Working Flashcards
competition
1 [uncountable] a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations → compete, competitor
competition for
Competition for the job was intense.
competition between/among
Sometimes there’s a lot of competition between children for their mother’s attention.
This price reduction is due to competition among suppliers.
competition in
competition in the automobile industry
fierce/stiff/intense etc competition
There is fierce competition between the three leading soap manufacturers.
be in competition with somebody/something
Government departments are in direct competition with each other for limited resources.
in the face of competition (from somebody/something) (=in a situation where you are competing with someone or something)
Small grocery stores are going out of business in the face of stiff competition from the large supermarket chains.
2 [singular, uncountable] the people or groups that are competing against you, especially in business or in a sport → compete, competitor
Going to trade fairs is an ideal opportunity to size up the competition.
no/not much/little etc competition (=no one who is likely to be better than you)
Jones is certain to win the race; there’s just no competition.
a lot of/considerable/fierce etc competition
The team overcame fierce competition for their place in the finals.
foreign/international competition (=companies from other countries that you are competing with)
Japanese PC makers now face foreign competition in their home market.
3 [countable] an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other → competitor
a photography competition
competition to do something
a competition to find a designer for the new building
Teams from high schools all over the state have entered the competition.
With France out of the competition, England have a great chance to win.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations
VERBS
face competition (from somebody)
Website designers face increasing competition.
beat off/fight off competition
She beat off competition from dozens of other candidates to get the job.
ADJECTIVES
strong/serious competition
The company is facing strong competition in the market.
stiff//tough/fierce/intense/keen competition (=strong competition)
There is stiff competition for places at the best universities.
cut-throat competition (=very strong competition)
The cutthroat competition in the airline industry kept prices low for many years.
increasing/growing competition
the growing competition between banks
fair competition
Fair competition offers the best guarantee of good services and low prices.
unfair competition
This will protect the industry from unfair competition from abroad.
open competition (=a situation that offers anyone a chance to be successful)
We welcome open competition in the software market.
PHRASES
in the face of competition (=in a situation where you are competing to be successful)
They won the contract in the face of tough competition.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other
VERBS
take part in a competition
Ten schools took part in the competition.
enter a competition
You must be over 16 to enter the competition.
win a competition
Lucy was thrilled to hear that she had won the short-story competition.
come first/second/third etc in a competition
Stuart came second in the swimming competition.
have/hold a competition
Each year the school holds a painting competition.
run a competition (=organize it)
The company is running an inventions competition with a first prize of £1,000.
launch a competition (=start it)
We’re launching a competition to find the best young designer.
judge a competition (=decide who has won it)
A panel of five will judge the competition.
withdraw from a competition (=not take part, when you had planned to)
He had to withdraw from the competition because of an injury.
be out of a competition (=no longer be in a competition because you have been defeated)
Our team scored the fewest points so we were out of the competition.
put/knock somebody out of a competition (=defeat someone so that they are no longer in a competition)
They put us out of the competition in the semi-final last year.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMPETITION
a football/music/essay etc competition
There’s a music competition in the town on June 12th.
a writing/painting/dancing etc competition
Greg won the school public-speaking competition.
a sporting/sports competition
There is an increasing demand to watch sporting competitions.
a national/international/European etc competition
Her oldest daughter has taken part in national competitions.
an annual competition
Last year he won the magazine’s annual photo competition.
an open competition (=that everyone can take part in)
An open competition is to be held at the tennis club.
a knock-out competition British English (=in which if you lose a game, you are no longer in the competition)
a newspaper competition (=organized by and advertised in a newspaper)
I entered a newspaper competition for young photographer of the year.
PHRASES
the result of a competition
The result of the competition will be announced on April 3rd.
the winner of a competition
Jane was the clear winner of the competition.
the rules of a competition
Make sure you understand the rules of the competition.
a competition is open to somebody (=used to say who can enter a competition)
The competition is open to artists between 16 and 25 years old.
THESAURUS
competition an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other, especially in order to win a prize
My sister entered a dance competition.
The winner of the competition will be announced in June.
contest a competition in which people do an activity, and a group of judges decide the winner
a beauty contest
a contest to find America’s strongest man
championship an important sports competition to find the best player or team in the world or in a particular area
the European Athletics Championship
Brazil went on to win the world championship.
tournament a competition in a sport or game, in which many players or teams compete against each other until there is one winner
a golf tournament
quiz a competition in which people have to answer questions
a TV quiz show
PART OF A COMPETITION
round one of the parts of a competition that you have to finish or win before you can go on to the next part
Henman lost in the second round of the competition.
heat one of several races or competitions whose winners then compete against each other
She came second in her heat, with a time of 23.2 seconds.
cooperation
co‧op‧e‧ra‧tion (also co-operation British English) /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən $ koʊˌɑːp-/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun [uncountable]
1 when you work with someone to achieve something that you both want
cooperation with
political co-operation with Britain
in cooperation with somebody
A study was undertaken in co-operation with oil companies.
Burglar alarm companies claim they work in close co-operation with the police.
cooperation between
the lack of effective co-operation between industry and higher education
the need to strengthen international co-operation
2 willingness to do what someone asks you to do
Have your passports ready, and thank you for your cooperation.
Your full cooperation is requested.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES
international/European cooperation
What are the benefits of greater European cooperation?
military/political etc cooperation
The association deals with trade and economic cooperation.
close cooperation
We work together in close cooperation to provide the best possible service.
mutual cooperation (=between two people, groups etc)
Because of the size of the task, mutual cooperation was essential.
active cooperation
There is active cooperation between the two schools.
effective cooperation
The inspectors criticized a lack of effective cooperation among the staff.
VERBS
need cooperation
Schools need the cooperation of parents.
require cooperation formal:
Management of these problems requires cooperation.
encourage/promote cooperation (=make people want to work together)
The programme will promote cooperation between universities and industry.
PHRASES
a lack of cooperation
the lack of cooperation between the two countries
a need for cooperation
There is a need for closer cooperation between the departments.
collaboration
1 [countable, uncountable] when you work together with another person or group to achieve something, especially in science or art
The company is building the center in collaboration with the Institute of Offshore Engineering.
collaboration between
a collaboration between the two theatres
collaboration with
The project has involved collaboration with the geography department.
2 [uncountable] when someone gives help to a country that their country is fighting a war with, especially one that has taken control of their country
Examples from the Corpus
collaboration
• Is there evidence of actual collaboration among the elite in the formulation of preferred public policy?
• Tensions continued but the opportunities to discuss and resolve them were improved by regular and closer collaboration.
• A call for collaboration between the four Thames regions and higher education institutions is made.
• This research is in collaboration with Lancaster University.
• Tasks are designed that reward collaboration and teamwork, in academic and non-academic areas.
• He wanted to use the subsidiary as a totally clean slate and he wanted true collaboration from the beginning.
collaboration with
• Stromboli was Ingrid Bergman’s first collaboration with director Roberto Rossellini.
From Longman Business Dictionary
col‧lab‧o‧ra‧tion /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ noun
1[countable, uncountable] the activity of working together with another person, company etc in order to achieve something
More collaboration between companies is needed to speed up the development of cleaner fuels for cars.
The research was done by two university medical departments, working in collaboration with each other.
2[countable] a piece of work that is produced by two or more people, companies, etc working together
The software is a collaboration involving NGB Technologies and the Gas Research Institute.
incentive
something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc → motivation
As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.
create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
incentive to do something
Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
economic/financial/tax etc incentives
a recycling drive backed with financial incentives
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have an incentive
Companies have an incentive to maximize efficiency.
give/offer somebody an incentive
If you want people to change their behaviour, it’s a good idea to offer them some kind of incentive.
provide somebody with an incentive
Good teachers provide their students with incentives to learn.
create an incentive
We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their rubbish.
act as an incentive (=be an incentive)
The chance of promotion acts as an incentive for many employees.
ADJECTIVES
a strong/powerful incentive
The possibility of acquiring wealth acts as a strong incentive in many people’s lives.
a significant incentive
The high financial rewards provide a significant incentive.
a greater incentive
The scheme gives industry a greater incentive to tackle pollution.
the main incentive
What is the main incentive for people to join the army?
an extra/added incentive
The cash prize gives contestants an added incentive to do well.
economic/financial incentives (=money that is offered to someone as an incentive)
Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.
NOUN + INCENTIVE
cash incentives
The scheme gives farmers cash incentives to manage the countryside for wildlife.
tax incentives (=a reduction in tax, offered to people as an incentive)
Tax incentives are provided for employees to buy shares in their own companies.
price incentives (=lower prices, offered to people as an incentive)
The strong December sales were attributed to attractive price incentives.
INCENTIVE + NOUN
an incentive scheme/system
The incentive scheme was introduced to encourage companies to use renewable energy sources.
PHRASES
have little/no incentive to do something
Poor farmers have little incentive to grow crops for export.
Examples from the Corpus
incentive
• There is a clear incentive to move to larger countries.
• Perhaps this led to a greater emphasis on the other economic incentive.
• That probably depends on what financial incentives the United States might provide.
• The school gives incentives such as more play time to kids who work hard.
• The granting of individual landownership rights improved incentives, and facilities for credit and investment improved.
• Taxes are too high, investment incentives missing.
• Low prices give the farmers little incentive.
• When prices are so low, farmers have little incentive to increase production.
• Our fire departments have powerful incentives to keep things that way.
• The new plan will provide strong incentives for young people to improve their skills.
• Problems have also been experienced with providing cost-centre managers with sufficient incentives to manage resources economically, efficiently and effectively.
• Indiana has sometimes spent too much on tax incentives to lure companies inside its borders.
• The government is offering special tax incentives to people wanting to start up small businesses.
added incentive
• And he may have acquired an added incentive for wanting to make a good showing.
• As an added incentive, two complimentary tickets for the evening’s disco are being offered for the winning entry.
• In many cases, that has given the family an added incentive and advantage.
• Rejects from London have an added incentive for putting their talents on show.
• A course available specifically designed for their needs at which they will meet others of their own age is an added incentive.
• The fact that it was the area’s second highest summit added incentive.
انگیزه، فتنهانگیز، آتشافروز، موجب، مشوق
- For some people money is a major incentive.
- برای برخی از مردم، پول انگیزهی بزرگی است.
overtime
یش از وقت معین، بهطور اضافه، اضافهکار
- overtime pay
- پرداخت بابت اضافه کار
- Overtime scores were 12 and 15.
- امتیازات وقت اضافی عبارتبودند از: 12 و 15.
1 time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours
six hours’ overtime
They’re working overtime to get the job finished.
He’s been doing a lot of overtime recently.
Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime.
Many of our offices will be working on overtime until the end of the year.
2 the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual
He earns £450 a week, including overtime.
3 → be working overtime
4 American English a period of time added to the end of a sports game to give one of the two teams a chance to win SYN extra time British English
in overtime
Steve Smith scored all nine of the Hawks’ points in overtime.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
work overtime
He’s been working a lot of overtime.
do overtime
I did three hours overtime yesterday.
put in overtime (=work overtime)
To earn enough money, he puts in a lot of overtime.
ADJECTIVES
paid/unpaid overtime
Many teachers do a lot of unpaid overtime.
unlimited overtime
They offered us a bonus and unlimited overtime.
OVERTIME + NOUN
overtime pay/payments/earnings
The salary figure does not include overtime pay.
If Joe worked 100 hours overtime at time and a half, his overtime payments would be $15,662.
overtime rates (=payments that are set according to a standard scale)
Generous overtime rates are paid for late-night and weekend work.
Examples from the Corpus
overtime
• Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell dislocated a knuckle on his throwing hand late in the fourth quarter of an overtime loss to Pittsburgh.
• Miller scored 9 of his 23 points in overtime.
• The last two came on the road, in overtime, on consecutive nights.
• Is there a policy on the use of overtime?
• It had set aside $ 24 million to settle claims by former managers that it had failed to pay required overtime.
• The overtime and opportunities for easing which court duty affords is often not compensation enough for the stress it involves.
• Go to No. 16 shed, our big flat store, and ask and if they want overtime.
• You worked overtime to finish a project with a drop-dead deadline.
• He said engineers are working overtime to fix the problems.
on overtime
• Others are angry because he cut back on overtime to balance the budget.
• About 3,500 ambulance officers and control room staff joined the crews’ ban on overtime last week.
• Nottinghamshire miners went on strike to protest against losing money because of their own ban on overtime.
• There would be a few drinks, some canapes and a few staff who were free and willing to do it on overtime.
• Last year, the department spent $ 3. 8 million on overtime.
• Now the company is making more than 200,000 lollies a week and staff have been placed on overtime to cope with extra demand.
• A policy on overtime working should be agreed with staff organisation.
• Plants don’t operate, buses don’t run, planes don’t fly when you rely on overtime.
From Longman Business Dictionary
o‧ver‧time /ˈəʊvətaɪmˈoʊvər-/ noun [uncountable]
1time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours
Is there any limit on your ability to work overtime?
Staff at the bank will begin an overtime ban (=refuse to work overtime) tomorrow in a protest over pay.
2the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual
Police officers who do this extra work are paid overtime.
They need paid holidays and vacations, as well as overtime pay for extra hours.
3time that a factory, office etc is operating in addition to its normal hours
The plant has worked overtime in some recent weeks because those models are selling well.
bonus
1 money added to someone’s wages, especially as a reward for good work
Long-term savers qualify for a cash bonus.
Further additions to your pay may take the form of bonus payments.
a Christmas bonus
Each worker receives an annual bonus.
a £20,000 bonus
2 something good that you did not expect in a situation
bonus for
Britain’s possession of North Sea oil has proved a bonus for British technology.
He promised to take me to the match, with the added bonus of an afternoon off school.
3 → no-claims bonus
Examples from the Corpus
bonus
• Average salary for managers of large companies is £78,000, plus an £11,000 bonus, and in top concerns £107,000 plus £18,000.
• Liz earned a £1000 bonus for being the best salesperson of the year.
• Did you get a Christmas bonus this year?
• He had this idea that his bonus might suffer if a boss caught him away from his telephone.
• Top performing hourly workers in 1988 could earn as much as $ 80,000 in earnings including bonus.
• The management offered a large bonus to those workers who stayed to the end of the contract.
• Should Laws earn the maximum performance bonus and fulfill the other conditions, he would make $ 213,500 in the final year.
• Childrens’s books, with the bonus of attractive new ones from our Dunblane friend, surpassed all records this year.
• The bonus to the restaurant was that its name would be emblazoned on the side of the bins in smart gold letters.
• Viewing the rapids was an unexpected bonus to the Niagara experience.
added bonus
• The attachments are an added bonus.
• The safety and durability that have become Volvo hallmarks are an added bonus, though anti-lock brakes are an extra £595.
• One that, as an added bonus, makes him apologize to his ex-wife for being such a gosh darn cad?
• A theatrical release would have been an added bonus.
• The truly neat Cal Schenkel cover is an added bonus, by the way.
• Right now, there is an added bonus.
• This year King arrives with an added bonus, in the form of his daughter, Nell McGloin King.
• I have divided it into four basic parts, with an added bonus at the end.
From Longman Business Dictionary
bo‧nus /ˈbəʊnəsˈboʊ-/ noun [countable]
1an extra amount of money added to an employee’s wages, usually as a reward for doing difficult or good work
The bonus is discretionary but linked to performance.
The car company is offering its workforce a £3,000 cash bonus to take voluntary redundancy.
→ acceptance bonus
→ attendance bonus
→ loyalty bonus
→ performance bonus
→ productivity bonus
2 (also capital bonus) an extra payment from a life insurance company’s profits to people who have certain types of life insurance
On with-profits policies, bonuses are maintained at 6%.
→ terminal bonus
3 a reduction in the cost of insurance when no claims are made during a particular period of time
If you make a claim in any period of insurance, any no-claim bonus which you have earned may be reduced at your next renewal.
Origin bonus (1700-1800) Latin “good”
union
Related topics: Labour relations, unions, Government, Family
u‧nion /ˈjuːnjən/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun
1 [countable] (also trade union British English, labor union American English) an organization formed by workers to protect their rights
union of
the National Union of Teachers
Are you planning to join the union?
union members
► see thesaurus at organization
2 [countable] used in the names of some clubs or organizations
the British Golf Union
3 [singular] formal the act of joining two or more things together, or the state of being joined together
union of
The artist’s work shows the perfect union of craftsmanship and imagination.
union with
Some militants favour independence for Kashmir or union with Pakistan.
4 [singular] a group of countries or states with the same central government
the former Soviet Union
5 → the Union
6 [countable, uncountable] formal marriage
7 [countable, uncountable] formal the activity of having sex, or an occasion when this happens
Examples from the Corpus
union
• union members
• the National Farmers’ Union
• Yucatan, although not completely pacified, had been reincorporated into the federal union in July.
• The President could not rely on the support of the labor unions.
• the National Union of Mineworkers.
• The largest teachers’ union supports the education reforms.
• Strategically, it was a victory for the union forces of the North.
• Some workers refused to join the union.
• Alaska and Hawaii both joined the union in 1959.
• They certainly lose a degree of security, and for that reason their unions often oppose any threat to their monopoly status.
• The Labour party and trade unions say farmworkers need to be protected and need to be treated as a special case.
• She tried to get into the matter of trade unions.
union members
• Clearly trade creation experienced by union members on the import side results in an equivalent rise in exports of other union members.
• Once people become unemployed, even if they were always good union members, they are out of the labor movement.
• I turn now to the rights of individual union members.
• In this country they are probably two-thirds of our union members.
• She said the union members like the new system very much.
• A few employees will return to work this week while the agreement goes to union members for ratification.
• Once more, here, certain trade union members have been disappointed with the Commissioner’s ineffectual response to their complaints.
• The Government wants to legalise payment of higher salaries to non-trade union members.
wage
مزد، دستمزد، اجرت، کارمزد، دسترنج، اجر
- They received their wages in cash and in wheat.
- مزد خود را به صورت پول نقد و گندم دریافت کردند.
- minimum wage
- حداقل دستمزد
- wage freeze
- تثبیت دستمزدها
- The wages of sin is death.
- جزای گناه، مرگ است.
- The average wage of an unskilled laborer is $ 6 per hour.
- مزد متوسط عملهی ساده، شش دلار در ساعت است.
Related topics: Wages
wage1 /weɪdʒ/ ●●● S2 W2 noun
1 [singular] (also wages [plural]) money you earn that is paid according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that you work → salary
He earns a good wage.
wage increase (also wage rise British English)
The wage increases will come into effect in June.
daily/weekly etc wage
a weekly wage of $250
wage levels/rates (=fixed amounts of money paid for particular jobs)
2 → a living wage
3 → wage freeze
4 → wage claim
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES
high
The factory workers are demanding higher wages.
low
There are high numbers of people on low wages.
good
They were earning good wages.
Wages are good compared to other occupations.
a decent wage (=one that is reasonable and allows you to buy what you need)
Jobs in the factories used to pay a decent wage, but those jobs are gone now.
the hourly/daily/monthly etc wage
The average daily wage was £100.
the minimum wage (=the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker)
a rise in the minimum wage
the basic wage (=what someone earns before overtime pay, tips, or bonuses are added)
The basic wage paid at the factory is the lowest in the auto industry, but with bonuses, the total compensation is the highest.
real wages (=a calculation of how much your wages will buy, usually compared to how much you were able to buy in the past)
Average real wages rose by 26% between 1919 and 1929.
WAGE + NOUN
a wage increase/rise
The rail workers demanded a 20% wage increase.
a wage reduction/cut
Those who kept their jobs had to take large wage cuts.
wage levels/rates
Wage levels remained low during the 1930s.
VERBS
earn a wage
Both parents were earning a wage, yet money was still tight.
pay a wage
Some firms still paid lower wages to female workers.
raise wages
He was able to raise the wages of some key staff.
salary
) حقوق، شهریه، مواجب، حقوق دادن
- a salary raise
- اضافه حقوق، افزایش حقوق
Related topics: Wages
sal‧a‧ry /ˈsæləri/ ●●● S2 W3 noun (plural salaries) [countable, uncountable]
money that you receive as payment from the organization you work for, usually paid to you every month → wage, pay
The average salary for a teacher is $39,000 a year.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
earn/get/receive a salary
She’s now earning a good salary as an interpreter.
be on a salary British English (=be earning a salary)
He won’t tell me what salary he’s on.
command a salary formal (=be able to get a particular salary)
Which graduates command the highest salaries?
pay somebody a salary
Large companies often pay better salaries.
offer somebody a salary
We offer competitive salaries to graduates.
increase somebody’s salary
His salary was increased to £80,000 a year.
cut somebody’s salary (=reduce someone’s salary)
They will cut salaries before they cut jobs.
ADJECTIVES
high/good
She moved to a job with a higher salary.
low
It sounds an interesting job, but the salary is too low.
a six-figure salary (=one over £100,000 or $100,000)
He’s now a top executive with a six-figure salary.
annual salary
His annual salary is $200,000.
monthly salary
What’s your monthly salary?
current salary
His current salary is just over £30,000 a year.
basic/base salary (=the basic amount that someone is paid)
You get a basic salary, and then other benefits on top.
starting salary (=the salary someone gets when they start a job)
The starting salary for a hotel manager is $26,400.
final salary
Your pension is based on a proportion of your final salary.
SALARY + NOUN
a salary increase
He was given a huge salary increase.
a salary cut (=a decrease in someone’s salary)
The workforce agreed to take salary cuts.
the salary scale/structure (=the list of increasing salaries that someone in a job can earn)
He is almost at the top of his salary scale.
PHRASES
a drop/cut in salary (=a reduction in salary)
He couldn’t afford to take a drop in salary.
an increase/rise in salary
They were offered a 10% increase in salary.
THESAURUS
salary noun [countable] the money that you receive regularly for doing your job, usually paid to you every month. Salary is usually used for professional jobs such as teachers, managers, doctors etc
Nurses earn a basic salary of £21,250.
Her salary is paid directly into her bank account.
pay noun [uncountable] the money you receive for doing a job
The pay is pretty good.
Teachers are asking for higher pay.
wages noun [plural] (also wage [singular]) the money that someone is paid every week by their employer, especially someone who works in a shop or factory
Practically all my wages go on housing and transport to work.
The average weekly wage was £350.
a wage increase
income noun [countable, uncountable] the money that you receive regularly for doing your job, and from things such as a business or investments
The amount of tax you have to pay depends on your income.
People on low incomes are finding it difficult to pay their fuel bills.
earnings noun [plural] the total amount of money you earn from any job you do – used especially when the amount is different each month or year
The average worker’s earnings have not kept up with inflation.
negotiation
مذاکره
- bilateral negotiations
- مذاکرات دوجانبه
Related topics: Business
ne‧go‧ti‧a‧tion /nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃən $ -ˌɡoʊ-/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable usually plural, uncountable]
official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
negotiation with
The negotiations with the company had reached a crucial stage.
negotiation between
This follows private negotiations between the landowner and the leisure centre.
negotiation on/over
He is trying to involve community leaders in negotiations on reform.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + NEGOTIATION
long/lengthy
After lengthy negotiations, a compromise was finally reached.
prolonged/protracted (=very long)
Despite protracted negotiations, the two sides have failed to reach agreement.
difficult
The agreement is the result of two years of long and difficult negotiations.
delicate (=in which it would be very easy to upset people and cause the negotiations to fail)
The company is about to start delicate negotiations with the union about next year’s pay agreement.
intense (=done with a lot of effort)
The agreement came after months of intense negotiations.
peace/trade etc negotiations
A new round of global trade negotiations is due to start next week.
VERBS
enter into/open negotiations (=start negotiations)
They have entered into negotiations to acquire another company.
conduct negotiations
The country should conduct direct negotiations with its neighbors.
break off negotiations (=stop them)
The two companies have broken off negotiations on the deal.
resume negotiations (=start them again)
The pressure is on Israel and the Palestinians to resume peace negotiations.
negotiations start
Peace negotiations started last week.
negotiations stall (=stop making progress)
The negotiations stalled over the question of arms reductions.
negotiations break down (=stop because of disagreement)
The negotiations broke down over a dispute about working conditions.
PHRASES
be under negotiation (=be being discussed)
The contract is currently under negotiation.
be open to negotiation (=be able to be discussed)
The price is usually open to negotiation.
be open to negotiation (=be willing to discuss something)
The president signalled that he is open to negotiation on the budget.
be subject to negotiation (=be something that must be discussed)
The pay is subject to negotiation.
a round of negotiations (=one part of a series of negotiations)
the next round of negotiations on trade barriers
the initial/early/final stages of negotiation
The offer was in the final stages of negotiation.
a breakdown in negotiations (=an occasion when negotiations cannot continue because of a disagreement)
There has been a breakdown in negotiations with the union.
application
ap‧pli‧ca‧tion /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun
1 WRITTEN REQUEST [countable, uncountable] a formal, usually written, request for something such as a job, place at university, or permission to do something
application for
an application for a grant
application from
The university welcomes applications from overseas students.
We receive hundreds of job applications each year.
I filled in the application form and sent it off.
You have to submit your application before the end of the month.
I’ve put in an application for a transfer.
He received a letter saying that his application had been rejected.
It can take a long time for your visa application to be processed.
The Council is currently reviewing the way it deals with planning applications.
Thank you for your letter of application, which we received yesterday.
2 PRACTICAL USE [countable, uncountable] the practical purpose for which a machine, idea etc can be used, or a situation when this is used
application of/to/in
the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture
The research has many practical applications.
3 COMPUTERS [countable] a piece of computer software which does a particular job
We received training on a number of spreadsheet and database applications.
4 PAINT/LIQUID [countable, uncountable] when you put something such as paint, liquid, medicine etc onto a surface
application of
The application of fertilizer increased the size of the plants.
5 EFFORT [uncountable] attention or effort over a long period of time
Making your new business successful requires luck, patience, and application.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + APPLICATION
a job application
He’s made twenty-three job applications and had five interviews.
a planning application (=an official request for permission to build something)
We have lodged a planning application for a housing development on the site.
a formal application (=made officially)
Turkey has made a formal application to join the European Union.
APPLICATION + NOUN
an application form
Simply fill in the application form and return it to your bank.
a letter of application
The purpose of your letter of application is to get an interview.
VERBS
make an application
Candidates are advised to make an early application to the university.
fill out/fill in an application (=write all the necessary information on it)
I would like to fill out an application for the position.
You can fill in the application form online.
put in/submit an application
The company has submitted a planning application.
consider an application (=think carefully about it before making a decision)
All applications will be considered on their own merits.
grant/approve an application (=give permission to do or have something)
What are the reasons for not granting this application?
refuse/reject/turn down an application (=say no to an application)
Their planning application was rejected because of a lack of parking facilities.
process an application (=officially deal with it)
Your application for British citizenship will be processed by the Immigration Service.
accept an application
The college refused to accept my application.
withdraw your application
The company withdrew its application to build the bridge.
commission
com‧mis‧sion1 /kəˈmɪʃən/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun
1 [countable] a group of people who have been given the official job of finding out about something or controlling something
The Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of police violence.
commission on
the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
2 [countable, uncountable] an extra amount of money that is paid to a person or organization according to the value of the goods they have sold or the services they have provided
The dealer takes a 20% commission on the sales he makes.
on commission
He sold cosmetics on commission.
3 [countable] a request for an artist, designer, or musician to make a piece of art or music, for which they are paid
a commission from the Academy for a new sculpture
4 [countable] the position of an officer in the army, navy etc
5 [uncountable] formal the commission of a crime is the act of doing it → commit
6 → out of commission
7 → in commission
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
set up/establish/create a commission
They set up a commission to investigate the problem of youth crime.
appoint a commission (=choose the members of a commission)
The president appointed a commission to develop standards in schools.
head a commission (=be in charge of one)
He was elected to head a commission on tax reform.
a commission recommends something
The commission recommended that the federal government change the way it measures inflation.
a commission approves something
The commission approved the plan.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMMISSION
a special commission
A special commission was set up to investigate the killings.
an independent commission
The plan requires approval by an independent commission.
an international commission
an international commission on climate change
a parliamentary commission
A report was made by a special parliamentary commission.
a government commission
A government commission regulates the process.
a national/federal commission
the National Commission on Terrorism
a presidential commission
the Presidential Commission on Health Care
a joint commission (=involving two or more countries or groups)
a new India-Sri Lanka joint commission
an investigative/investigating commission
An investigative commission was set up immediately after the incident.
هیئت (رسیدگی)، کارمزد، راهاندازی، مأموریت، نمایندگی، وکالت، اختیار، تکلیف، وظیفه، سفارش
- He had received the commission to build a new bridge over the river
- او مأموریت یافته بود که روی رودخانه پل بسازد
- The commission for the new theatre was given to a well-known architect
- سفارش تماشاخانهی جدید به معماری معروف داده شده بود
(Noun) تفویض، انتصاب، تصدی
(Noun) هیئت، کمیسیون، کمیته
(Noun) حکم، فرمان، دست خط، امریه، اجازهی کتبی، مجوز
(Noun) (رسمی) (جرم، جنایت) ارتکاب، اقدام
(Noun) (بازرگانی) حقالعمل، (حق) دلالی، کارمزد، کمیسیون
(Noun) (کشتی) تجهیزات، ساز و برگ
(Noun) (نظامی) درجه، رتبه
(Verb - transitive) مأموریت دادن، وکالت دادن، نمایندگی دادن، اختیار دادن
(Verb - transitive) (کتاب، اثر هنری) سفارش دادن
(Verb - transitive) درجه افسری دادن به
- get one’s commission
- (نظامی) حکم افسری گرفتن
(Verb - transitive) (کشتی) بهکار انداختن، راه انداختن
freeze
freeze1 /friːz/ ●●● S3 W3 verb (past tense froze /frəʊz $ froʊz/, past participle frozen /ˈfrəʊzən $ ˈfroʊ-/)
1 LIQUID [intransitive, transitive] if a liquid or something wet freezes or is frozen, it becomes hard and solid because the temperature is very cold → melt, thaw
The lake had frozen overnight.
2 FOOD [intransitive, transitive] to preserve food for a long time by keeping it at a very low temperature, or to be preserved in this way
I think I’ll freeze that extra meat.
Tomatoes don’t freeze well.
3 MACHINE/ENGINE [intransitive] if a machine, engine, pipe, etc freezes, the liquid inside it becomes solid with cold, so that it does not work properly
The water pipes have frozen.
4 → it freezes
5 FEEL COLD [intransitive] to feel very cold
I nearly froze to death watching that football match.
6 WAGES/PRICES [transitive] if a government or company freezes wages, prices etc, they do not increase them for a period of time
The government has been forced to cut spending and freeze public-sector wages.
7 MONEY/PROPERTY [transitive] to legally prevent money in a bank from being spent, property from being sold etc
The court froze their assets.
8 STOP MOVING [intransitive] to stop moving suddenly and stay completely still and quiet
I froze and listened; someone was in my apartment.
freeze with
She froze with horror.
9 FILM [transitive] to stop a DVD or video in order to be able to look at a particular part of it → freeze-frame
He froze the picture on the screen.
10 → somebody’s blood freezes
→ freeze somebody ↔ out
→ freeze over
→ freeze-up
→ See Verb table
hierarchy
1 [countable, uncountable] a system of organization in which people or things are divided into levels of importance
a rigid social hierarchy
She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become president.
2 [countable] the most important and powerful members of an organization
the church hierarchy
Examples from the Corpus
hierarchy
• Linguistic units tend to form a hierarchy of extent.
• The school district reorganized the administrative hierarchy, which helped to save money.
• In the human management of distributed control, hierarchies of a certain type will proliferate rather than diminish.
• Tatawi worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become President.
• The dominance hierarchies of primates are often more complex, overlapping networks, rather than the simple ladder of the hen hierarchy.
• Formal organisations have an explicit hierarchy in a well- defined structure; job specifications and communication channels are also well-defined.
• A good conceptual clusterer is one which finds a succinct meaningful hierarchy of succinct definitions of meaningful concepts.
• You just create a new hierarchy and reset the thermostat.
• Smith has the backing of the Republican hierarchy.
• In the social hierarchy, these lords of big business were the equivalent of the daimyos of the past with their clans.
• Figure 2.2 reflects an organisation without a strict hierarchy where everyone is working quite independently.
From Longman Business Dictionary
hi‧er‧ar‧chy /ˈhaɪrɑːki-ɑːr-/ noun (plural hierarchies)
1[countable, uncountable] an organization or structure in which the staff are organized in levels and the people at one level have authority over those below them
Many companies have restructured theirorganizational hierarchies.
the key men in the company hierarchy
→ see also maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2[countable] a structure in which files, information etc are organized in levels, each one being reached from the previous one
Each disk is divided into a hierarchy of directories.
—hierarchical adjective
Research shows that hierarchical organisations are slow to respond to change.
a hierarchical structure of files
—hierarchically adverb
The police bureaucracy is organized hierarchically.
Origin hierarchy (1300-1400) Old French ierarchie, from Latin, from Greek hierarches, from hieros “holy” + -arches “ruler” (from archein “to rule”)
گروه فرشتگان نهگانه، سلسله سران روحانی و شیوخ، سلسله مراتب
- The Pope is on top of the Catholic hierarychy.
- پاپ اعظم در بالای پایگان کلیسای کاتولیک قرار دارد.
- The secretaries were at the bottom of our department’s hierarchy.
- منشیها در ردهی پایین پایورسالاری ادارهی ما بودند.
- His letter offended the country’s religious hierarchy.
- نامهی او موجب رنجش بلندپایگان مذهبی کشور شد.
- Our hierarchy of occupation is based on education and skill.
- درجهبندی شغلهای ما برپایهی تحصیلات و مهارت است.
- the hierarchy of moral values
- رتبهبندی ارزشهای اخلاقی
stipend
مواجب، حقوق، جیره، دستمزد
an amount of money paid regularly to someone, especially a priest, as a salary or as money to live on
Examples from the Corpus
stipend
• The holder of the office should receive a small annual stipend and a grace-and-favour apartment in Admiralty Arch.
• They draw stipends from the national federation and most players have apparel contracts.
• They work full time during the summer, earning stipends of $ 170 a week.
• He also introduced the Marlborough stipend system - but, unprecedently, for untried artists.
• For much of his Mastership the stipend paid by the Company actually fell below the far from lavish £10 to only £9.
• The stipend of the professorship is at present £34,467 perannum.
• Nakamatsu got $ 20,000 in cash and a travel stipend.
From Longman Business Dictionary
sti‧pend /ˈstaɪpend/ noun [countable]
an amount of money paid regularly to someone for their services, or as a small salary
The holder of this office will receive a small annual stipend.
Origin stipend (1400-1500) Latin stipendium, from stips “gift” + pendere “to weigh, pay”
vacancy
جای خالی، خالی بودن
(Noun) ( vacantness ) محل خالی، پست بدون تصدی، جا
(Noun) جای خالی، خالی بودن
- No vacancy.
- (متل و غیره) اتاق خالی نداریم.
- There are several vacancies in our office.
- در ادارهی ما چند پست خالی وجود دارد.
va‧can‧cy /ˈveɪkənsi/ ●○○ noun (plural vacancies)
1 [countable] a job that is available for someone to start doing
There are still two vacancies on the school board.
vacancy for
We have no vacancies for photographers at the moment.
The council is making every effort to fill the vacancies.
information about job vacancies
► see thesaurus at job
2 [countable] a room in a hotel or building that is not being used and is available for someone to stay in
Let me see if we have a vacancy for tonight.
‘No vacancies’, the sign read.
3 [uncountable] written lack of interest or thought
His mouth fell open and the look of vacancy returned.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + VACANCY
a job vacancy
He searched the newspapers regularly for job vacancies.
a suitable vacancy
We will keep your CV on file in case other suitable vacancies arise.
an unfilled vacancy (=a job for which no one has been hired)
The teaching unions estimate there are some 10,000 unfilled vacancies.
a staff vacancy
Other officers are working overtime because of staff vacancies.
VERBS
have a vacancy
We have no vacancies for cleaners at present.
advertise a vacancy
Where did you see the vacancy advertised?
fill a vacancy (=find or be a new person for a job)
We are making every effort to fill the vacancies.
create/leave a vacancy
the vacancy which was created by White’s resignation
there is a vacancy
She asked if there were any vacancies for salespeople.
a vacancy comes up (also a vacancy arises/occurs formal) (=there is a vacancy)
A vacancy has arisen on the committee.