History Test 1 Chapter 11-12 Flashcards
the “pastor” or “overseer” of each church
bishop
appointed bishops to rule after them
Apostles
Peter was the first Bishop of the Roman church
Petrine Theory
1st recognized as supreme over the Roman Catholic Church ( 445 )
Leo I
created the Doctrine of the Two Swords
Gelasius I
1st medieval pope
Gregory I
religious actions that provide salvation & “ conveyed graces
sacraments
being cut off from the sacraments
Excommunicated
the belief that Eucharist turns into the body & blood of Jesus Christ
Transubstantiation
supposed piece of holy objects
Relics
apostles & other holy leaders from the history in the Catholic church
Saints
certificates from the pope that decreased the punishment for sin
Indulgences
the waiting room before hell
purgatory
Writing of popes & other leaders had the same authority
Bible ( Latin Vulgate )
the law that made people lose their bible
Council of Toulouse
translated the Bible to French
Peter Waldo
Translated the Bible from Latin into English
John Wycliffe
withdrawing from society & living in solitude to be free from sin
Monasticism
women who practiced monasticism
nuns
men who practiced monasticism
Monks
monks who lived completely alone
Hermits
homes where monks lived
Monasteries
homes where nuns lived
Convents
head of the monastery
Abbot
missionary monks who preached and worked outside of the monasteries
Friars
Two most prominent orders of friars
Dominicans & Franciscans
1st great Frankish ruler
Clovis
a set of kings that came after Clovis
Merovingians
most famous Mayor of the Palace
Charles Martel
invading Moors were defeated in 732 at the
Battle of Tours
Started the Carolingian line of kings
Pepin the Short
son of Charles Martel
Pepin the Short
a section of Italy given to the Pope by Pepin
Papal States
the 2nd Carolingian king; French word for “ Charles the Great ”
Charlemagne
Crowned Emperor of the New Roman Empire on Christmas Day in what year? By whom?
in 800; Pope Leo III
the 3rd Carolingian king
Louis the Pious
divided the Frankish Empire into 3 sections for Louis’ sons
Treaty of Verdun
The Scourge of Europe
Magyars
North African muslims
Moors
German barbarians of Scandinavia; their most important settlement was…
Vikings; Normandy
Duchies were ruled by
dukes
1st king of the Saxon line
Henry the Fowler
Son of Henry the Fowler
Otto the Great
German monarchy reached the peak of its power under him
Henry IV
“Red Beard”; 1st king of the Hohenstaufens
Frederick Barbarossa
Barbarossa’s grandson
Frederick II
ridiculed the Holy Roman Empire as “neither holy, nor roman, nor an empire”
Voltaire
castle in Northern Italy where the pope was staying when Henry sought forgiveness
Canossa
the power of laymen ( emperors & kings ) to choose bishops & other church officials
Lay Investiture
a monk who served as an adviser to the popes; took office as Gregory VII
Hildebrand
took the papacy to the zenith of its power & influence
Innocent III
sanctioned the doctrine ( dogma ) of transubstantiation
Fourth Lateran Council
a special court that inquired about & judged matters of heresy
Holy Office of the Inquisition
levied 50% taxes on the French clergy’s annual income
Phillip the Fair
official decree by the pope
papal bull
owner of the fief (land)
Lord
the person permitted to live on the fief land
Vassals
“owned” all the land within a nation
King
the king’s personal land
crown land
rich & wealthy upper class, the king would give land to
Nobles
professional soldiers that would live on a lord’s land & fight for him
Knights
code of conduct for nobles & knight
Chivalry
identifying images & symbols on a knight’s armor
Heraldry
distinct display of heraldry
Coat of arms
2 knights fighting to unseat or unhorse each other
Joust
2 teams of knights in mock battles
Tournaments
the training of young hawks to hunt small game
Falconry
peasants; live in simple housed & worked on the lord’s demesne
Serfs
forbade violence on certain week days
Truce of God
priests denied the sacraments to certain violators of the law
Peace of God
journeys to the Holy Land as part of “earning” salvation
Pilgrimages
called for the beginning of the Crusades (1095) to reconquer the Holy Land
Urban II
1096-1099; captured Asia Minor & Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
First Crusade
1147-1149; Louis VII of France & Conrad III of Germany led the Christian Army
Second Crusade
1189-1192; Jerusalem was reconquered by the Muslims ( led by Saladin ) in 1187
Third Crusade
led by Richard the LionHearted; mostly a failure
Crusade of Kings
1202-1204; Instead of fighting the Muslims, they “conquered” Constantinople
Fourth Crusade
Proved the failure of the Crusades
Children’s Crusade
started in the burgs (towns) in Europe; mostly composed of traders & shop owners
Middle Class
Most common Middle Class industry
trades, clothing, and banking
powerful banking family of Florence, Italy
Medici Family
⅓ to ½ of the population of Europe died between 1334 & 1351; spread by poor sanitation & hygiene
Black Death (a form of Bubonic Plague)
confederation of Northern German towns
Hanseatic League
known for the manufacturing of wool
Flanders
thick, massive walls, small windows, & rounded arches
Romanesque
tall walls, stain glass windows, gave the church a tall, light appearance
Gothic
best example of Gothic architecture
Cathedral of Notre Dame
location of 1st Medieval university for the study of medicine
Salerno
most responsible for scholasticism (combination of Greek philosophy & Romanism) in the Church
Thomas Aquinas
emphasized observation & experimentation as a source of true knowledge about nature
Roger Bacon
“Morningstar of the Reformation”
John Wycliffe
followers of John Wycliffe
Lollards
Catholic Church meeting that executed Huss & burned Wycliffe
Council of Constance
Brethren of the Common Life
Gerhard Groote
The Imitation of Christ
Thomas a Kempis
great spiritual leader of Florence; burned at the stake for his teachings
Jerome Savonarola
wrote Divine Comedy about a vision he had of heaven, hell, & purgatory
Dante
wrote Canterbury Tales which describes a group of Pilgrims who enter a story-telling contest on their journey to Canterbury
Geoffrey Chaucer
the study of history, grammar, speech, & poetry; these studies were the focus of the Renaissance Era (1350-1600)
Humanities
the study of the humanities; during the Renaissance, it grew into denying God & exalting man
Humanism
the “Father of Humanism”
Petrarch
The Decameron
Boccaccio
The Prince
Niccolo Machiavelli
funded Renaissance artists’ material & financial
Patron
The Last Judgement
Giotto
Personified the idea of the Renaissance Man (someone who studies many subjects)
Leonardo Da Vinci
painted the Sistine Madonna & The School of Athens
Rafael
Painted The Sistine Chapel; sculpted David & Moses
Michelangelo
invented the movable-type printing press in 1440
Johann Gutenburg
