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anatomy and physiology > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Chemoreceptors:

A

change in chemical [bonds]

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2
Q

Nociceptors (pain):

A

tissue damage

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors:

A

changes in temperature

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors:

A

changes in pressure and movement (tension)

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5
Q

Photoreceptors:

A

changes in light

There are no photoreceptor cells in the optic disc/ blind spot

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6
Q

general senses of touch

A

Temperature
Pressure
Pain

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7
Q

Special senses

A 
Smell 
Taste 
Sight
Hearing 
Equilibrium
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8
Q

Emmetropic-

A

normal vision

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9
Q

Myopic-

A

nearsightedness; inability to see faraway objects

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10
Q

Hyperopic

A

inability to focus well on close objects; farsightedness

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11
Q

Layers forming the wall of the eye

A 
Fibrous layer
- outside layer 
Vascular layer 
- middle layer 
Sensory layer
- Inside layer
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12
Q

Sclera-

A

White connective tissue layer

Seen anteriorly as the “ white of the eye”

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13
Q

Cornea-

A

Transparent, central anterior portion

Allows for light to pass through

Repairs itself easily

The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

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14
Q

Rods-

A

Most are found towards the edges of the retina

Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision

All perception is in gray tones

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15
Q

Cones-

A

Allow for detailed color vision

Densest in the center of the retina

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16
Q

Fovea centralis-

A

area of the retina with only cones

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17
Q

5 Types of Receptors

A 
Chemoreceptors: 
Nociceptors (pain): 
Thermoreceptors:  
Mechanoreceptors: 
Photoreceptors:
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18
Q

The eye and vision

A

70% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes

Each eye has over a million nerve fibers

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19
Q

Protection for the eye

A

Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit

A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

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20
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Membrane that lines the eyelids

Connects to the surface of the eye

Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

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21
Q

Ciliary body-

A

Smooth muscle attached to lens

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22
Q

Iris-

A

Regulates amount of light entering eye

23
Q

Pupil-

A

Rounded opening in the iris

24
Q

Retina contains two layers

A

Outer pigmented layer

Inner neural layer

  • contains receptor cells
    • rods
    • cones
25
Q

Two segments or chambers of the eye

A

Anterior (aqueous) segment

  • anterior to the lens
  • contains aqueous humor

Posterior (vitreous) segment

  • posterior to the lens
  • contains vitreous humor
26
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Watery fluid found between lens and cornea

Helps maintain intraocular pressure

Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea

27
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Gel-like substance posterior to the lens

Prevents the eye from collapsing

Helps maintain intraocular

28
Q

Ophthalmoscope

A

Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball

Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

29
Q

Accommodation-

A

the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)

30
Q

Pathway of the light through the eye

A

Image formed on the retina

Real images are

  • reversed from left to right
  • upside down
  • smaller than the object
31
Q

Which homeostatic imbalance is best characterized by light rays converging in front of the retina?

A

Myopia

32
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE about your optic disc?

A

It is also known as the blind spot.

It is where the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye.

You should have tested for it in Mr. Prey’s Lab: Visual Tests & Demonstrations.

33
Q

What was the jelly-like substance that came out of the eye during the dissection?

A

Vitreous humor

34
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A

Fibrous layer (no blood, dense CT)

vascular layer (pigmented)

inner layer (retina)

35
Q

Three layers of the retina

A 
I. Photoreceptorlaver- generatesaction
potential; made of rods and cones
2. Bipolar laver- transmits impulse
3. Ganglion cells- relays message to optic
nerve and then to occipital lobe
36
Q

Cataracts

A

hardening of lens with age, causing hazy vision

37
Q

Glaucoma

A

drainage of the aqueous humor is blocked, causing pain and possibly blindness

38
Q

Night Blindness

A

rod function interferences/vitamin A deficiency, causing impaired night vision

39
Q

Colorblindness

A

missing some or all types of cones, causing the inability to distinguish certain colors

40
Q

astigmatism

A

Images are blurry

Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens

41
Q

Hemianopia—

A

loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes; results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only

42
Q

The Ear

A

Houses two senses

-Hearing

  • Equilibrium (balance)
  • Receptors are mechanoreceptors
  • Different organs house receptors for each sense
43
Q

Anatomy of the Ear

A

The ear is divided into three areas

External (outer) ear

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

Inner ear (bony labyrinth)
44
Q

The External Ear

A

Involved in hearing only

45
Q

Structures of the external ear

A

Auricle (pinna)

External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)

46
Q

Bones of the Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)

A

Three bones (ossicles) span the cavity

Malleus (hammer)

Incus (anvil)

Stapes (stirrip)

47
Q

Function of the Middle Ear Bones

A

Vibrations from eardrum move the hammer -> anvil -> stirrup -> inner ear

48
Q

Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth

A

Includes sense organs for hearing and balance

Filled with perilymph

A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone

49
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Located within the cochlea

Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane

Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells

Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe

50
Q

Mechanism of Hearing

A

Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane

Hair cells are bent by the membrane

An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve

Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation

51
Q

Deafness

A

earwax build-up, ruptured eardrum, middle ear infections, otosclerosis; damage to Organ of Corti (cochlea)

52
Q

Tinnitus –

A

constant ringing in ears

53
Q

Meniere’s Syndrome

A

fluid problems lead to vertigo, nausea

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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