History Test 1 Chapter 11-12 Flashcards
1
Q
the “pastor” or “overseer” of each church
A
bishop
2
Q
appointed bishops to rule after them
A
Apostles
3
Q
Peter was the first Bishop of the Roman church
A
Petrine Theory
4
Q
1st recognized as supreme over the Roman Catholic Church ( 445 )
A
Leo I
5
Q
created the Doctrine of the Two Swords
A
Gelasius I
6
Q
1st medieval pope
A
Gregory I
7
Q
religious actions that provide salvation & “ conveyed graces
A
sacraments
8
Q
being cut off from the sacraments
A
Excommunicated
9
Q
the belief that Eucharist turns into the body & blood of Jesus Christ
A
Transubstantiation
10
Q
supposed piece of holy objects
A
Relics
11
Q
apostles & other holy leaders from the history in the Catholic church
A
Saints
12
Q
certificates from the pope that decreased the punishment for sin
A
Indulgences
13
Q
the waiting room before hell
A
purgatory
14
Q
Writing of popes & other leaders had the same authority
A
Bible ( Latin Vulgate )
15
Q
the law that made people lose their bible
A
Council of Toulouse
16
Q
translated the Bible to French
A
Peter Waldo
17
Q
Translated the Bible from Latin into English
A
John Wycliffe
18
Q
withdrawing from society & living in solitude to be free from sin
A
Monasticism
19
Q
women who practiced monasticism
A
nuns
20
Q
men who practiced monasticism
A
Monks
21
Q
monks who lived completely alone
A
Hermits
22
Q
homes where monks lived
A
Monasteries
23
Q
homes where nuns lived
A
Convents
24
Q
head of the monastery
A
Abbot
25
missionary monks who preached and worked outside of the monasteries
Friars
26
Two most prominent orders of friars
Dominicans & Franciscans
27
1st great Frankish ruler
Clovis
28
a set of kings that came after Clovis
Merovingians
29
most famous Mayor of the Palace
Charles Martel
30
invading Moors were defeated in 732 at the
Battle of Tours
31
Started the Carolingian line of kings
Pepin the Short
32
son of Charles Martel
Pepin the Short
33
a section of Italy given to the Pope by Pepin
Papal States
34
the 2nd Carolingian king; French word for “ Charles the Great ”
Charlemagne
35
Crowned Emperor of the New Roman Empire on Christmas Day in what year? By whom?
in 800; Pope Leo III
36
the 3rd Carolingian king
Louis the Pious
37
divided the Frankish Empire into 3 sections for Louis’ sons
Treaty of Verdun
38
The Scourge of Europe
Magyars
39
North African muslims
Moors
40
German barbarians of Scandinavia; their most important settlement was...
Vikings; Normandy
41
Duchies were ruled by
dukes
42
1st king of the Saxon line
Henry the Fowler
43
Son of Henry the Fowler
Otto the Great
44
German monarchy reached the peak of its power under him
Henry IV
45
"Red Beard”; 1st king of the Hohenstaufens
Frederick Barbarossa
46
Barbarossa’s grandson
Frederick II
47
ridiculed the Holy Roman Empire as “neither holy, nor roman, nor an empire”
Voltaire
48
castle in Northern Italy where the pope was staying when Henry sought forgiveness
Canossa
49
the power of laymen ( emperors & kings ) to choose bishops & other church officials
Lay Investiture
50
a monk who served as an adviser to the popes; took office as Gregory VII
Hildebrand
51
took the papacy to the zenith of its power & influence
Innocent III
52
sanctioned the doctrine ( dogma ) of transubstantiation
Fourth Lateran Council
53
a special court that inquired about & judged matters of heresy
Holy Office of the Inquisition
54
levied 50% taxes on the French clergy’s annual income
Phillip the Fair
55
official decree by the pope
papal bull
56
owner of the fief (land)
Lord
57
the person permitted to live on the fief land
Vassals
58
“owned” all the land within a nation
King
59
the king's personal land
crown land
60
rich & wealthy upper class, the king would give land to
Nobles
61
professional soldiers that would live on a lord’s land & fight for him
Knights
62
code of conduct for nobles & knight
Chivalry
63
identifying images & symbols on a knight’s armor
Heraldry
64
distinct display of heraldry
Coat of arms
65
2 knights fighting to unseat or unhorse each other
Joust
66
2 teams of knights in mock battles
Tournaments
67
the training of young hawks to hunt small game
Falconry
68
peasants; live in simple housed & worked on the lord’s demesne
Serfs
69
forbade violence on certain week days
Truce of God
70
priests denied the sacraments to certain violators of the law
Peace of God
71
journeys to the Holy Land as part of “earning” salvation
Pilgrimages
72
called for the beginning of the Crusades (1095) to reconquer the Holy Land
Urban II
73
1096-1099; captured Asia Minor & Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
First Crusade
74
1147-1149; Louis VII of France & Conrad III of Germany led the Christian Army
Second Crusade
75
1189-1192; Jerusalem was reconquered by the Muslims ( led by Saladin ) in 1187
Third Crusade
76
led by Richard the LionHearted; mostly a failure
Crusade of Kings
77
1202-1204; Instead of fighting the Muslims, they “conquered” Constantinople
Fourth Crusade
78
Proved the failure of the Crusades
Children’s Crusade
79
started in the burgs (towns) in Europe; mostly composed of traders & shop owners
Middle Class
80
Most common Middle Class industry
trades, clothing, and banking
81
powerful banking family of Florence, Italy
Medici Family
82
⅓ to ½ of the population of Europe died between 1334 & 1351; spread by poor sanitation & hygiene
Black Death (a form of Bubonic Plague)
83
confederation of Northern German towns
Hanseatic League
84
known for the manufacturing of wool
Flanders
85
thick, massive walls, small windows, & rounded arches
Romanesque
86
tall walls, stain glass windows, gave the church a tall, light appearance
Gothic
87
best example of Gothic architecture
Cathedral of Notre Dame
88
location of 1st Medieval university for the study of medicine
Salerno
89
most responsible for scholasticism (combination of Greek philosophy & Romanism) in the Church
Thomas Aquinas
90
emphasized observation & experimentation as a source of true knowledge about nature
Roger Bacon
91
“Morningstar of the Reformation”
John Wycliffe
92
followers of John Wycliffe
Lollards
93
Catholic Church meeting that executed Huss & burned Wycliffe
Council of Constance
94
Brethren of the Common Life
Gerhard Groote
95
The Imitation of Christ
Thomas a Kempis
96
great spiritual leader of Florence; burned at the stake for his teachings
Jerome Savonarola
97
wrote Divine Comedy about a vision he had of heaven, hell, & purgatory
Dante
98
wrote Canterbury Tales which describes a group of Pilgrims who enter a story-telling contest on their journey to Canterbury
Geoffrey Chaucer
99
the study of history, grammar, speech, & poetry; these studies were the focus of the Renaissance Era (1350-1600)
Humanities
100
the study of the humanities; during the Renaissance, it grew into denying God & exalting man
Humanism
101
the “Father of Humanism”
Petrarch
102
The Decameron
Boccaccio
103
The Prince
Niccolo Machiavelli
104
funded Renaissance artists’ material & financial
Patron
105
The Last Judgement
Giotto
106
Personified the idea of the Renaissance Man (someone who studies many subjects)
Leonardo Da Vinci
107
painted the Sistine Madonna & The School of Athens
Rafael
108
Painted The Sistine Chapel; sculpted David & Moses
Michelangelo
109
invented the movable-type printing press in 1440
Johann Gutenburg
