World History Midterm Exam (chapter 1-16) Flashcards
“Before Christ”
B.C.
Anno Domini; “In the year of our Lord”
A.D.
The focal point of all history
the coming of christ
man “evolved” from animals; removes God as Creator
Evolution
fall of Rome ( A.D. 500 ) - to Protestant Reformation ( A.D. 1500 )
Medieval History
beginning of recorded history ( 4000 B.C. ) - the fall of Rome ( A.D. 500 )
Ancient History
the beginning of the Protestant Reformation until the Present
Modern History
institution with the authority and power to control, direct, & rule in the actions & affairs of others; these powers come from God
Government
God’s supreme power over all nations, rulers, & individuals
Sovereignty
1st foundational civil ordinance ( The Death Penalty )
Capital Punishment
worship of man; exalting man in place of or above God
Humanism
a large group of people who think of themselves as one and act in history as a single entity
Nation
builder of the first world empire Babel ( later Babylon )
Nimrod
“division”; in his day, the earth was divided
Peleg
common language which was the start of modern tongues
Indo-European
location of The Garden of Eden; “The Cradle of Civilization”
The Fertile Crescent
the greek name for the “land between the rivers” ( eastern portion )
Mesopotamia
southernmost region of Mesopotamia; 1st postdiluvian civilization
Sumer
way of life of a group of people
Culture
( history’s 2nd great empire builder ) conquered the Sumerian cities & became their king
Sargon of Akkad
three oldest Sumerian settlements
Eridu, Uruk, & Ur
The birthplace of Abraham
Ur
sumerian writing
Cuneiform
the greatest Sumerian contribution
the art of writing
transmitting knowledge & cultural heritage to the next generation
Education
the “tablet house”/ school; trained them in the art of cuneiform
Edubba
most important Sumerian industry in terms of commercial activity
Textiles (fabrics)
a false belief that heavenly bodies influence human affairs & destinies
Astrology
spreading of cultural traits & patterns
Cultural Diffusion
the belief in 1 god
Monotheism
the worship of nature
Naturalism
the worship of man
Humanism
the worship of many deities
Polytheism
the world’s oldest work of literature outside of the Bible
Epic of Gilgamesh
“The Gate of God” or “To Confuse”
Babel
officially started the Old Babylonian empire
Hammurabi’s Rule
the use of authority & power to uphold what is right, just, or lawful
Justice
First to rule after Sumer; Central portion of the Fertile Crescent
Old Babylon (2000- 1700 B.C.)
Large empire located in Asia Minor; First empire to use iron weapons
Hittites (1700- 1100 B.C.)
captured Northern Kingdom of Israel
Assyrians (1100- 600 B.C.)
built the world’s 1st great library
Ashurbanipal
conquered Assyria during Nabopolassar’s rule
Neo-Babylonian Empire (600- 540 B.C.)
conquered the Fertile Crescent & Southern Israel
Nebuchadnezzar
a Persian king that conquered Babylon
Cyrus of Persia or Cyrus the Great
established the 1st postal system
Darius
husband of Queen Esther
Xerxes (Ahasuerus)
false religion of Persia
Zoroastrianism
The Middle Eastern Empires in order:
- Sumer
- Old Babylon
- Hittites
- Assyria
- Neo-Babylon
- Persia
called Canaan, Promised Land, Palestine
Israel
Father of the nation of the Israelites; Called out of Sumerian culture to start a new godly culture
Abraham
solemn agreement between God & something
Covenant
God’s basic principles of right, wrong, & morality
“The Decalogue”; 10 Commandments
a nation ruled by God
Theocracy
2nd King of Israel (after Saul)
David
David’s son, who reigned as king for 40 years; Their rule made Israel the most powerful nation in the world around 1000 B.C.
Solomon
Arabic religious leader from Mecca who founded Islam
Mohammed
followers of Islam
Muslims
Arabic word for “flight”
Hegira
Arabic word for “holy war”
Jihad
the largest continent in the world
Asia
highest point on land
Mount Everest
lowest point on land
Dead Sea
classified as a subcontinent because of its size & separation from the rest of the world
India
mountain range that separates India from Asia
Himalayas
earliest known people in Asia who were in the Indus River valley around 2000 B.C.
Dravidians
modern day Iranians; conquered the Dravidians around 1500 B.C.
Aryans
Becoming one with the spirit of Brahma, the one universal soul of all living things
Hinduism
the process of “rebirth” where a person’s karma evolves the person toward spiritual perfection
Reincarnation
actions in life
Karma
the caste a person was born into they stayed in forever
Caste System; Division of Social Classes
Classes of the Caste System:
- Brahmans
- Kshatriya
- Vaishya
- Sudra
- Outcaste
Native Indian family ( Maurya ) that controlled India from 321 B.C. to 184 B.C.
Maurya Empire
Maurya’s greatest leader
Asoka
Attempts to reach Nirvana through Reincarnation
Buddhism
Buddhism was founded by whom?
Siddhartha Gautama
ruled India from A.D. 320 to 535; India’s Golden Age
Gupta Empire
A ruler from Afghanistan invaded & conquered India in 1526 and began what empire?
Mogul Empire
built by a Mogul emperor as a tomb for his favorite wife
Taj Mahal
2 main rivers of China
Huang He & Yangtze
“Middle Country”
Chung-kuo
What Chinese dynasty cast bronze & Horse-drawn chariots; Harvested silk & created a system of writing?
Shang Dynasty ( 1525-1028 B.C. )
China’s longest ruling dynasty; Philosophies of Taoism & Confucianism were created
Chou Dynasty ( 1122-256 B.C. )
Great Wall of China built during this dynasty
Ch’in Dynasty ( 225-206 B.C. )
1st to rule over a united China
Shih Huang Ti
Ruled at the Height of Ancient China’s power
Han Dynasty ( 206 B.C. - A.D. 220 )
Descendants of Khan established the Yuan Dynasty; Largest continental empire
Mongol Dynasty
conquered China in the 1200s
Genghis Khan
traveled throughout far East during Kublai Khan’s empire
Marco Polo
conquered Korea in 1259
Kublai Khan
Japanese word meaning “Source of the Sun”
Nippon
4 main islands of Japan:
Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, & Shikoku
“founder of Japanese civilization”; established a constitution for Japan
Prince Shotoku
united the 2 states & was the 1st to rule over a united Egypt
Menes
“Gift of the Nile”
Egypt
triangle shaped area of land in north Egypt where most early settlements were located
Nile Delta
written language of Egypt
Hieroglyphics
used to interpret hieroglyphics
Rosetta Stone
Greek historian that nicknamed Egypt, “Gift of the Nile”
Herodotus
may have been pharaoh during the Exodus
Amenhotep II
a female pharaoh; may have been Moses’ foster mother
Hatshepsut
capital of Egypt; center of Egyptian life
Cairo
The Dark Continent
Africa
largest desert in the world; covers the majority of North Africa
Sahara Desert
longest mountain range
Atlas Mountains
tallest mountain
Mount Kilimanjaro
greatest civilization in the interior of ancient Africa; modern day Sudan
Kingdom of Cush
Greatest ruler of the Mali empire
Mansa Musa
natural things & animals are inhabited by spirits
Animism
1st important post-diluvian civilizations; lived on the island of Crete
Minoans
lived in Mycenae on the mainland; conquered by the Dorians during the 1100s-800s B.C.
Mycenaeans
His stories & poems became the basis of ancient Greek religion
Homer
was the king of the humanistic gods
Zeus
Blocked Ahasuerus’ army at the Battle of Thermopylae
Leonidas & 300 Spartans
ruled by one
Monarchy
ruled by the “best”; the king’s powers decreased & the rich took political power
Aristocracy
ruled by the few rich; business & trade grew, so rich businessmen took political power
Oligarchy
power is seized by one ( Bad ) man
Tyranny
ruled by the people; people rebelled & took political power themselves
Democracy
brought true democracy to Athens
Pericles ( 461- 429 B.C. )
citizens elect a few men who represent them in government
Representative Democracy
people make decisions ( Athens practiced this )
Direct Democracy
Sparta (Peloponnesian League) vs. Athens (Delian League)
Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)
first recorded Olympic Games
776 B.C.
time period between the Olympic Games
Olympiad
physical training & games of skill
Gymnasium
the marketplace
Agora
outdoor theatre
Amphitheatre
hilltop fortress
Acropolis
In 334 B.C. he crossed the Hellespont & invaded the Persian Empire; by 331 B.C. he had conquered most of Persia
Alexander the Great
Which country is in the Indian/ Apennine Peninsula?
Rome
the upper class of Rome
Patricians
the lower class of Rome
Plebians
Carthage invaded the island of Sicily; Rome created a powerful navy to defend Sicily; they won & controlled the Mediterranean Sea
First Punic War ( 264-241 B.C. )
Carthaginian general who invaded Rome across the Alps; fought in Italy for 12 years
Hannibal
What is the war after the First Punic war?
Second Punic War ( 218-202 B.C. )
Rome invaded & decisively destroyed Carthage; Rome conquered Greece & Macedonia in 146 B.C.
Third Punic War ( 149-146 B.C. )
formed a triumvirate which ruled Rome
Julius Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus
Who fought in the First Roman Civil War?
Marius ( Masses ) & Sulla ( Senate )
Who fought in the Second Roman Civil War?
Pompey & Julius Caesar
He crossed the Rubicon into Rome as an invader; Controlled Rome as dictator from 49-44 B.C
Julius Caesar
Wrote the book, “On the Commonwealth”
Cicero
Emperor during the life and death of Jesus; 1st ruler of the Claudian Dynasty
Tiberius ( A.D. 14-37 )
Jesus was born during this Roman king’s reign; The Pax Romana began during his rule
Caesar Augustus ( 27 B.C.- A.D. 14 )
In 312, this king saw a vision of a cross in the sky
Constantine I
The era of Roman Peace
the Pax Romana
Jesus’ 12 disciples & Paul; they were leaders of the early Christian Church
Apostles
Hebrew for the “Anointed One”
Messiah
Claudius’ stepson; Last Claudian Emperor; Rome burned during his rule & Christians were blamed
Nero
“The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church“
Tertullian
Started the 3rd persecution; the church leader that was martyred
Ignatius
Writing of popes & other leaders had the same authority
Latin Vulgate
capital & largest city of the Eastern Empire; known as New Rome & Constantinople
Byzantine
1st great emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire
Justinian I
New group of Turks that attacked the empire during the 1400s
Ottoman Turks
Worship of the icons ,instead of God, became common
Iconoclastic Controversy
what church was officially created in 1054 when the Catholic church split?
Eastern Orthodox Church
Christ appointed apostles to lead the church; Apostles appointed bishops to rule after them; they forgot Christ is the Head of the Church
Apostolic Succession
Peter was the first Bishop of the Roman church
Petrine Theory
the origin of the word Pope
“papa”,“father“
1st recognized as supreme over the Roman Catholic Church
Leo I
7 religious actions that provide “salvation” & “conveyed graces” to Catholics
Sacraments
being cut off from the sacraments
Excommunication
the belief that Eucharist turns into the body & blood of Jesus Christ
Transubstantiation
supposed piece of holy objects
Relics
apostles & other holy leaders from the history in the Catholic church
Saints
certificates from the pope that decreased the punishment for sin; decreased the time spent in purgatory
Indulgences
the law that made people lose their bible; almost completely banning it
Council of Toulouse
withdrawing from society & living in solitude to be free from sin
Monasticism
Translated the Bible from Latin into English
John Wycliffe
men who practiced monasticism
Monks
women who practiced monasticism
Nuns
monks who lived completely alone
Hermits
missionary monks who preached and worked outside of the monasteries
Friars
followers of John Wycliffe
Lollards
Catholic professor from Bohemia; Taught that only God, not the church, forgives sin
John Huss
Catholic Church meeting that executed Huss & burned Wycliffe
Council of Constance
first major empire in Europe after the Roman Empire
Franks
became king in 481; 1st great Frankish ruler
Clovis
most famous Mayor of the Palace ( 715 )
Charles Martel
son of Charles Martel (“the Hammer”)
Pepin the Short
a section of Italy given to the Pope by Pepin; made an official alliance between Frankish rulers and the Papacy
Papal states
the 2nd Carolingian king; French word for “Charles the Great”
Charlemagne
the 3rd Carolingian king
Louis the Pious
divided the Frankish Empire into 3 sections for Louis’ sons; France & Germany were formed from this treaty
Treaty of Verdun
North African muslims
Moors
Son of Henry the Fowler; composed the final defeat of the Magyars
Otto the Great
Otto the Great created what empire?
Holy Roman Empire
1st king of the Hohenstaufen line; “Red Beard”
Frederick Barbarossa; Frederick I
ridiculed the Holy Roman Empire as “neither holy, nor roman, nor an empire”
Voltaire
castle in Northern Italy where the pope was staying when Henry sought forgiveness
Canossa
took the papacy to the zenith of its power & influence
Innocent III
levied 50% taxes on the French clergy’s annual income
Phillip the Fair
threatened to excommunicate anyone who tried to exact these taxes & any clergymen who paid them without papal approval
Boniface VIII
official decree by the pope
Bull
the moving of the papal court from Rome to France
“Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy”
a way of life based on the ownership & use of land
Feudalism
code of conduct for nobles & knights
Chivalry
identifying images & symbols on a knight’s armor
Heraldry
called for the beginning of the Crusades (1095) to reconquer the Holy Land
Urban II
1096-1099; captured Asia Minor & Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
First Crusade
1147-1149; Louis VII of France & Conrad III of Germany led the Christian Army
Second Crusade
1189-1192; Jerusalem was reconquered by the Muslims ( led by Saladin ) in 1187
Third Crusade
led by Richard the LionHearted; mostly a failure
Crusade of Kings
1202-1204; Instead of fighting the Muslims, they “conquered” Constantinople
Fourth Crusade
Proved the failure of the Crusades
Children’s Crusade
wrote Divine Comedy about a vision he had of heaven, hell, & purgatory
Dante
Personified the idea of the Renaissance Man ( someone who studies many subjects )
Leonardo Da Vinci
Painted The Sistine Chapel; Sculpted David & Moses
Michelangelo
A revival of classical learning
Renaissance
invented the movable-type printing press in 1440
Johann Gutenberg
(a form of Bubonic Plague); ⅓ to ½ of the population of Europe died between 1334 & 1351; spread by poor sanitation & hygiene
Black Death
combination of Greek philosophy & Romanism
scholasticism
earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles
Celts
King of Wessex who defeated the Danes & confined them to Danelaw
Alfred the Great
invaded England in the 800’s & conquered every section but Wessex
Danes
greatest Saxon poem about Anglo-Saxon culture
Beowulf
1st Archbishop of Canterbury (most influential church office in England)
Augustine
the Danes took back control under his rule by 1000
Canute the Dane
William the Conqueror (Norman) defeated & killed Harold Godwin
Battle of Hastings (1066)
What year was the Battle of Hastings
1066
The son of William the Conqueror
Henry I (1100-1135)
Grandson of Henry I, who started the Plantagenet line of kings
Henry II (1154-1189)
Spent most of his time fighting in wars & crusades
Richard I (1189-1199) or Richard the Lionhearted
RIchard I’s mother, who maintained his kingdom for him
Eleanor of Aquitaine
The most hated king in English history
John (1189-1216)
an agreement between the king and the nobles in the tradition of King Henry I’s Charter of Liberties; restated the old laws and customs of feudalism and limited the power of the king as a feudal lord over the nobles as his feudal vassals
Magna Carta
When was the Magna Carta signed?
1215
a place of meeting between representatives of nations
Parliament
Name the Plantagenet Line of Kings
- Henry II (1154-1189)
- Richard I (1189-1199)
- John (1189-1216)
- Henry III (1216-1272)
- Edward I (1272-1307)
- Edward II (1307-1312)
- Edward III (1313-1377)
- Richard II (1377-1399)
The reason for the Hundred Years War
England’s land claim in French territory
peasant girl who led French forces into battle
Joan of Arc
Who won in the end of The Hundred Years War? How did they win?
France eventually won; the use of Gunpowder
Who were the White Roses?
York
Who were the Red Roses?
Lancaster
final major battle of the War of Roses
Battle of Bosworth field (1485)
defeated the Yorks and became Henry VII; 1st Tudor king
Henry Tudor (Henry VII)
Who’s coronation began the modern nation of France in 987
Hugh Capet
France’s version of Parliament; Phillip the Fair created this group to gain support against the Pope
Estates-General
known as Phillip the Fair; argued with Boniface VIII over power in France
Phillip IV (1285-1314)
war led by Spanish kingdoms to reconquer the Moors
Reconquista
King & Queen of Spain who united Aragon & Castille
Ferdinand & Isabella
Muslims from North Africa who took control of Hispania; created a strong culture
Moors
started a school for navigation & exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator
Desired a western route to the Indies; Eventually gained funding from Spain (Ferdinand & Isabella)
Christopher Columbus
1st great civilization of the WESTERN Hemisphere
Mayas
most IMPORTANT civilization in South America
Incas
most POWERFUL North American Empire at the beginning of the Age of Exploration
Aztecs
1st Spanish landing in North America; searched for the Fountain of Youth in Florida
Ponce de Leon
discovered the Pacific Ocean
Vasco de Balboa
led 3-year voyage around the world; 1st to circumnavigate the globe
Ferdinand Magellan (1519)
conquered the Aztecs & their powerful leader Montezuma II
Hernando Cortez
conquered the Incas of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
discovered the Grand Canyon
Francisco Coronado
discovered the Mississippi River
Hernando de Soto
explored the coast of California
Juan Cabrillo
drawn by Pope Alexander VI to end the exploration rivalry between Spain & Portugal
Line of Demarcation
claimed Brazil for Portugal
Pedro Cabral
explored the East Coast of North America
Giovanni de Verrazano
discovered the St. Lawrence River
Jaques Cartier
1st modern explorer to reach the North American mainland
John Cabot (1497)
taught that the Catholic church was “distorting” God’s Word
Desiderius Erasmus
composed the 1st Protestant hymn book & wrote A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Taught that indulgences free a person of sin’s punishment
Johann Tetzel
on October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg
Protestant Reformation
an official church meeting
Diet
Luther was commanded to recant his statements about the church but he refused
Diet of Augsburg
Luther was commanded by Emperor Charles V to attend a diet in 1521
Diet of Worms
Ruled Spain & the Holy Roman Empire from 1516-1556
Charles V: (same person as Charles I)
1st protestant university in Europe
University of Wittenberg
Catholic priest in Zurich, Switzerland; preached the truth of the Bible instead of Catholic doctrine
Ulrich Zwingli
French Protestant Reformation Leader
John Calvin
Believers should be baptized after they are saved
Anabaptists
the peasants ignored Luther’s advice & revolted against the nobles
Peasant’s Revolt
1st Protestant confession of faith; Statement of beliefs presented by the Lutherans to Emperor Charles V; Written by Philipp Melanchthon
Augsburg Confession
a compromise formed between the Protestants and Catholics; established “state” churches in Germany (1555)
Peace of Augsburg
The Catholic Church’s attempt to destroy the Reformation in Europe
Counter Reformation
founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540; the “right arm” of the Inquisition (most devout in finding heretics & spreading Romanism)
Jesuits
Who founded the group named “Jesuits”
Ignatius Loyola
damlike barriers of earth & stone built to keep water out
Dikes
Much of the _______ lies below sea level
Netherlands (Belgium and Holland)
led Spanish troops in the Netherlands
Duke of Alva
Dutch nobleman, who led the fight for freedom during the mid 1500s
William the Silent
1st Tudor king
Henry VII
2nd Tudor king
Henry VIII
1st wife of Henry VIII; did not give him a son
Catharine of Aragon
2nd wife of Henry VIII; did not give him a son
Anne Boleyn
3rd wife of Henry VIII; gave birth to Edward VI
Jane Seymour
Became king when he was 9 years old
Edward VI
Protestant leaders, who advised Edward VI
Thomas Cranmer, Nicholas Ridley, & Hugh Latimer
Henry VIII’s oldest daughter who became queen after Edward VI
Mary Tudor; “Bloody Mary”
Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn’s daughter; became queen after Mary’s death
Queen Elizabeth I; “Good Queen Bess”
became the infant queen of Scotland in 1542; Cousin of Elizabeth
Mary Stuart
led the Protestants in Scotland
John Stuart
The reign of Elizabeth is also known as the ___________.
Elizabethan Age
perhaps the greatest writer of all time; wrote many famous plays including Romeo & Juliet, Hamlet, & Julius Caesar
William Shakespeare
a Spanish fleet led by Phillip II to invade England in 1588; a storm & excellent strategy by the English navy defeated them
Invincible Armada
“sea dog”; employed by Elizabeth; 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe
Sir Francis Drake
French Calvinist Protestants; by the 1500s, half of the French nobility were Protestants
Huguenots
(same person as Charles I) Ruled Spain & the Holy Roman Empire from (1516-1556); Supported the Inquisition; Spain became the most powerful European nation
Charles V
Son of Charles V; Fanatical support of the church led to his failed invasion of England (1588)
Phillip II
Powerful ruling family in France
The De Medicis
led Protestants in their fight vs. the Catholics
Henry of Navarre & Gaspard de Coligny
became king in 1589; 1st Protestant king of France
Henry IV (of Navarre)
the murder of 100,000 Protestants through France
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Mostly fought in Germany; Catholics (Holy Roman Empire) vs. Protestants of Europe
Thirty Year’s War (1618-1648)
aided the Protestants
Christian IV (of Denmark) & Gustavus Adolphus (of Sweden)
peace treaty that ended the war in 1648; did not change anything from before the war
Peace of Westphalia
Polish astronomer who discovered & proposed the heliocentric theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
German astronomer who discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
Italian philosopher who built a telescope to proved the heliocentric theory; Law of Uniform Acceleration and Law of Pendulum
Galileo Galilei
contributed more of the scientific progress of mankind than any other individual
Issac Newton
“Father of Anatomy”
Andreas Vesalius
modern scientific method
Francis Bacon
1st to observe microscopic cells ( 1st to coin the term as well)
Robert Hooke
“Father of Microbiology”
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
science of taxonomy (classification) & originated the idea of species
John Ray
1st permanent scientific society of the Modern Age
Royal Society
The original music capital of the world
Germany
a work of superior excellence that has stood the test of time
Classic
the greatest classic of all time
Bible
became one of history’s greatest composers
Johann S. Bach
best known for the oratorio; Wrote The Messiah
George F. Handel
best known choral piece
Hallelujah Chorus
“Father of the English Hymn”; wrote over 600 hymns
Issac Watts
known as a child prodigy; composed over 600 works
Wolfgang A. Mozart
his work marked the climax of the classical style of music; Known for piano sonatas ( long piano solos ); Moonlight Sonata; Known for his Fifth ( best known ) & Ninth ( “Ode to Joy” ) symphonies
Ludwig van Beethoven
one of the greatest portrait painters of all time; worked in the court of Henry VIII
Hans Holbien the Younger
“greatest of the Dutch masters”; realistic Biblical senses
Rembrandt van Rijn
