Skeletal System Flashcards
Hyaline Cartilage Most abundant Types
1) Tracheal and bronchial cartilage
2) Costal cartilage
3) Articular cartilage
4) Laryngeal cartilage
5) Nasal cartilage
Tracheal and bronchial cartilage
Reinforces passageways of the respiratory system
Costal cartilage
Connect ribs to sternum (breastbone)
Articular cartilage
Covers bone ends at
movable joints
Laryngeal cartilage
Forms skeleton of larynx (voice box)
Nasal cartilage
Supports the external nose
Elastic Cartilage
Contains Stretchy Elastic Fibers
Elastic Cartilage
Locations:
External Ear Epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Highly Compressible Great Tensile Strength
Fibrocartilage
Locations:
Knee
Vertebral Discs Pubic Symphysis
Functions of Bony Tissue a.k.a. Osseous Tissue
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral Storage
Calcium and Phosphate Ions - Blood Cell Formation a.k.a. Hematopoiesis
Cartilage
- Support with flexibility and resilience
- No nerves or blood vessels
- Perichondrium: Dense connective tissue membrane surrounding cartilage
Diaphysis:
shaft of compact bone with marrow cavity (yellow b/c of fat)
Epiphysis:
end of bone, covered w/ articular cartilage
exterior =
compact bone
interior =
spongy bone
Periosteum:
membrane around bone
outer layer- fibrous c.t.
inner layer- osteogenic layer
osteoblasts:
Bone-forming cells
osteoclasts:
bone-destroying cells
Compact Bone
Location:
Function:
Location: external layer of all bones and most of shaft of long bones.
Protection: protection and support
Spongy Bone
Deep to Compact Bone No Osteons
Site of hematopoiesis
Trabeculae:
matrix of spongy bone
1. supports/protects bone marrow cells
2. located where bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions.
3. lighter than compact bone, reducing weight of skeleton & making it easier for muscles to move the bones.
Red Marrow
Spongy Bone of Long Bones and
Diploe of Flat Bones
Red marrow main location
Main Location in Adults…
Pelvis, Sternum Also…Femur and Humerus
Ossification
Replacing tissue w/ Bone
Ossification 2 Types
- Intramembranous
2. Endochondral
Intramembranous
a. from mesenchyme or fibrous c.t.
b. occurs along flat bones of the skull
*Remember Soft Spots/Fontanels
Endochondral
a. bone replaces existing cartilage
b. occurs with long bone growth
Repair of Fractures
What is the doctor’s role?
- Reduction: realigning broken ends
a. Closed: done w/ hands
b. Open: surgery
2. Immobilization
Repair of Fractures
Now your body’s role?
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
- Hematoma formation
- Fibrocartilage callus formation
- Bony callus formation
- Bone remodeling
Hematoma Formation
(blood-filled swelling is formed)
Fibrocartilage Callus Forms
(fibrocartilage acts as splint)
Bony Callus Forms
(3-4 weeks after inj.)
(bone replaces fibrocartilage)
Bony Callus is Remodeled
(forms permanent patch)
Control of Bone Remodeling
Ca2+ homeostasis of blood = 9-11mg/100ml
Ca2+ homeostasis of blood = 9-11mg/100ml
If too low:
1) Parathyroid hormone released
2) Osteoclasts resorb bone, releasing Ca2+ into blood until levels rise to normal
Ca2+ homeostasis of blood = 9-11mg/100ml
If too high:
1) Calcitonin released
2) Stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone until levels fall to normal
Sprain:
Why do these heal slowly?
ligaments stretched or torn
Dense Regular
Dislocations:
How do they fix these?
bones forced out of alignment
Tendonitis:
inflammation of tendon
Bursitis:
inflammation of bursa sac
Osteoarthritis:
- “wear and tear arthritis”
- articular cartilage worn down
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
- autoimmune disease
- can lead to awful deformities
Gouty Arthritis:
- excessive uric acid levels
2. treatable
