toward or at the body surface
Deep - away from the body surface

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22
Q

Anatomical position

A

“Standing at Attention”
Palms Face Forward
Universal Reference for Terminology

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23
Q

Body Cavities

A 
Dorsal
-Cranial Cavity
-Spinal Cavity 
Ventral
-Thoracic Cavity
   -Pleural Cavity & Mediastinum
   -Diaphragm 
     -Abdominopelvic Cavity 
       -Abdominal Cavity
       -Pelvic Cavity
24
Q

Basic atomic structure

Oxygen

A

(O) (65%)
Found in many molecules (organic or inorg.)
Needed for cell respiration

25
Q

Basic atomic structure

Carbon

A

(C) (18.5%)

• Found in carbs., lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

26
Q

Basic atomic structure

Hydrogen

A

(H) (9.5%)

• In all organic compounds & influences pH

27
Q

Basic atomic structure

Nitrogen

A

(N) (3.2%)

In proteins & nucleic acids

28
Q

Calcium:

A

bones, teeth, muscle contraction, n.i.

29
Q

Potassium:

A

nerve impulses & muscle contraction

30
Q

Sulfur:

A

proteins

31
Q

Sodium:

A

extracellular, water balance, n.i. & m.c.

32
Q

Chlorine:

A

extracellular fluid

33
Q

Magnesium:

A

bone, imp. cofactor

34
Q

Iodine:

A

thyroid hormones

35
Q

Iron:

A

hemoglobin & some enzymes

36
Q

enzymes

A
  • function as catalysts

- promote rapid reaction rates

37
Q

Active Site

A
  • part of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction
  • Attracts and binds substrate
  • Active site is substrate specific
38
Q

Substrate

A

the substance (reactant molecule) and enzyme acts upon

39
Q

Denaturation

A

Irreversible changes in the structure of proteins caused by heat or drastic pH changes.

40
Q

Phosphorous:

A

bones, teeth, DNA, RNA, ATP

41
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

Extended and strandlike proteins
Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain
contractile fibers

42
Q

Globular proteins

A

Compact, spherical proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures
Examples: antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

43
Q

Protein Denuaturation

A

Unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperature

Irreversibly denatured proteins cannot refold and are formed by extreme pH or temperature changes

44
Q

Biochemistry:

A

study of the chemical composition & reactions of living matter

45
Q

Organic Compounds:

A

carbon chains, many found in organisms, many large

46
Q

Inorganic Compounds:

A

all others…H2O, CO2, salts, many acids & bases

47
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Their major function is to supply a source of cellular
food
Examples: Monosaccharides or simple sugars
Disaccharides or double sugars

48
Q

Lipids

A

Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

49
Q

Phospholipids –

A

modified triglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group

50
Q

Steroids –

A

flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

51
Q

Eicosanoids –

A

20-carbon fatty acids found in cell membranes

52
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Structure of DNA

53
Q

Macromolecules

A

composed of combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds

54
Q

ATP

A

The useable energy molecule

55
Q

Homeostasis control system

A

Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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