World History Flashcards by Daniel P

Chilean president (1970-73)
Socialist
Overthrown by Pinochet’s military & died in 1973
Uncle of author Isabel

SALVADOR ALLENDE

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Chilean dictator & general
Overthrew Allende with military junta in 1973 coup

AUGUSTO PINOCHET

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Chilean president 2006-2010
1st elected female leader in South America
Previously imprisoned by Pinochet
Socialist

MICHELLE BACHELET

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1552-1605
First czar after the Rurik dynasty (he was “up to the task”)
Overthrown by “false Dmitry”, after which begins the Time of Troubles
Depicted in a Pushkin drama & Mussorgsky opera

BORIS GODUNOV

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Political crisis following the death of Fyodor I (son of Ivan IV “the Terrible”) & the overthrow of his regent Boris Godunov
Pretenders to the throne arose, claiming Ivan as their father (known as the “False Dmitrys”)
Ended when Michael, the first Romanov, became tsar

TIME OF TROUBLES
SMUTA

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WWI flying ace
Head of the Luftwaffe in WWII
Reichsmarschall, & Hitler’s chosen “successor”
Convicted at Nuremberg, but took a poison pill before he could be executed

HERMANN GOERING

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WWI General
German president (1925-34)
Appointer of Hitler as Chancellor

PAUL VON HINDENBURG

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Germain air force during WWII
Means “air weapon”

LUFTWAFFE

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1783-1830
Born in Caracas, educated in Europe
“The Liberator” / “El Libertador” - of Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Peru, & an eponymous country from Spanish rule
Dictator of Peru
Depicted in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s “The General in His Labyrinth”
Namesake of Venezuela’s currency & tallest “Pico” (peak)

SIMON BOLIVAR

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South American historical country
Its first president was Simon Bolivar
Included Venezuela, Panama, & Ecuador

GRAN COLOMBIA

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Led unsuccessful coup in 1992
Venezuelan president from 1999 to his 2013 death
Target of coup in 2002
Fan of Bolivar, & led a “Bolivarian Revolution” for the “Bolivarion Republic of Venezuela”
Compatriot of Castro

HUGO CHAVEZ

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President of Peru 1990-2000

ALBERTO FUJIMORI

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President of Venezuela (2013-present)

NICOLAS MADURO

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President of Brazil 2019-present
Bad for the rainforest

JAIR BOLSONARO

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Babylonian ruler (500s BCE)
Credited with the Hanging Gardens
Burned Jerusalem’s temple

NEBUCHADNEZZAR

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Bronze Age civilization on Crete (~3000-1000 BCE)
Named for their legendary king

MINOAN
(from MINOS)

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Fought for Trojans in the war
Appears in the Iliad
Subject of a Euripedes play
Also a monkey

RHESUS

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Michael Ventris “deciphered” this ancient Minoan script

LINEAR B

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In 1879, based on the Iliad, discovered what may be the ruins of Troy at Hisarlik in Turkey
Also discovered “Agamemnon’s” gold mask earlier

HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN

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Pre-Roman Italians (~900-500 BCE; assimilated to Rome by ~30 BCE)
Lived in Tuscany & Umbria, between Arno & Tiber Rivers
Originators of the wishbone custom

ETRUSCANS

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Spanish conquistador 1465-1524
1st Governor of Cuba
Founded Havana

DIEGO VELAZQUEZ DE CUÉLLAR

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Liberia’s longest-serving president
1944-1971

WILLIAM TUBMAN

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“Father of Zionism”
Austro-hungarian journalist
Covered the Dreyfus Affair
In 1897 founded World Zionist Congress

THEODOR HERZL

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Prime Minister of Israel 1983-84
Again 1986-92
3rd-longest serving

YITZHAK SHAMIR

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Austrian socialite Spouce of Gustav Mahler, Walter Gropius, and Franz Werfel

ALMA SCHINDLER

Daughter of Rodrigo, aka Pope Alexander VI 1480-1519 Sister of Cesare Believed to have poisoned husbands

LUCREZIA BORGIA

3rd wife of Henry VIII Only one buried with him

JANE SEYMOUR

Anne Boleyn's lady-in-waiting (and replacement)

JANE SEYMOUR

Died giving birth to Edward VI

JANE SEYMOUR

African party founded in 1962 Upon independence from Portugal in 1975, became ruling party in Maputo

FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation Front)

Name for French Protestants from the mid-16th century

HUGUENOTS

Club founded by Robespierre (later its president) Existed 1789-1794 Responsible for the "Reign of Terror"

JACOBIN CLUB

Irish party of democratic Christians since 1933 Name means "Irish Family"

FINE GAEL

Irish democratic-socialist party founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffin Name means "[We] Ourselves" Associated with the IRA Led by Gerry Adams during the Troubles (he resigned in 2018)

SINN FEIN

French minister (1754-1838) Served Louis XVI, XVIII, & Napoleon Subject of the XYZ affair

TALLEYRAND

French lawyer Member of Jacobin Club Led Committee of Public Safety Involved in Reign of Terror Urged 1792 execution of Louis XVI Was executed himself in 1794

MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE

"Flowery" revolution in Tunisia, 2011 Ousted president Ben Ali

JASMINE REVOLUTION

From French, "knife" Broad curved blade Common in the age of sail Also an Oldsmobile

CUTLASS

Walking stick or club/cudgel named for an Irish town

SHILLELAGH

President of Uganda before & after Idi Amin 1966-1971, and again 1980-1985

MILTON OBOTE

Communist president of Serbia (1991-1997) and Yugoslavia (1997-2000)

SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC

Egyptian president (2012-2013) Ousted by El-Sisi following protests Convicted for ties to Islamist extremists

MOHAMED MORSI

Egyptian president since 2014 Field Marshal & former general Ousted Mohamed Morsi in 2013 coup

ABDEL EL-SISI

"Seasonal" pro-democracy uprisings in 2010-2012 Primarily in North Africa and the Middle East Began with Tunisia's "Jasmine Revolution"

ARAB SPRING

Soviet nuclear physicist Worked on H-Bomb Won 1975 Nobel Peace Prize for activism A European prize for human rights is now named for him

ANDREI SAKHAROV

Soviet foreign minister from 1957-1985

ANDREI GROMYKO

Considered Britain's first prime minister 1721-1742 (Whig) 1st to live at 10 Downing St. Called "Cock Robin" with a "Robinocracy"

ROBERT WALPOLE

Israel's prime minister (1977-1983) Part of Camp David accords with Sadat & Carter Shared 1979 Nobel Peace Prize with Sadat Buried on Mt. of Olives, not Mt. Herzl like most PMs

MENACHEM BEGIN

President of Afghanistan (2002-2014) Interim in 2002 - elected in 2004 Fought with the Mujahideen

HAMID KARZAI

British explorer Tried to cross Antarctica in a 1914 expedition Ship Endurance got trapped in pack ice & sank, but crew escaped Died in 1922 on South Georgia Island where he is now buried

SIR ERNEST SHACKLETON

Welsh privateer in the Caribbean Attacked Panama in 1671 Knighted by Charles II Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica Subject of Steinbeck's "Cup of Gold" (1929) Namesake of a rum brand

SIR HENRY MORGAN

Carthaginian queen, ~800 BCE Sister of Pygmalion of Tyre Lover of Aeneas, and killed herself when he left (made famous in a Purcell opera)

DIDO

A trojan warrior or prince, sometimes son of Aphrodite After Trojan War, travels Mediterranean, loves Dido in Carthage, founds Rome Subject of a famous Virgil work

AENEAS

German-born English royal Nicknamed the "Flanders Mare" Henry VIII's 4th wife Shortest tenure (Jan-July of 1540) Outlived the rest

ANNE OF CLEVES

Ruler of Egypt (51-30 BCE) Last of the Ptolemaic dynasty Father Ptolemy XII, brothers XIII & XIV Son Ptolemy XV Caesarion (with Julius) Lost at Actium

CLEOPATRA

Namesake of emerald mines (found in 1818) Namesake of 2 "needles" (obelisks) in NYC's Central Park & London Shaw play recounts Caesar & her 1963 Elizabeth Taylor film Samuel Barber opera & Shakespeare play recount Antony & her

CLEOPATRA

"Queen of Queens" "Serpent of the Nile" Name means "Glory of her father" Ruled from Alexandria Met Julius in a carpet Killed self with asp Had a barge

CLEOPATRA

Born in Norway Settled in Iceland before being banished Settled Greenland Father of Thorvald & Leif Wife Thjoldhildur founded Greenland's 1st Christian church

ERIK THE RED

Norse Christian missionary & explorer Son of Erik, called "the Lucky" Found "Vinland" (North America) at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Brother Thorvald was one of the first Europeans to die in North America Honoured with a statue at Iceland's Hallgrimskirkja His "Day" is celebrated October 9

LEIF "THE LUCKY" ERIKSON

Historical region of England Ruled by Alfred the Great Also a semi-fictional region featured in Thomas Hardy's novels

WESSEX

Friar of Florence Anti-papal and anti-Medici Held "Pyres" or "Bonfires of the Vanities" Hanged in 1498, then his body burnt

GIROLAMA SAVONAROLA

Series of church meetings 1st (1123) confirmed the Concordat of Worms 2nd (1139) declared clerical marriages invalid and the crossbow an unethical weapon for use on Christians 5th (1512) concerned church reform

LATERAN COUNCILS

1929 agreement between Mussolini & Pope Pius XI Roman Catholicism established as religion of Italy Vatican City is created as a state, but cedes Papal States to Italy

LATERAN TREATY

Position in the Roman Republic 2 were elected to lead together Now a general term for a kind of diplomat Napoleon declared himself "First" this

CONSUL

Israeli Prime Minister (2021-2022) Succeeded Netenyahu

NAFTALI BENNETT

Boat with an external stabilizing hull Common in the Pacific Namesake of a Hawai'i resort chain

OUTRIGGER (CANOE)

Historical name for sailing boats of the Indian Ocean & Red Sea From Arabic

DHOW

"Kiss me, Hardy" (referring to Captain Thomas Hardy) were his last words spoken at Trafalgar

ADMIRAL HORATIO NELSON

Acronym for an organisation of Russian/Soviet labour camps where Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn did time

GULAG

Acronym for "Secret State Police" Created 1933 under Goring In 1934 became part of the SS

GESTAPO (GEHEIME STAATSPOLIZEI)

Policy of concession to avoid war Especially towards Nazi Germany in the 1930s Exemplified by Neville Chamberlain at Munich in 1938

APPEASEMENT

202 BCE battle in what is now Tunisia Ended 2nd Punic War Scipio of Rome defeats Hannibal of Carthage and earns epithet "Africanus"

BATTLE OF ZAMA

1916 battle near Denmark in the North Sea WWI's biggest naval battle British vs. German fleets

BATTLE OF JUTLAND

31 BCE naval battle near a Greek promontory Cleopatra & Mark Antony lose to Octavian & Agrippa

BATTLE OF ACTIUM

1938 pact signed by UK (Chamberlain), France, Italy (Mussolini), & Germany (Hitler) Allowed Germany to annex Czech land

MUNICH AGREEMENT

Mediterranean sailors Peaked ~1100-200 BCE Conquered by Alexander ~330 BCE Lived around what is now Lebanon Cities included Tyre, Sidon, & Byblos Founders of Palermo (Sicily) & Carthage (Tunisia) Biblically, a branch of the Canaanites

PHOENICIANS

Prime Minister of Israel, 1974-77 and 1992-95 1st PM born in Israel In 1993 signed Oslo Accord I with Arafat (Palestine) & Clinton (U.S.) Shared 1994 Nobel Peace Prize with Peres & Arafat Signed 1994 treaty with King Hussein of Jordan Assassinated in 1995 by Yigal Amir in a Tel Aviv square now named for him

YITZHAK RABIN

Prime Minister of Israel (1984-86, 1995-96) Took over after Rabin's 1995 assassination Shared 1994 Nobel Peace Prize with Yasser Arafat & Yitzhak Rabin

SHIMON PERES

President of Egypt (1970-1981) Signed 1978 Camp David Accords with Israel's Menachem Begin Granted asylum to Shah of Iran Assassinated in 1981 by military, eventually replaced by his VP Hosni Mubarak

ANWAR SADAT

1st Prime Minister of South Africa (1910-1919)

LOUIS BOTHA

Prime Minister of South Africa (1978-1984) & President (1984-89)

(PIETER WILLEM) P.W. BOTHA

Famed British highwayman Rode a horse named Black Bess Hanged at York in 1739

DICK TURPIN

French egyptologist Deciphered Rosetta Stone in the 1820s

JEAN-FRANCOIS CHAMPOLLION

"Butcher of Lyon" Gestapo agent Fled to Bolivia Arrested 1983 and extradited to France Died 1992

KLAUS BARBIE

William Augustus was Duke of this Nicknamed "The Butcher" for suppression of Scots rebels in 1740s

CUMBERLAND

Italian cruise ship Hijacked by Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) in 1985 Jewish-American Leon Klinghoffer killed

ACHILLE LAURO

Portuguese sailor & explorer 1st known European to sail around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, which he also knew as the Cape of Storms

BARTOLOMEU DIAS

British Navy man Explored Antarctica in 1841 Discovered Erebus on island now named for him Also namesake of a sea & an ice shelf

JAMES CLARK ROSS