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anatomy and physiology > Brain Quiz > Flashcards

Brain Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

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2
Q

Cerebrum

A

2 hemispheres

83% of total brain mass

Contains 5 Lobes: formed by deeper sulci

Each Hemisphere Contains 3 Basic Regions

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3
Q

3 Regions of cerebral hemisphere

A

Cortex

White Matter

Basal Nuclei

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4
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. 2-4 mm thick, superficial layer

2. Only Gray Matter

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex place for:

A

Place for: Perception, Communication, Memory, Understanding, Initiating voluntary movements

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6
Q

Cerebral cortex functional areas:

A

Functional Areas…that work together

A. Motor

B. Sensory

C. Association

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7
Q

Cerebral White Matter

A
  1. Deep to Cortex
  2. Provides communication within cerebrum
  3. Corpus Callosum
    connects hemispheres
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8
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
  1. a.k.a. basal ganglia

2. Learning of importance (arm movement in walking)

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9
Q

Sulci:

A

shallow grooves

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10
Q

Gyri:

A

elevated ridges

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11
Q

Fissures:

A

deeper grooves (bet. L&R)

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12
Q

Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
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13
Q

Thalamus:

A

“relay center”

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a. influences blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, eye pupil size, etc.
b. contains body’s thermostat
c. reg. feelings of hunger, satiety and thirst
d. regulate sleep patterns
e. produces some hormones
f. emotions, “heart” of the limbic system

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15
Q

Limbic System

A

If memory is associated with some emotion more likely to keep “long-term”

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16
Q

-Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

is a process in which synapses are strengthened. (Repetition for frontal lobe -> incorporate into LTM)

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17
Q

Epithalamus

A

pineal gland: secretes melatonin

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18
Q

Brain Stem
3 Anatomical Parts

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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19
Q

Midbrain

A

a. cerebral peduncles hold up cerebrum

b. visual & auditory reflex centers
(startle reflex)

c. part of reticular formation (RAS)
1) sensory input filter 2) consciousness

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20
Q

Pons:

A

“relay center”

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21
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

a. connects w/ spinal cord

b. decussation of the pyramids: crossover

c. Autonomic reflex center & homeostasis

1) cardiac & vasomotor center

2) respiratory center

3) centers for vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, & sneezing

22
Q

Cerebellum
(our “Autopilot”)

A
  1. 11% of brain
  2. interprets inputs for cerebrum,
    brainstem, & sensory receptors
  3. coordinated movement
23
Q

Protection of the Brain

A
  1. Cranium
  2. Meninges
24
Q

Meninges

A
  • dura mater
    subdural space
  • arachnoid mater
    subarachnoid space has CSF
  • pia mater
25
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  1. Watery solution similar to blood plasma but
    a. less protein

b. different ion [ ]s than plasma

26
Q 
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Functions
A

Functions:
a. Protection: forms a liquid cushion

b. Food for brain

c. Carry chemical signals

27
Q 
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Made by...
A

Made by Choroid Plexus

a. Capillary clusters

b. Found along roof of ventricles

c. Ion pumps

28
Q

Ventricles

A

Filled with CSF and lined by ependymal cells

29
Q

I. Olfactory:

A

Sensory

Smell

30
Q

II. Optic:

A

(Sensory)

Sight

31
Q

III. Oculomotor:

A

(Primarily Motor)

Raise eyelids, focus lenses, move eyes

32
Q

IV. Trochlear:

A

(Primarily Motor)

move eyes

33
Q

Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory

A

• Arises from the olfactory epithelium
• Passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
• Fibers run through the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex
• Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of smell

34
Q

Cranial Nerve II: Optic

A

• Arises from the retina of the eye
• Optic nerves pass through the optic canals and converge at the optic chiasm
• They continue to the thalamus where they synapse
• From there, the optic radiation fibers run to the visual cortex
• Functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for vision

35
Q

Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor

A

• Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure, and go to the extrinsic eye muscles
• Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape
• Parasympathetic cell bodies are in the ciliary ganglia

36
Q

Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear

A

• Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle
• Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball

37
Q

V. Trigeminal:

A

(Sensory & Motor)

facial sensation, mastication

38
Q

VI. Abducens:

A

(Primarily Motor)

lateral eye movement

39
Q

VII. Facial:

A

(Sensory & Motor)

taste, facial expressions, tears, saliva

40
Q

VIII. Vestibulocochlear:

A

(Sensory) (a.k.a. Auditory)

hearing, equilibrium

41
Q

Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens

A

• Fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit via the superior orbital fissure
• Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle

42
Q

Cranial Nerve VII: Facial

A

• Fibers leave the pons, travel through the internal acoustic meatus, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face
• Mixed nerve with five major branches
• Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
• Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

43
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear

A

• Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border
• Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance)
• Functions are solely sensory – equilibrium and hearing

44
Q

IX. Glossopharyngeal:

A

(Sensory & Motor)

pharynx, tonsils, tongue, swallowing

45
Q

X. Vagus:

A

(Sensory & Motor)

speech, swallowing, thorax & abdomen

46
Q

XI. Accessory:

A

(Primarily Motor) (a.k.a. Spinal Accessory)

thorax, abdomen, larynx, neck, back

47
Q

XII. Hypoglossal:

A

(Primarily Motor)

tongue

48
Q

Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal

A

• Fibers emerge from the medulla, leave the skull via the jugular foramen, and run to the throat
• Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions
• Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland
• Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx

49
Q

Cranial Nerve X: Vagus

A

• The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the
head and neck
• Fibers emerge from the medulla via the jugular foramen
• The vagus is a mixed nerve
• Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs
• Its sensory function is in taste

50
Q

Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory

A

• Formed from a cranial root emerging from the medulla and a spinal root arising from the superior region of the spinal cord
• The spinal root passes upward into the cranium via the foramen magnum
• The accessory nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen
• Primarily a motor nerve
– Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate
– Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck

51
Q

Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal

A

• Fibers arise from the medulla and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal
• Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech

52
Q

Brain Functions

A
  1. Interpret sensory impulses
  2. Initiate muscular movement
  3. Memory, Reasoning, Personality, Learning, Problem-Solving
  4. Maintain Homeostasis
  5. Coordinate muscle activity and posture
  6. Regulate Breathing, Heart Rate, and Blood Pressure; Some Reflexes

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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