History Test 2 Chapter 13-14 Flashcards
earliest known inhabitants of the British Isles
Celts
ancient Celtic worship site & observatory
Stonehenge
Tribes from Denmark that invaded England in the 500’s
Angles, Saxons, & Jutes
1st Archbishop of Canterbury (most influential church office in England)
Augustine
King of Wessex who defeated the Danes & confined them to Danelaw; became the 1st great king of England
Alfred the Great
the Danes took back control under his rule by 1000
Canute the Dane
William the Conqueror (Norman) defeated & killed Harold Godwin
Battle of Hastings
In what year was the Battle of Hastings
1066
a count of people and their property
Census
the book used to record the census
Doomsday book
The son of William the Conqueror
Henry I (1100-1135)
Grandson of Henry I, who started the Plantagenet line of kings
Henry II (1154-1189)
a group of people called on to give a verdict in a legal matter
Trial by Jury
who created trial by jury?
Henry II
Spent most of his time fighting in wars & crusades
Richard I (1189-1199) or Richard the Lionhearted
RIchard I’s mother, who maintained his kingdom for him
Eleanor of Aquitaine
The most hated king in English history
John (1189-1216)
King John lost much of England’s land to who?
King Philip Augustus of France
an agreement between the king and the nobles in the tradition of King Henry I’s Charter of Liberties; restated the old laws and customs of feudalism and limited the power of the king as a feudal lord over the nobles as his feudal vassals
Magna Carta
When was the Magna Carta signed?
1215
the right of a person to have their “day in court”
habeas corpus
a written plan which sets up a form of government & establishes its basic governing principles
Constitution
a place of meeting between representatives of nations
Parliament
who formed the first parliament?
Simon de Monfort
A strong king who conquered Wales & portions of Scotland; expensive wars forced him to cooperate with Model Parliament; nicknamed Longshanks
Edward I (1272-1307)
Prince of Wales
Llewellyn
the House of Lords & House of Commons developed during this king’s rule
Edward III (1313-1377)
Name the Plantagenet Line of Kings
- Henry II (1154-1189)
- Richard I (1189-1199)
- John (1189-1216)
- Henry III (1216-1272)
- Edward I (1272-1307)
- Edward II (1307-1312)
- Edward III (1313-1377)
- Richard II (1377-1399)
The reason for the Hundred Years War
England’s land claim in French territory
peasant girl who led French forces into battle
Joan of Arc
Who won in the end of The Hundred Years War? How did they win?
France eventually won; the use of Gunpowder
1st king of the Lancaster Line of Kings
Henry IV
Who were the White Roses?
York
Who were the Red Roses?
Lancaster
final major battle of the War of Roses
Battle of Bosworth field (1485)
defeated the Yorks and became Henry VII; 1st Tudor king
Henry Tudor (Henry VIII)
Who’s coronation began the modern nation of France in 987
Hugh Capet
France’s version of Parliament; Phillip the Fair created this group to gain support against the Pope
Estates-General
What peninsula does Spain and Portugal share?
Iberian Peninsula
Muslims from North Africa who took control of Hispania; created a strong culture
Moors
Italian explorer, who travelled into the Far East during the 1200’s
Marco Polo
sailed around Africa to India; 1st European to reach the Far East by sea
Vasco de Gama
Explored on behalf of Spain
Christopher Columbus
Italian sailor after whom America is named
Amerigo Vespucci
1st great civilization of the WESTERN Hemisphere
Mayas
most IMPORTANT civilization in South America
Incas
most POWERFUL North American Empire at the beginning of the Age of Exploration
Aztecs
1st Spanish landing in North America; searched for the Fountain of Youth in Florida
Ponce de Leon
discovered the Pacific Ocean
Vasco de Balboa
led 3-year voyage around the world; 1st to circumnavigate the globe
Ferdinand Magellan (1519)
conquered the Aztecs & their powerful leader Montezuma II
Hernando Cortez
conquered the Incas of Peru
Francisco Pizarro
discovered the Grand Canyon
Francisco Coronado
discovered the Mississippi River
Hernando de Soto
explored the coast of California
Juan Cabrillo
drawn by Pope Alexander VI to end the exploration rivalry between Spain & Portugal
Line of Demarcation
claimed Brazil for Portugal
Pedro Cabral
explored the East Coast of North America
Giovanni de Verrazano
discovered the St. Lawrence River
Jaques Cartier
1st modern explorer to reach the North American mainland
John Cabot (1497)
gave England major claim to territory in the New World
Newfoundland
translated the Old Testament from Hebrew into German during the 1400’s
Johann Reuchlin
a friend of Martin Luther, who translated the New Testament from Greek to German
Phillip Melanchthon
printed the 1st Bible in the English language
William Tyndale
translated the Bible into French & promoted the teaching of Justification by Faith Alone
Jacques LeFèvre D’Etaples
taught that the Catholic church was “distorting” God’s Word
Desiderius Erasmus
a professor at the University of Wittenberg & began a study of the Bible
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
“the just shall live by faith”
Romans 1:16-17
composed the 1st Protestant hymn book & wrote A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Taught that indulgences free a person of sin’s punishment
Johann Tetzel
on October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg; this began The Protestant Reformation
Luther’s Challenge
PROTESTED the corrupt church practices
Protestant
to REFORM (change) the problems in the church
Reformation
an official church meeting
Diet
The diet that Luther was commanded by Emperor Charles V to attend in 1521
Diet of Worms
declared Martin Luther a heretic
Edict of Worms
1st protestant university in Europe
University of Wittenberg
Catholic priest in Zurich, Switzerland; preached the truth of the Bible instead of Catholic doctrine
Ulrich Zwingli
Switzerland was divided into what?
cantons
French Protestant Reformation Leader; forced to flee to Basel, Switzerland
John Calvin
led by Conrad Grebel; believers should be baptized after they are saved
Anabaptists
most important book of the Protestant Reformation outside of the Bible
The Institutes of the Christian Religion