Working Flashcards

1
Q

competition

A

1 [uncountable] a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations → compete, competitor
competition for
Competition for the job was intense.
competition between/among
Sometimes there’s a lot of competition between children for their mother’s attention.
This price reduction is due to competition among suppliers.
competition in
competition in the automobile industry
fierce/stiff/intense etc competition
There is fierce competition between the three leading soap manufacturers.
be in competition with somebody/something
Government departments are in direct competition with each other for limited resources.
in the face of competition (from somebody/something) (=in a situation where you are competing with someone or something)
Small grocery stores are going out of business in the face of stiff competition from the large supermarket chains.
2 [singular, uncountable] the people or groups that are competing against you, especially in business or in a sport → compete, competitor
Going to trade fairs is an ideal opportunity to size up the competition.
no/not much/little etc competition (=no one who is likely to be better than you)
Jones is certain to win the race; there’s just no competition.
a lot of/considerable/fierce etc competition
The team overcame fierce competition for their place in the finals.
foreign/international competition (=companies from other countries that you are competing with)
Japanese PC makers now face foreign competition in their home market.
3 [countable] an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other → competitor
a photography competition
competition to do something
a competition to find a designer for the new building
Teams from high schools all over the state have entered the competition.
With France out of the competition, England have a great chance to win.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 1: a situation in which people or organizations try to be more successful than other people or organizations
VERBS
face competition (from somebody)
Website designers face increasing competition.
beat off/fight off competition
She beat off competition from dozens of other candidates to get the job.
ADJECTIVES
strong/serious competition
The company is facing strong competition in the market.
stiff//tough/fierce/intense/keen competition (=strong competition)
There is stiff competition for places at the best universities.
cut-throat competition (=very strong competition)
The cutthroat competition in the airline industry kept prices low for many years.
increasing/growing competition
the growing competition between banks
fair competition
Fair competition offers the best guarantee of good services and low prices.
unfair competition
This will protect the industry from unfair competition from abroad.
open competition (=a situation that offers anyone a chance to be successful)
We welcome open competition in the software market.
PHRASES
in the face of competition (=in a situation where you are competing to be successful)
They won the contract in the face of tough competition.
COLLOCATIONS – Meaning 3: an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other
VERBS
take part in a competition
Ten schools took part in the competition.
enter a competition
You must be over 16 to enter the competition.
win a competition
Lucy was thrilled to hear that she had won the short-story competition.
come first/second/third etc in a competition
Stuart came second in the swimming competition.
have/hold a competition
Each year the school holds a painting competition.
run a competition (=organize it)
The company is running an inventions competition with a first prize of £1,000.
launch a competition (=start it)
We’re launching a competition to find the best young designer.
judge a competition (=decide who has won it)
A panel of five will judge the competition.
withdraw from a competition (=not take part, when you had planned to)
He had to withdraw from the competition because of an injury.
be out of a competition (=no longer be in a competition because you have been defeated)
Our team scored the fewest points so we were out of the competition.
put/knock somebody out of a competition (=defeat someone so that they are no longer in a competition)
They put us out of the competition in the semi-final last year.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMPETITION
a football/music/essay etc competition
There’s a music competition in the town on June 12th.
a writing/painting/dancing etc competition
Greg won the school public-speaking competition.
a sporting/sports competition
There is an increasing demand to watch sporting competitions.
a national/international/European etc competition
Her oldest daughter has taken part in national competitions.
an annual competition
Last year he won the magazine’s annual photo competition.
an open competition (=that everyone can take part in)
An open competition is to be held at the tennis club.
a knock-out competition British English (=in which if you lose a game, you are no longer in the competition)
a newspaper competition (=organized by and advertised in a newspaper)
I entered a newspaper competition for young photographer of the year.
PHRASES
the result of a competition
The result of the competition will be announced on April 3rd.
the winner of a competition
Jane was the clear winner of the competition.
the rules of a competition
Make sure you understand the rules of the competition.
a competition is open to somebody (=used to say who can enter a competition)
The competition is open to artists between 16 and 25 years old.
THESAURUS
competition an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other, especially in order to win a prize
My sister entered a dance competition.
The winner of the competition will be announced in June.
contest a competition in which people do an activity, and a group of judges decide the winner
a beauty contest
a contest to find America’s strongest man
championship an important sports competition to find the best player or team in the world or in a particular area
the European Athletics Championship
Brazil went on to win the world championship.
tournament a competition in a sport or game, in which many players or teams compete against each other until there is one winner
a golf tournament
quiz a competition in which people have to answer questions
a TV quiz show
PART OF A COMPETITION
round one of the parts of a competition that you have to finish or win before you can go on to the next part
Henman lost in the second round of the competition.
heat one of several races or competitions whose winners then compete against each other
She came second in her heat, with a time of 23.2 seconds.

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2
Q

cooperation

A

co‧op‧e‧ra‧tion (also co-operation British English) /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən $ koʊˌɑːp-/ ●●○ S3 W3 AWL noun [uncountable]
1 when you work with someone to achieve something that you both want
cooperation with
political co-operation with Britain
in cooperation with somebody
A study was undertaken in co-operation with oil companies.
Burglar alarm companies claim they work in close co-operation with the police.
cooperation between
the lack of effective co-operation between industry and higher education
the need to strengthen international co-operation
2 willingness to do what someone asks you to do
Have your passports ready, and thank you for your cooperation.
Your full cooperation is requested.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES
international/European cooperation
What are the benefits of greater European cooperation?
military/political etc cooperation
The association deals with trade and economic cooperation.
close cooperation
We work together in close cooperation to provide the best possible service.
mutual cooperation (=between two people, groups etc)
Because of the size of the task, mutual cooperation was essential.
active cooperation
There is active cooperation between the two schools.
effective cooperation
The inspectors criticized a lack of effective cooperation among the staff.
VERBS
need cooperation
Schools need the cooperation of parents.
require cooperation formal:
Management of these problems requires cooperation.
encourage/promote cooperation (=make people want to work together)
The programme will promote cooperation between universities and industry.
PHRASES
a lack of cooperation
the lack of cooperation between the two countries
a need for cooperation
There is a need for closer cooperation between the departments.

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3
Q

collaboration

A

1 [countable, uncountable] when you work together with another person or group to achieve something, especially in science or art
The company is building the center in collaboration with the Institute of Offshore Engineering.
collaboration between
a collaboration between the two theatres
collaboration with
The project has involved collaboration with the geography department.
2 [uncountable] when someone gives help to a country that their country is fighting a war with, especially one that has taken control of their country
Examples from the Corpus
collaboration
• Is there evidence of actual collaboration among the elite in the formulation of preferred public policy?
• Tensions continued but the opportunities to discuss and resolve them were improved by regular and closer collaboration.
• A call for collaboration between the four Thames regions and higher education institutions is made.
• This research is in collaboration with Lancaster University.
• Tasks are designed that reward collaboration and teamwork, in academic and non-academic areas.
• He wanted to use the subsidiary as a totally clean slate and he wanted true collaboration from the beginning.
collaboration with
• Stromboli was Ingrid Bergman’s first collaboration with director Roberto Rossellini.
From Longman Business Dictionary
col‧lab‧o‧ra‧tion /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/ noun
1[countable, uncountable] the activity of working together with another person, company etc in order to achieve something
More collaboration between companies is needed to speed up the development of cleaner fuels for cars.
The research was done by two university medical departments, working in collaboration with each other.
2[countable] a piece of work that is produced by two or more people, companies, etc working together
The software is a collaboration involving NGB Technologies and the Gas Research Institute.

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4
Q

incentive

A

something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc → motivation
As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.
create/provide/give somebody an incentive
Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.
incentive to do something
Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.
economic/financial/tax etc incentives
a recycling drive backed with financial incentives
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have an incentive
Companies have an incentive to maximize efficiency.
give/offer somebody an incentive
If you want people to change their behaviour, it’s a good idea to offer them some kind of incentive.
provide somebody with an incentive
Good teachers provide their students with incentives to learn.
create an incentive
We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their rubbish.
act as an incentive (=be an incentive)
The chance of promotion acts as an incentive for many employees.
ADJECTIVES
a strong/powerful incentive
The possibility of acquiring wealth acts as a strong incentive in many people’s lives.
a significant incentive
The high financial rewards provide a significant incentive.
a greater incentive
The scheme gives industry a greater incentive to tackle pollution.
the main incentive
What is the main incentive for people to join the army?
an extra/added incentive
The cash prize gives contestants an added incentive to do well.
economic/financial incentives (=money that is offered to someone as an incentive)
Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.
NOUN + INCENTIVE
cash incentives
The scheme gives farmers cash incentives to manage the countryside for wildlife.
tax incentives (=a reduction in tax, offered to people as an incentive)
Tax incentives are provided for employees to buy shares in their own companies.
price incentives (=lower prices, offered to people as an incentive)
The strong December sales were attributed to attractive price incentives.
INCENTIVE + NOUN
an incentive scheme/system
The incentive scheme was introduced to encourage companies to use renewable energy sources.
PHRASES
have little/no incentive to do something
Poor farmers have little incentive to grow crops for export.
Examples from the Corpus
incentive
• There is a clear incentive to move to larger countries.
• Perhaps this led to a greater emphasis on the other economic incentive.
• That probably depends on what financial incentives the United States might provide.
• The school gives incentives such as more play time to kids who work hard.
• The granting of individual landownership rights improved incentives, and facilities for credit and investment improved.
• Taxes are too high, investment incentives missing.
• Low prices give the farmers little incentive.
• When prices are so low, farmers have little incentive to increase production.
• Our fire departments have powerful incentives to keep things that way.
• The new plan will provide strong incentives for young people to improve their skills.
• Problems have also been experienced with providing cost-centre managers with sufficient incentives to manage resources economically, efficiently and effectively.
• Indiana has sometimes spent too much on tax incentives to lure companies inside its borders.
• The government is offering special tax incentives to people wanting to start up small businesses.
added incentive
• And he may have acquired an added incentive for wanting to make a good showing.
• As an added incentive, two complimentary tickets for the evening’s disco are being offered for the winning entry.
• In many cases, that has given the family an added incentive and advantage.
• Rejects from London have an added incentive for putting their talents on show.
• A course available specifically designed for their needs at which they will meet others of their own age is an added incentive.
• The fact that it was the area’s second highest summit added incentive.
انگیزه، فتنه‌انگیز، آتش‌افروز، موجب، مشوق
- For some people money is a major incentive.
- برای برخی از مردم، پول انگیزه‌ی بزرگی است.

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5
Q

overtime

A

یش از وقت معین، به‌طور اضافه، اضافه‌کار
- overtime pay
- پرداخت بابت اضافه کار
- Overtime scores were 12 and 15.
- امتیازات وقت اضافی عبارت‌بودند از: 12 و 15.
1 time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours
six hours’ overtime
They’re working overtime to get the job finished.
He’s been doing a lot of overtime recently.
Many employees work countless hours of unpaid overtime.
Many of our offices will be working on overtime until the end of the year.
2 the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual
He earns £450 a week, including overtime.
3 → be working overtime
4 American English a period of time added to the end of a sports game to give one of the two teams a chance to win SYN extra time British English
in overtime
Steve Smith scored all nine of the Hawks’ points in overtime.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
work overtime
He’s been working a lot of overtime.
do overtime
I did three hours overtime yesterday.
put in overtime (=work overtime)
To earn enough money, he puts in a lot of overtime.
ADJECTIVES
paid/unpaid overtime
Many teachers do a lot of unpaid overtime.
unlimited overtime
They offered us a bonus and unlimited overtime.
OVERTIME + NOUN
overtime pay/payments/earnings
The salary figure does not include overtime pay.
If Joe worked 100 hours overtime at time and a half, his overtime payments would be $15,662.
overtime rates (=payments that are set according to a standard scale)
Generous overtime rates are paid for late-night and weekend work.
Examples from the Corpus
overtime
• Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell dislocated a knuckle on his throwing hand late in the fourth quarter of an overtime loss to Pittsburgh.
• Miller scored 9 of his 23 points in overtime.
• The last two came on the road, in overtime, on consecutive nights.
• Is there a policy on the use of overtime?
• It had set aside $ 24 million to settle claims by former managers that it had failed to pay required overtime.
• The overtime and opportunities for easing which court duty affords is often not compensation enough for the stress it involves.
• Go to No. 16 shed, our big flat store, and ask and if they want overtime.
• You worked overtime to finish a project with a drop-dead deadline.
• He said engineers are working overtime to fix the problems.
on overtime
• Others are angry because he cut back on overtime to balance the budget.
• About 3,500 ambulance officers and control room staff joined the crews’ ban on overtime last week.
• Nottinghamshire miners went on strike to protest against losing money because of their own ban on overtime.
• There would be a few drinks, some canapes and a few staff who were free and willing to do it on overtime.
• Last year, the department spent $ 3. 8 million on overtime.
• Now the company is making more than 200,000 lollies a week and staff have been placed on overtime to cope with extra demand.
• A policy on overtime working should be agreed with staff organisation.
• Plants don’t operate, buses don’t run, planes don’t fly when you rely on overtime.
From Longman Business Dictionary
o‧ver‧time /ˈəʊvətaɪmˈoʊvər-/ noun [uncountable]
1time that you spend working in your job in addition to your normal working hours
Is there any limit on your ability to work overtime?
Staff at the bank will begin an overtime ban (=refuse to work overtime) tomorrow in a protest over pay.
2the money that you are paid for working more hours than usual
Police officers who do this extra work are paid overtime.
They need paid holidays and vacations, as well as overtime pay for extra hours.
3time that a factory, office etc is operating in addition to its normal hours
The plant has worked overtime in some recent weeks because those models are selling well.

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6
Q

bonus

A

1 money added to someone’s wages, especially as a reward for good work
Long-term savers qualify for a cash bonus.
Further additions to your pay may take the form of bonus payments.
a Christmas bonus
Each worker receives an annual bonus.
a £20,000 bonus
2 something good that you did not expect in a situation
bonus for
Britain’s possession of North Sea oil has proved a bonus for British technology.
He promised to take me to the match, with the added bonus of an afternoon off school.
3 → no-claims bonus
Examples from the Corpus
bonus
• Average salary for managers of large companies is £78,000, plus an £11,000 bonus, and in top concerns £107,000 plus £18,000.
• Liz earned a £1000 bonus for being the best salesperson of the year.
• Did you get a Christmas bonus this year?
• He had this idea that his bonus might suffer if a boss caught him away from his telephone.
• Top performing hourly workers in 1988 could earn as much as $ 80,000 in earnings including bonus.
• The management offered a large bonus to those workers who stayed to the end of the contract.
• Should Laws earn the maximum performance bonus and fulfill the other conditions, he would make $ 213,500 in the final year.
• Childrens’s books, with the bonus of attractive new ones from our Dunblane friend, surpassed all records this year.
• The bonus to the restaurant was that its name would be emblazoned on the side of the bins in smart gold letters.
• Viewing the rapids was an unexpected bonus to the Niagara experience.
added bonus
• The attachments are an added bonus.
• The safety and durability that have become Volvo hallmarks are an added bonus, though anti-lock brakes are an extra £595.
• One that, as an added bonus, makes him apologize to his ex-wife for being such a gosh darn cad?
• A theatrical release would have been an added bonus.
• The truly neat Cal Schenkel cover is an added bonus, by the way.
• Right now, there is an added bonus.
• This year King arrives with an added bonus, in the form of his daughter, Nell McGloin King.
• I have divided it into four basic parts, with an added bonus at the end.
From Longman Business Dictionary
bo‧nus /ˈbəʊnəsˈboʊ-/ noun [countable]
1an extra amount of money added to an employee’s wages, usually as a reward for doing difficult or good work
The bonus is discretionary but linked to performance.
The car company is offering its workforce a £3,000 cash bonus to take voluntary redundancy.
→ acceptance bonus
→ attendance bonus
→ loyalty bonus
→ performance bonus
→ productivity bonus
2 (also capital bonus) an extra payment from a life insurance company’s profits to people who have certain types of life insurance
On with-profits policies, bonuses are maintained at 6%.
→ terminal bonus
3 a reduction in the cost of insurance when no claims are made during a particular period of time
If you make a claim in any period of insurance, any no-claim bonus which you have earned may be reduced at your next renewal.
Origin bonus (1700-1800) Latin “good”

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7
Q

union

A

Related topics: Labour relations, unions, Government, Family
u‧nion /ˈjuːnjən/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun
1 [countable] (also trade union British English, labor union American English) an organization formed by workers to protect their rights
union of
the National Union of Teachers
Are you planning to join the union?
union members
► see thesaurus at organization
2 [countable] used in the names of some clubs or organizations
the British Golf Union
3 [singular] formal the act of joining two or more things together, or the state of being joined together
union of
The artist’s work shows the perfect union of craftsmanship and imagination.
union with
Some militants favour independence for Kashmir or union with Pakistan.
4 [singular] a group of countries or states with the same central government
the former Soviet Union
5 → the Union
6 [countable, uncountable] formal marriage
7 [countable, uncountable] formal the activity of having sex, or an occasion when this happens
Examples from the Corpus
union
• union members
• the National Farmers’ Union
• Yucatan, although not completely pacified, had been reincorporated into the federal union in July.
• The President could not rely on the support of the labor unions.
• the National Union of Mineworkers.
• The largest teachers’ union supports the education reforms.
• Strategically, it was a victory for the union forces of the North.
• Some workers refused to join the union.
• Alaska and Hawaii both joined the union in 1959.
• They certainly lose a degree of security, and for that reason their unions often oppose any threat to their monopoly status.
• The Labour party and trade unions say farmworkers need to be protected and need to be treated as a special case.
• She tried to get into the matter of trade unions.
union members
• Clearly trade creation experienced by union members on the import side results in an equivalent rise in exports of other union members.
• Once people become unemployed, even if they were always good union members, they are out of the labor movement.
• I turn now to the rights of individual union members.
• In this country they are probably two-thirds of our union members.
• She said the union members like the new system very much.
• A few employees will return to work this week while the agreement goes to union members for ratification.
• Once more, here, certain trade union members have been disappointed with the Commissioner’s ineffectual response to their complaints.
• The Government wants to legalise payment of higher salaries to non-trade union members.

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8
Q

wage

A

مزد، دستمزد، اجرت، کارمزد، دسترنج، اجر
- They received their wages in cash and in wheat.
- مزد خود را به صورت پول نقد و گندم دریافت کردند.
- minimum wage
- حداقل دستمزد
- wage freeze
- تثبیت دستمزدها
- The wages of sin is death.
- جزای گناه، مرگ است.
- The average wage of an unskilled laborer is $ 6 per hour.
- مزد متوسط عمله‌ی ساده، شش دلار در ساعت است.
Related topics: Wages
wage1 /weɪdʒ/ ●●● S2 W2 noun
1 [singular] (also wages [plural]) money you earn that is paid according to the number of hours, days, or weeks that you work → salary
He earns a good wage.
wage increase (also wage rise British English)
The wage increases will come into effect in June.
daily/weekly etc wage
a weekly wage of $250
wage levels/rates (=fixed amounts of money paid for particular jobs)
2 → a living wage
3 → wage freeze
4 → wage claim
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES
high
The factory workers are demanding higher wages.
low
There are high numbers of people on low wages.
good
They were earning good wages.
Wages are good compared to other occupations.
a decent wage (=one that is reasonable and allows you to buy what you need)
Jobs in the factories used to pay a decent wage, but those jobs are gone now.
the hourly/daily/monthly etc wage
The average daily wage was £100.
the minimum wage (=the lowest amount of money that an employer can legally pay to a worker)
a rise in the minimum wage
the basic wage (=what someone earns before overtime pay, tips, or bonuses are added)
The basic wage paid at the factory is the lowest in the auto industry, but with bonuses, the total compensation is the highest.
real wages (=a calculation of how much your wages will buy, usually compared to how much you were able to buy in the past)
Average real wages rose by 26% between 1919 and 1929.
WAGE + NOUN
a wage increase/rise
The rail workers demanded a 20% wage increase.
a wage reduction/cut
Those who kept their jobs had to take large wage cuts.
wage levels/rates
Wage levels remained low during the 1930s.
VERBS
earn a wage
Both parents were earning a wage, yet money was still tight.
pay a wage
Some firms still paid lower wages to female workers.
raise wages
He was able to raise the wages of some key staff.

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9
Q

salary

A

) حقوق، شهریه، مواجب، حقوق دادن
- a salary raise
- اضافه حقوق، افزایش حقوق
Related topics: Wages
sal‧a‧ry /ˈsæləri/ ●●● S2 W3 noun (plural salaries) [countable, uncountable]
money that you receive as payment from the organization you work for, usually paid to you every month → wage, pay
The average salary for a teacher is $39,000 a year.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
earn/get/receive a salary
She’s now earning a good salary as an interpreter.
be on a salary British English (=be earning a salary)
He won’t tell me what salary he’s on.
command a salary formal (=be able to get a particular salary)
Which graduates command the highest salaries?
pay somebody a salary
Large companies often pay better salaries.
offer somebody a salary
We offer competitive salaries to graduates.
increase somebody’s salary
His salary was increased to £80,000 a year.
cut somebody’s salary (=reduce someone’s salary)
They will cut salaries before they cut jobs.
ADJECTIVES
high/good
She moved to a job with a higher salary.
low
It sounds an interesting job, but the salary is too low.
a six-figure salary (=one over £100,000 or $100,000)
He’s now a top executive with a six-figure salary.
annual salary
His annual salary is $200,000.
monthly salary
What’s your monthly salary?
current salary
His current salary is just over £30,000 a year.
basic/base salary (=the basic amount that someone is paid)
You get a basic salary, and then other benefits on top.
starting salary (=the salary someone gets when they start a job)
The starting salary for a hotel manager is $26,400.
final salary
Your pension is based on a proportion of your final salary.
SALARY + NOUN
a salary increase
He was given a huge salary increase.
a salary cut (=a decrease in someone’s salary)
The workforce agreed to take salary cuts.
the salary scale/structure (=the list of increasing salaries that someone in a job can earn)
He is almost at the top of his salary scale.
PHRASES
a drop/cut in salary (=a reduction in salary)
He couldn’t afford to take a drop in salary.
an increase/rise in salary
They were offered a 10% increase in salary.
THESAURUS
salary noun [countable] the money that you receive regularly for doing your job, usually paid to you every month. Salary is usually used for professional jobs such as teachers, managers, doctors etc
Nurses earn a basic salary of £21,250.
Her salary is paid directly into her bank account.
pay noun [uncountable] the money you receive for doing a job
The pay is pretty good.
Teachers are asking for higher pay.
wages noun [plural] (also wage [singular]) the money that someone is paid every week by their employer, especially someone who works in a shop or factory
Practically all my wages go on housing and transport to work.
The average weekly wage was £350.
a wage increase
income noun [countable, uncountable] the money that you receive regularly for doing your job, and from things such as a business or investments
The amount of tax you have to pay depends on your income.
People on low incomes are finding it difficult to pay their fuel bills.
earnings noun [plural] the total amount of money you earn from any job you do – used especially when the amount is different each month or year
The average worker’s earnings have not kept up with inflation.

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10
Q

negotiation

A

مذاکره
- bilateral negotiations
- مذاکرات دوجانبه
Related topics: Business
ne‧go‧ti‧a‧tion /nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃən $ -ˌɡoʊ-/ ●●○ W3 noun [countable usually plural, uncountable]
official discussions between the representatives of opposing groups who are trying to reach an agreement, especially in business or politics
negotiation with
The negotiations with the company had reached a crucial stage.
negotiation between
This follows private negotiations between the landowner and the leisure centre.
negotiation on/over
He is trying to involve community leaders in negotiations on reform.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + NEGOTIATION
long/lengthy
After lengthy negotiations, a compromise was finally reached.
prolonged/protracted (=very long)
Despite protracted negotiations, the two sides have failed to reach agreement.
difficult
The agreement is the result of two years of long and difficult negotiations.
delicate (=in which it would be very easy to upset people and cause the negotiations to fail)
The company is about to start delicate negotiations with the union about next year’s pay agreement.
intense (=done with a lot of effort)
The agreement came after months of intense negotiations.
peace/trade etc negotiations
A new round of global trade negotiations is due to start next week.
VERBS
enter into/open negotiations (=start negotiations)
They have entered into negotiations to acquire another company.
conduct negotiations
The country should conduct direct negotiations with its neighbors.
break off negotiations (=stop them)
The two companies have broken off negotiations on the deal.
resume negotiations (=start them again)
The pressure is on Israel and the Palestinians to resume peace negotiations.
negotiations start
Peace negotiations started last week.
negotiations stall (=stop making progress)
The negotiations stalled over the question of arms reductions.
negotiations break down (=stop because of disagreement)
The negotiations broke down over a dispute about working conditions.
PHRASES
be under negotiation (=be being discussed)
The contract is currently under negotiation.
be open to negotiation (=be able to be discussed)
The price is usually open to negotiation.
be open to negotiation (=be willing to discuss something)
The president signalled that he is open to negotiation on the budget.
be subject to negotiation (=be something that must be discussed)
The pay is subject to negotiation.
a round of negotiations (=one part of a series of negotiations)
the next round of negotiations on trade barriers
the initial/early/final stages of negotiation
The offer was in the final stages of negotiation.
a breakdown in negotiations (=an occasion when negotiations cannot continue because of a disagreement)
There has been a breakdown in negotiations with the union.

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11
Q

application

A

ap‧pli‧ca‧tion /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/ ●●● S1 W1 noun
1 WRITTEN REQUEST [countable, uncountable] a formal, usually written, request for something such as a job, place at university, or permission to do something
application for
an application for a grant
application from
The university welcomes applications from overseas students.
We receive hundreds of job applications each year.
I filled in the application form and sent it off.
You have to submit your application before the end of the month.
I’ve put in an application for a transfer.
He received a letter saying that his application had been rejected.
It can take a long time for your visa application to be processed.
The Council is currently reviewing the way it deals with planning applications.
Thank you for your letter of application, which we received yesterday.
2 PRACTICAL USE [countable, uncountable] the practical purpose for which a machine, idea etc can be used, or a situation when this is used
application of/to/in
the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture
The research has many practical applications.
3 COMPUTERS [countable] a piece of computer software which does a particular job
We received training on a number of spreadsheet and database applications.
4 PAINT/LIQUID [countable, uncountable] when you put something such as paint, liquid, medicine etc onto a surface
application of
The application of fertilizer increased the size of the plants.
5 EFFORT [uncountable] attention or effort over a long period of time
Making your new business successful requires luck, patience, and application.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + APPLICATION
a job application
He’s made twenty-three job applications and had five interviews.
a planning application (=an official request for permission to build something)
We have lodged a planning application for a housing development on the site.
a formal application (=made officially)
Turkey has made a formal application to join the European Union.
APPLICATION + NOUN
an application form
Simply fill in the application form and return it to your bank.
a letter of application
The purpose of your letter of application is to get an interview.
VERBS
make an application
Candidates are advised to make an early application to the university.
fill out/fill in an application (=write all the necessary information on it)
I would like to fill out an application for the position.
You can fill in the application form online.
put in/submit an application
The company has submitted a planning application.
consider an application (=think carefully about it before making a decision)
All applications will be considered on their own merits.
grant/approve an application (=give permission to do or have something)
What are the reasons for not granting this application?
refuse/reject/turn down an application (=say no to an application)
Their planning application was rejected because of a lack of parking facilities.
process an application (=officially deal with it)
Your application for British citizenship will be processed by the Immigration Service.
accept an application
The college refused to accept my application.
withdraw your application
The company withdrew its application to build the bridge.

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12
Q

commission

A

com‧mis‧sion1 /kəˈmɪʃən/ ●●○ S3 W3 noun
1 [countable] a group of people who have been given the official job of finding out about something or controlling something
The Government set up a commission to investigate allegations of police violence.
commission on
the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
2 [countable, uncountable] an extra amount of money that is paid to a person or organization according to the value of the goods they have sold or the services they have provided
The dealer takes a 20% commission on the sales he makes.
on commission
He sold cosmetics on commission.
3 [countable] a request for an artist, designer, or musician to make a piece of art or music, for which they are paid
a commission from the Academy for a new sculpture
4 [countable] the position of an officer in the army, navy etc
5 [uncountable] formal the commission of a crime is the act of doing it → commit
6 → out of commission
7 → in commission
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
set up/establish/create a commission
They set up a commission to investigate the problem of youth crime.
appoint a commission (=choose the members of a commission)
The president appointed a commission to develop standards in schools.
head a commission (=be in charge of one)
He was elected to head a commission on tax reform.
a commission recommends something
The commission recommended that the federal government change the way it measures inflation.
a commission approves something
The commission approved the plan.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + COMMISSION
a special commission
A special commission was set up to investigate the killings.
an independent commission
The plan requires approval by an independent commission.
an international commission
an international commission on climate change
a parliamentary commission
A report was made by a special parliamentary commission.
a government commission
A government commission regulates the process.
a national/federal commission
the National Commission on Terrorism
a presidential commission
the Presidential Commission on Health Care
a joint commission (=involving two or more countries or groups)
a new India-Sri Lanka joint commission
an investigative/investigating commission
An investigative commission was set up immediately after the incident.
هیئت (رسیدگی)، کارمزد، راه‌اندازی، مأموریت، نمایندگی، وکالت، اختیار، تکلیف، وظیفه، سفارش
- He had received the commission to build a new bridge over the river
- او مأموریت یافته بود که روی رودخانه پل بسازد
- The commission for the new theatre was given to a well-known architect
- سفارش تماشاخانه‌ی جدید به معماری معروف داده شده بود
(Noun) تفویض، انتصاب، تصدی
(Noun) هیئت، کمیسیون، کمیته
(Noun) حکم، فرمان، دست خط، امریه، اجازه‌ی کتبی، مجوز
(Noun) (رسمی) (جرم، جنایت) ارتکاب، اقدام
(Noun) (بازرگانی) حق‌العمل، (حق) دلالی، کارمزد، کمیسیون
(Noun) (کشتی) تجهیزات، ساز و برگ
(Noun) (نظامی) درجه، رتبه
(Verb - transitive) مأموریت دادن، وکالت دادن، نمایندگی دادن، اختیار دادن
(Verb - transitive) (کتاب، اثر هنری) سفارش دادن
(Verb - transitive) درجه افسری دادن به
- get one’s commission
- (نظامی) حکم افسری گرفتن
(Verb - transitive) (کشتی) به‌کار انداختن، راه انداختن

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13
Q

freeze

A

freeze1 /friːz/ ●●● S3 W3 verb (past tense froze /frəʊz $ froʊz/, past participle frozen /ˈfrəʊzən $ ˈfroʊ-/)
1 LIQUID [intransitive, transitive] if a liquid or something wet freezes or is frozen, it becomes hard and solid because the temperature is very cold → melt, thaw
The lake had frozen overnight.
2 FOOD [intransitive, transitive] to preserve food for a long time by keeping it at a very low temperature, or to be preserved in this way
I think I’ll freeze that extra meat.
Tomatoes don’t freeze well.
3 MACHINE/ENGINE [intransitive] if a machine, engine, pipe, etc freezes, the liquid inside it becomes solid with cold, so that it does not work properly
The water pipes have frozen.
4 → it freezes
5 FEEL COLD [intransitive] to feel very cold
I nearly froze to death watching that football match.
6 WAGES/PRICES [transitive] if a government or company freezes wages, prices etc, they do not increase them for a period of time
The government has been forced to cut spending and freeze public-sector wages.
7 MONEY/PROPERTY [transitive] to legally prevent money in a bank from being spent, property from being sold etc
The court froze their assets.
8 STOP MOVING [intransitive] to stop moving suddenly and stay completely still and quiet
I froze and listened; someone was in my apartment.
freeze with
She froze with horror.
9 FILM [transitive] to stop a DVD or video in order to be able to look at a particular part of it → freeze-frame
He froze the picture on the screen.
10 → somebody’s blood freezes
→ freeze somebody ↔ out
→ freeze over
→ freeze-up
→ See Verb table

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14
Q

hierarchy

A

1 [countable, uncountable] a system of organization in which people or things are divided into levels of importance
a rigid social hierarchy
She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become president.
2 [countable] the most important and powerful members of an organization
the church hierarchy
Examples from the Corpus
hierarchy
• Linguistic units tend to form a hierarchy of extent.
• The school district reorganized the administrative hierarchy, which helped to save money.
• In the human management of distributed control, hierarchies of a certain type will proliferate rather than diminish.
• Tatawi worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become President.
• The dominance hierarchies of primates are often more complex, overlapping networks, rather than the simple ladder of the hen hierarchy.
• Formal organisations have an explicit hierarchy in a well- defined structure; job specifications and communication channels are also well-defined.
• A good conceptual clusterer is one which finds a succinct meaningful hierarchy of succinct definitions of meaningful concepts.
• You just create a new hierarchy and reset the thermostat.
• Smith has the backing of the Republican hierarchy.
• In the social hierarchy, these lords of big business were the equivalent of the daimyos of the past with their clans.
• Figure 2.2 reflects an organisation without a strict hierarchy where everyone is working quite independently.
From Longman Business Dictionary
hi‧er‧ar‧chy /ˈhaɪrɑːki-ɑːr-/ noun (plural hierarchies)
1[countable, uncountable] an organization or structure in which the staff are organized in levels and the people at one level have authority over those below them
Many companies have restructured theirorganizational hierarchies.
the key men in the company hierarchy
→ see also maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2[countable] a structure in which files, information etc are organized in levels, each one being reached from the previous one
Each disk is divided into a hierarchy of directories.
—hierarchical adjective
Research shows that hierarchical organisations are slow to respond to change.
a hierarchical structure of files
—hierarchically adverb
The police bureaucracy is organized hierarchically.
Origin hierarchy (1300-1400) Old French ierarchie, from Latin, from Greek hierarches, from hieros “holy” + -arches “ruler” (from archein “to rule”)
گروه فرشتگان نه‌گانه، سلسله سران روحانی و شیوخ، سلسله مراتب
- The Pope is on top of the Catholic hierarychy.
- پاپ اعظم در بالای پایگان کلیسای کاتولیک قرار دارد.
- The secretaries were at the bottom of our department’s hierarchy.
- منشی‌ها در رده‌ی پایین پایورسالاری اداره‌ی ما بودند.
- His letter offended the country’s religious hierarchy.
- نامه‌ی او موجب رنجش بلندپایگان مذهبی کشور شد.
- Our hierarchy of occupation is based on education and skill.
- درجه‌بندی شغل‌های ما برپایه‌ی تحصیلات و مهارت است.
- the hierarchy of moral values
- رتبه‌بندی ارزش‌های اخلاقی

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15
Q

stipend

A

مواجب، حقوق، جیره، دستمزد
an amount of money paid regularly to someone, especially a priest, as a salary or as money to live on
Examples from the Corpus
stipend
• The holder of the office should receive a small annual stipend and a grace-and-favour apartment in Admiralty Arch.
• They draw stipends from the national federation and most players have apparel contracts.
• They work full time during the summer, earning stipends of $ 170 a week.
• He also introduced the Marlborough stipend system - but, unprecedently, for untried artists.
• For much of his Mastership the stipend paid by the Company actually fell below the far from lavish £10 to only £9.
• The stipend of the professorship is at present £34,467 perannum.
• Nakamatsu got $ 20,000 in cash and a travel stipend.
From Longman Business Dictionary
sti‧pend /ˈstaɪpend/ noun [countable]
an amount of money paid regularly to someone for their services, or as a small salary
The holder of this office will receive a small annual stipend.
Origin stipend (1400-1500) Latin stipendium, from stips “gift” + pendere “to weigh, pay”

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16
Q

vacancy

A

جای خالی، خالی بودن
(Noun) ( vacantness ) محل خالی، پست بدون تصدی، جا
(Noun) جای خالی، خالی بودن
- No vacancy.
- (متل و غیره) اتاق خالی نداریم.
- There are several vacancies in our office.
- در اداره‌ی ما چند پست خالی وجود دارد.
va‧can‧cy /ˈveɪkənsi/ ●○○ noun (plural vacancies)
1 [countable] a job that is available for someone to start doing
There are still two vacancies on the school board.
vacancy for
We have no vacancies for photographers at the moment.
The council is making every effort to fill the vacancies.
information about job vacancies
► see thesaurus at job
2 [countable] a room in a hotel or building that is not being used and is available for someone to stay in
Let me see if we have a vacancy for tonight.
‘No vacancies’, the sign read.
3 [uncountable] written lack of interest or thought
His mouth fell open and the look of vacancy returned.
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + VACANCY
a job vacancy
He searched the newspapers regularly for job vacancies.
a suitable vacancy
We will keep your CV on file in case other suitable vacancies arise.
an unfilled vacancy (=a job for which no one has been hired)
The teaching unions estimate there are some 10,000 unfilled vacancies.
a staff vacancy
Other officers are working overtime because of staff vacancies.
VERBS
have a vacancy
We have no vacancies for cleaners at present.
advertise a vacancy
Where did you see the vacancy advertised?
fill a vacancy (=find or be a new person for a job)
We are making every effort to fill the vacancies.
create/leave a vacancy
the vacancy which was created by White’s resignation
there is a vacancy
She asked if there were any vacancies for salespeople.
a vacancy comes up (also a vacancy arises/occurs formal) (=there is a vacancy)
A vacancy has arisen on the committee.

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17
Q

tangible

A

قابل لمس، محسوس، پرماس‌پذیر، لمس‌کردنی
- An apple is tangible but justice is not.
- سیب قابل‌لمس است؛ ولی عدالت قابل‌لمس نیست.
- tangible assets
- دارایی‌های مشهود (تنمند)
- The change in her behavior was tangible.
- تغییر رفتار او بارز بود.
- I have never been in a community where happiness was so tangible.
- هرگز در جامعه‌ای نبوده‌ام که شادی آن چنین محسوس باشد.
1 clear enough or definite enough to be easily seen or noticed OPP intangible
The scheme must have tangible benefits for the unemployed.
tangible evidence/proof
He has no tangible evidence of John’s guilt.
2 → tangible assets/property
3 technical if something is tangible, you can touch or feel it
The silence of the countryside was almost tangible.
—tangibly adverb
—tangibility /ˌtændʒəˈbɪləti/ noun [uncountable]
Examples from the Corpus
tangible
• The silence as she lifts the lid is almost tangible.
• What sticks in the brain, and occasionally the heart, is something much less tangible.
• Macca converted this and the relief was tangible.
• There is no tangible evidence of dishonesty among the company’s directors.
• Defense, education and tax cuts are tangible issues for Bush officials that they link to popular campaign promises.
• tangible personal property
• Most of its business is solving problems rather than manufacturing tangible products.
• Groups seem to be most successful when undertaking tangible projects, as Black Mountain was when building its second campus.
• The discussions produced no tangible results.
• Finally, it also is tangible satisfaction when I get around to using it because I remember the work put into it.
• The passion of the writing was so tangible she almost cried.

tangible evidence/proof
• It was realised that our first aim should be to secure more tangible evidence and, if possible, further witnesses.
• Of course not; they are the tangible evidence of a Government’s full commitment to one of the country’s major industries.
• It represented tangible proof of her achievements after years of struggle in a male-dominated profession.
• In trying to conceal his negligence the projectionist had provided me with tangible evidence of the grand illusion.
• The institution also provided patients with tangible evidence that society feared the disease.
• Company patronage is tangible evidence that the companies are committed to high standards of professional management.
• In the absence of more tangible evidence, the argument regarding possible harmful effects on children can be ignored.
almost tangible
• The atmosphere of neglect and abandonment was almost tangible.
• The silence as she lifts the lid is almost tangible.
• The silence closed in around her and her loneliness was almost tangible.
• By the early 1970s there was an almost tangible atmosphere of guilt by association.
• Their approval was so strong it was almost tangible, filling the big cluttered studio with sound.
• This, the second largest city in Bavaria, is an unusual mix of ancient architecture and almost tangible joie-de-vivre.
• The words would hang in the air; they were almost tangible on the day after a row.
From Longman Business Dictionary
tan‧gi‧ble /ˈtændʒəbəl/ adjective
1tangible results, proof, benefits etc can clearly be seen to exist or to have happened
New revenue streams, particularly from e-commerce opportunities are creating tangible benefits for the core business.
There is little tangible evidence that there will be an economic recovery.
—tangibly adverb
Can centers of excellence tangibly improve productivity and quality?
2able to be touched and felt
Gold is a tangible commodity that investors can turn to in times of financial instability.
Origin tangible (1500-1600) Late Latin tangibilis, from Latin tangere “to touch”

18
Q

nominal

A

اسمی
(Noun) (Adjective) اسمی، صوری، جزئی، کم‌قیمت
- nominal lists of priests
- فهرست نام کشیشان
- a nominal leader
- رهبر ظاهری
- a nominal Christian
- مسیحی اسمی
- a nominal fee
- مبلغ ناچیز
1 → nominal sum/charge/fee etc
2 officially described as being something, when this is not really true
the nominal head of the rebellion
Their conversion to Christianity was only nominal.
3 → nominal value/rate/income etc
4 technical relating to nouns or used as a noun
the nominal use of the present participle
Examples from the Corpus
nominal
• Tickets for the concert are a nominal $3 for students.
• Consequently, a nominal 60-year loan would in practice be made up of many short-, medium-, and long-term loans.
• The daughter had all the brains and did all the accounts – the son was just the nominal boss of the business.
• It started in Fat Harry’s, long after the nominal closing time, across a table littered with empty glasses.
• A nominal diameter may also be derived from the volume of the pebble.
• Oil prices in nominal dollar terms are expected to stay flat, at best, between now and the year 2000.
• We are allowed to use the tennis courts for a nominal fee.
• On paper we have a nominal fund of £2.3m covering our 8000 patients.
• It’s fairly clear that he is only the nominal head of the local party – in fact he’s got no authority at all.
• The Zener voltage should be chosen so that it is approximately 1V less than the nominal on-load battery voltage.
• Soon you and I are going to be nominal proprietors of a rather sophisticated installation.
• The mean underwriting fee was 1.4 percent of the issue’s nominal value.
nominal head
• For these reasons, if none other, the Lord Chancellor, is more than a nominal head of the judiciary.
• Nevertheless other generals - Sanjurjo, the nominal head of the rebellion.
From Longman Business Dictionary
nom‧i‧nal /ˈnɒmənəlˈnɑː-/ adjective
1nominal head/leader etc someone who has the title of head, leader etc but does not have the normal responsibilities, powers etc of that job
Although he remained the nominal head of the campaign, his deputy took over responsibility for it.
2a nominal sum of money is very small, compared to the usual amount that would be paid or charged for something
He charges a nominal amount for his software, enough to cover expenses.
3 a nominal figure, level etc is not the real one because something such as inflation has not been taken into account
While the Fed can peg the nominal federal funds rate, it cannot control the real rate (i.e. the nominal rate minus the rate of inflation).
Origin nominal (1400-1500) Latin nominalis, from nomen “name”

19
Q

supplemental

A

اضافی، متمم، مکمل، تکمیلی

20
Q

compensation

A

جبران، تلافی، پاداش، غرامت، تاوان
(Noun) جبران کردن، خنثی کردن
- If you are killed, your family can get compensation.
- اگر کشته شوی بازماندگانت خسارت خواهند گرفت.
- He expected fair compensation for his services.
- او انتظار داشت که در مقابل خدماتش پاداشی منصفانه به او داده شود.
- (workman’s) compensation
- کمک‌هزینه‌ی جبران بیکاری (کارگران)، بیمه بیکاری کارگران
- compensation intensity
- شدت جبران، شدت همبستگی
1 [uncountable] money paid to someone because they have suffered injury or loss, or because something they own has been damaged
compensation for
compensation for injuries at work
compensation from
She received compensation from the government for the damage caused to her property.
in compensation
The jury awarded Tyler $1.7 million in compensation.
as compensation
The workers were given 30 days’ pay as compensation.
People who are wrongly arrested may be paid compensation.
demand/seek/claim compensation
The parents are seeking compensation for birth defects caused by the drug.
award/grant compensation
The court awarded Jamieson £30,000 compensation.
2 [countable, uncountable] something that makes a bad situation better
One of the few compensations of losing my job was seeing more of my family.
by way of compensation (=in order to make a situation better)
By way of compensation he offered to take her out for a meal.
3 [countable, uncountable] when someone behaves in a particular way in order to replace something that is missing or to balance the bad effects of something
compensation for
Linda’s aggressiveness is just a compensation for her feelings of insecurity.
as compensation (for something)
Lip-reading can act as compensation for loss of hearing.
4 [uncountable] American English the money someone is paid for doing their job SYN remuneration
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
pay somebody compensation
Passengers will be paid compensation if their baggage is lost or damaged.
receive compensation
Some people have received compensation from the government for the loss of their homes.
be awarded compensation (=be given it)
Many victims have been awarded compensation by the courts.
claim compensation (=ask for it because you have a right to it)
You can claim compensation for unfair dismissal from your job.
seek compensation (=try to get it)
Survivors of the rail disaster are seeking compensation.
demand compensation (=ask for it in an angry way)
Political prisoners are demanding financial compensation.
fight for compensation (=try hard to get it)
Alan, who hurt his back and hasn’t worked since, is still fighting for compensation.
offer compensation
The health authority offered compensation to the families.
ADJECTIVES
financial compensation
You may wish to claim financial compensation.
full compensation (=fully covering the loss, damage etc)
Full compensation is only paid very rarely.
partial compensation (=partly covering your loss, damage etc)
The woman received partial compensation of £5,000.
COMPENSATION + NOUN
a compensation claim
He was seeking legal advice on a compensation claim.
a compensation payment
UK farmers may be in line for compensation payments.
a compensation scheme (=system for providing compensation)
There is a compensation scheme for radiation-linked diseases.

21
Q

remuneration

A

formal the pay you give someone for something they have done for you
high rates of remuneration
—remunerate /rɪˈmjuːnəreɪt/ verb [transitive]
Examples from the Corpus
remuneration
• Four-fifths of chief executives favoured legislation requiring companies to have a remuneration committee dominated by outsiders.
• Petitions to the Admiralty for remuneration for his discovery brought nothing.
• Accordingly, in future the limit will rise with increase in the hourly remuneration rates, which should ease the position.
• Although many officials and newspapers proposed that they be paid a modest salary, only the chief headmen received official remuneration.
• Systems of formal warnings to control absence also seem to be less effective than the terms of the remuneration scheme.
• Third, the remuneration system became performance-related.
From Longman Business Dictionary
re‧mu‧ne‧ra‧tion /rɪˌmjuːnəˈreɪʃən/ noun [countable, uncountable] formal
payment for work, especially in the form of a salary and additional benefits such as a car
Trainees often did hard, boring work for little remuneration.
We are offering an attractiveremuneration package including a company car and other benefits.

22
Q

deductible

A

کسرپذیر، مالیات‌پذیر
- deductible expenses
- هزینه‌های بخشوده
- deductible coverage
- مورد بیمه‌ی کاهشی (یا کسر کردنی)
de‧duct‧i‧ble1 /dɪˈdʌktəbəl/ noun American English
1[countable usually plural] a payment that is taken away from an employee’s pay for a particular purpose before they receive it
Rather than increase premiums for those that choose the medical plan, they will be increasing employees’ deductibles.
2[countable] an amount that an insured person has to pay each time they make a claimSYNexcess BrE
You can get insurance for your pet for a premium of $97.50 a year, with a $50 deductible.
deductible2 adjective
if an amount of money is deductible, you can take it away from the amount you have earned before you calculate how much tax you will have to pay
Only 80% of dining and entertainment costs are deductible as a business expense.

23
Q

endowment

A

عطا، موهبت
- Our university received a large endowment.
- دانشگاه ما اعانه بزرگی را دریافت کرد.
- this hospital’s endowments
- موقوفات این بیمارستان
- She also had a generous endowment of intelligence.
- او همچنین از هوش سرشاری برخوردار بود.
- Not everyone is blessed with such endowments as she is.
- همه کس استعدادهای او را ندارد.
en‧dow‧ment /ɪnˈdaʊmənt/ noun
1 [countable, uncountable] a sum of money given to a college, hospital etc to provide it with an income, or the act of giving this money
2 [countable] a natural quality or ability that someone has
Examples from the Corpus
endowment
• He left money for the poor and the sick, and an endowment of £20 a year for Bridgnorth School.
• A Taking out an endowment on a joint mortgage can be done in one of two ways.
• In particular, we will relate the share of intraindustry trade to cross-country differences in relative factor endowments and relative country size.
• This will presumably happen if countries are sufficiently similar in relative factor endowments and if economies of scale are sufficiently important.
• In between these extremes the intraindustry share is increasing in similarity of relative factor endowments, and it depends on country size.
• The state of California includes among its natural endowments an unusual variety of valuable marine mammals.
• the island’s natural endowments of white sandy beaches and clean water
• It came with no endowment to meet the cost of conversion.
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so upset and worried that you cannot think clearly
24
Q

installment

A

قسط، بخش
- the payment of monthly installments
- پرداخت اقساط ماهانه
- by installment
- به‌طور قسطی
- a loan installment
- قسط وام
- an installment show
- نمایش سریالی
- The next installment of the story will be published next week.
- بخش دیگر داستان هفته‌ی آینده منتشر خواهد شد.
in‧stal‧ment (also installment American English) /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt $ ɪnˈstɒːl-/ noun [countable]
1 one of a series of regular payments that you make until you have paid all the money you owe
the second instalment of a loan
They’re letting me pay for the washing machine by monthly instalments.
2 one of the parts of a story that appears as a series of parts, especially in a magazine, newspaper etc
the first instalment of a science fiction trilogy
Examples from the Corpus
instalment
• Charge payers are therefore given at least two opportunities to pay their community charge instalment.
• As opposed to writing: Dickens, of course, completed the last double instalment of Martin Chuzzlewit in the middle of June 1844.
• You can pay me in instalments if you can’t afford to give me all the money back in one go.
• Tight-fisted Lloyds spotted she had slipped into the red when it came to pay her £41.62 mortgage instalment.
• After a bottle of wine, Flora talked about her second divorce, continuing the next instalment of the afternoon serial.
• However, the United States did agree to using the next instalment as security for an 800,000 peso loan.
• Payment: The value of a regular instalment.
• It is, however, necessary to hand over a receipt for the last rental instalment in respect of the assignment of leasehold property.
• We are proud to present the second instalment of our fantastic six-part competition to win a Renault Clio.
• Higher credit: The Finance Houses Association has warned that instalment credit will cost more following the rise in base rates.
• Dickens wrote his novels in weekly instalments for a magazine.
From Longman Business Dictionary
in‧stal‧ment /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt-ˈstɒːl-/ British English, installment American English noun [countable]
one of a series of regular payments that are made until all of an agreed amount has been paid
Some customers prefer to pay by instalments.
This would be the first installment of the $645 million in aid pledged to the region.

25
Q

outsource

A

if a company, organization etc outsources its work, it employs another company to do itSYNSUBCONTRACT
As more companies outsource design skills and expertise, the sector is likely to expand.
It is highly desirable to outsource a portion of our production needs.

26
Q

payout

A

پرداخت، پخش پول (یا سود سهام و غیره)
(Noun) مبلغ پرداختی، سود سهام (و غیره)
pay‧out /ˈpeɪ-aʊt/ noun [countable]
a large payment of money to someone, for example from an insurance claim or from winning a competition
There should be a big payout on this month’s lottery.
Some of the victims have been offered massive cash payouts.
Examples from the Corpus
payout
• Littlewoods expect the alterations will help them to make big payouts of as much as £2 million on a more regular basis.
• Unit costs were down and cash flow up, providing a steady increase in the gainsharing payout to employees.
• Cowboys received $ 8 million in payouts in sanctioned rodeos in 1995, but many still claim to have trouble covering expenses.
• A turnover of £1.5 billion a year would produce a weekly prize payout of £14 million with one top prize.
• Most firms appear to have a target payout ratio of dividends to long-run reported earnings.
• But the bigger the risk, the bigger the payout.
• A final dividend of 3p increases the total payout by 1p to 4.15p.
cash payouts
• But according to Money Management’s annual survey of with-profits policies, actual cash payouts after that time averaged only £1,173 in 1992.
• The policies they sell offer cash payouts in the event of injuries, disability or death sustained in a road crash.
• Heritage Secretary Peter Brooke is also said to be planning a number of smaller cash payouts to keep punters’ attention.

27
Q

wage garnishment

A

تزئین، آرایش، تأمین خواسته، حکم تأمین مدعابه، احضار شخص ثالث، حکم توقیف

28
Q

staff turnover

A

برگشت، حجم معاملات، تغییر و تبدیل

  • a turnover collar
  • یقه‌ی برگردان
29
Q

deductions

A

کسر، وضع، نتیجه‌گیری، دریافت (مفهوم)، پی بردن از کل به جزئی از علت به معلول، قیاس

  • the deduction of taxes from gross earnings
  • کسر مالیات از درآمد ناخالص
  • The total of your deductions must be subtracted from the sum of your taxable income.
  • جمع مبلغ بخشودگی‌های شما باید از کل درآمد مشمول مالیات شما کم شود.
  • If the battery is dead, the light will not come on; this is a deduction.
  • این یک استدلال قیاسی است: اگر باطری خالی شده باشد، چراغ روشن نخواهد شد.
  • After examining the background, my deduction is that there should not be any dealings with them.
  • پس از بررسی سوابق، برداشت من این است که با آنها نباید معامله کرد.
  • deductive reasoning
  • استدلال قیاسی
30
Q

part-time

A

پاره‌وقت، نیمه‌وقت
- a part-time employee
- کارمند پاره‌وقت
Related topics: Conditions of employment
ˌpart-ˈtime ●●○ adjective [only before noun]
someone who has a part-time job works for only part of each day or week
a part-time job
women wishing to return to work on a part-time basis
—part-time adverb
She wants to work part-time after she’s had the baby.
—part-timer noun [countable]
→ full-time(1)
Examples from the Corpus
part-time
• Similar one-day workshops for new part-time academic staff were piloted in June.
• Early in the setup of the Northwest Respirator Center he hired Dunning to work as his part-time associate director.
• Of course, integrated programmes are less suitable for part-time attendees and those who want to do parts of a modular programme.
• She’s a part-time bartender.
• Students on the part-time course will work from home, visiting Middlesbrough only for the final examination.
• The willingness of part-time farmers to go on training courses demonstrates their determination to make the most of their farms.
• He had taken a part-time job selling a line of cosmetics the manufacturer had labeled as all-natural products.
on a part-time basis
• After a period of full-time child-care, many women return to paid employment on a part-time basis.
• Many are occupied by women on a part-time basis.
• The packaging department and the despatch department each employ one member of staff working on a part-time basis.
• Upon reaching retirement age Len found that he missed the job so much he came back on a part-time basis.
• They should operate on a part-time basis and attract their own television and sponsorship.
• He succeeds Larry Brook, who continues working with the Foundation on a part-time basis in conjunction with establishing his own consulting firm.
• Some courses are also offered on a part-time basis over 24-36 months.
• They established a bakery that eventually employed several hundred village girls on a part-time basis while they finished school.
work part-time
• Or that men are looking to work part-time.
• The interviewers who work for market research companies are usually women who wish to work part-time.
• This was most obviously the case for Angela, who was working part-time, and for Jennifer, who was self-employed.
• Newman, who worked part-time as a Cheltenham school crossing guard and park ranger, has no prior record.
• Part-time work Women are far more likely than men to work part-time, as table 4.2 shows.
• I am working part-time, but my maternity leave begins next month.
• In a major federal survey, one-third of the men and women interviewed said they would work part-time if possible.
• Henry now works part-time with a firm he had formerly hired as consultants.
From Longman Business Dictionary
ˌpart-ˈtime adjective
someone who has a part-time job only works for part of the week
The forestry projects will generate part-time and seasonal employment.
He provides scientific expertise on a part-time basis.
→ compare flexitime, full-time
—part-time adverb
31% of womenwork part-time.

31
Q

specialization

A

ویژه‌گری، ویژه‌کاری
(Noun) تخصص
spe‧cial‧i‧za‧tion (also specialisation British English) /ˌspeʃəlaɪˈzeɪʃən $ -lə-/ noun [countable, uncountable]
1 an activity or subject that you know a lot about
2 the practice of limiting your interests or activities to one particular subject
industrial specialization
Examples from the Corpus
specialization
• Every social class except women was to be ranked on a hierarchical scale of importance and specialization of function.
• He instructs his readers and listeners about the evil specialization of each cluster of demons.
• Despite the definitional problems, some would argue that some form of specialization is an inevitable feature of organizational development.
• In the quality press, first, the 1960s saw a great growth of specialization within public affairs journalism.
• Libraries in the university sector usually have large professional staff complements which permit library management on a subject specialization basis.
• Thus, specialization is determined by whoever has the lower opportunity cost.
• There will be about 15 management heads along product lines, with specialization on a regional basis, depending on demand.

32
Q

full-time

A

تمام‌وقت

  • a full-time employee
  • کارمند تمام‌وقت
33
Q

contract

A

Related topics: Business basics, Crime
con‧tract1 /ˈkɒntrækt $ ˈkɑːn-/ ●●● S1 W1 AWL noun [countable]
1 an official agreement between two or more people, stating what each will do → contractual
contract with/between
Tyler has agreed a seven-year contract with a Hollywood studio.
contract to do something
a three-year contract to provide pay telephones at local restaurants
on a contract/under contract
The firm operates schools under contract to state education authorities.
Employees who refuse to relocate are in breach of contract (=have done something not allowed by their contracts).
2 → subject to contract
3 informal an agreement to kill a person for money
They put a contract out on him and he’s in hiding.
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have a contract
The company had a contract to build a new hotel there.
sign a contract
He signed a contract to become vice president of the football club.
enter (into) a contract
You will enter a two-year training contract with your chosen employer.
agree to a contract (also agree a contract British English)
Keane was reported to have agreed a contract for a further three years.
make a contract
Did he know this when he made the contract?
negotiate a contract (=agree the conditions of a contract with someone)
Your lawyer will assist you in negotiating a contract.
break a contract (=do something that your contract does not allow)
She broke her contract and left the job after only six months.
fulfil/honour a contract (=do what you have agreed to do)
If you have signed a contract, you have to fulfil it.
draw up a contract (=write one)
The two sides drew up a contract.
win/get a contract
They won a contract to supply 37 passenger trains to Regional Railways.
give somebody a contract
He was given a new two-year contract in March.
award a company a contract (=give them a contract)
The state of Kentucky has awarded the firm a $10m contract.
cancel/end/terminate a contract
The buyer has three days in which to cancel the contract.
renew somebody’s contract (=give someone another contract when their old one ends)
I hope they will renew my contract at the end of the year.
ADJECTIVES
a one-year/two-year etc contract
He signed a five-year contract worth $2 million.
a recording/building etc contract
The band was soon offered a recording contract with Columbia Records.
a written contract
All employees should have a written contract.
PHRASES
a contract of employment (also an employment contract)
Make sure you fully understand your contract of employment.
the terms of a contract (=the conditions that are part of the contract)
He explained the terms of the contract.
breach of contract (=an action that your contract does not allow)
They are suing the building company for breach of contract.
be in breach of contract (=have done something that your contract does not allow)

34
Q

permanent

A

پایدار، ابدی، ثابت، دائمی، ماندنی، سیر دائمی

  • She decided to stay in Shiraz permanently.
  • او تصمیم گرفت که در شیراز ماندگار شود.
  • the permanent love of God for mankind
  • علاقه‌ی جاویدان خداوند نسبت به انسان‌ها
  • a permanent resident of the United States
  • مقیم دائم در ایالات متحده
35
Q

maternity leave

A

time that a mother is allowed to spend away from work when she has a baby → paternity leave
on maternity leave
Karen will be on maternity leave next month.
Examples from the Corpus
maternity leave
• She is a clinical lecturer, University of Oxford and back at full time work as Consultant Dermatologist after maternity leave.
• Rarely have they bargained aggressively for benefits such as maternity leave or more help with child care.
• The University has a generous maternity leave scheme, which goes well beyond the statutory provisions.
• The University has a generous maternity leave scheme.
• I am working part-time, but my maternity leave begins next month.
• In addition, co-anchor Katie Couric is currently on maternity leave.
• Women with less than one year’s service are eligible to apply for unpaid maternity leave.
• The 42-clause Bill gives pregnant workers the right to a minimum of 14 weeks’ maternity leave.
on maternity leave
• In addition, co-anchor Katie Couric is currently on maternity leave.
• Britain also objected to the new directive on maternity leave.
• Mrs. Deming is on maternity leave.
• She was then shown a picture taken at the farewell party at Champion Spark Plugs just before Paula went on maternity leave.

36
Q

interview

A

1 Image of interview[countable, uncountable] a formal meeting at which someone is asked questions in order to find out whether they are suitable for a job, course of study etc
interview for
an interview for a job on the ‘Los Angeles Times’
a portfolio of work presented at interview
2 [countable] an occasion when a famous person is asked questions about their life, experiences, or opinions for a newspaper, magazine, television programme etc
interview with
an interview with the president
newspaper/radio/television interview
Elton John gave an interview to Barbara Walters (=he answered her questions).
an exclusive interview (=one that is given to only one newspaper, programme etc)
3 [countable] an official meeting with someone who asks you questions
a police interview
COLLOCATIONS
VERBS
have an interview
She has an interview next week for a teaching job in Paris.
go for an interview (also attend an interview formal)
I went for an interview at a software company yesterday.
get an interview
He was one of only five people to get an interview out of more than 100 people who applied.
be called/invited for (an) interview
Applicants who are called for interview may be asked to have a medical exam.
do an interview (also conduct an interview formal)
The interview was conducted in French.
give somebody an interview (=interview someone)
We gave her an interview, but decided not to offer her the job.
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + INTERVIEW
a job interview
Try to predict the questions you might get in your job interview.
an informal/formal interview
Applicants will normally have an informal interview with the manager.
One out of every six candidates reached the formal interview.
the first interview (also the preliminary interview formal)
He felt the first interview had gone well.
a second/follow-up interview (=a more detailed interview after you have been successful in a previous interview)
She was asked back for a second interview.
a mock interview (=one that you do for practice, rather than a real interview)
Mock interviews are one way in which students can improve their job-seeking skills.
a face-to-face interview (=in which people meet in person)
I had to do a face-to-face interview followed by an entry test.
a telephone interview
The first stage is a telephone interview.
INTERVIEW + NOUN
interview technique
The book gives some useful advice on interview technique.
an interview question
Some of the interview questions were quite difficult to answer.
the interview panel (=the group of people interviewing someone)
The interview panel were very impressed with her enthusiasm.
THESAURUS
interview a meeting in which someone is asked questions, to find out if they are suitable for a job, or to help the police find out about a crime. Also used about someone being asked questions on TV, in a newspaper, in a magazine etc
I’ve got another job interview tomorrow.
Since the police interview, she had changed her statement.
an interview with Keith Richards
interrogation an occasion when someone is asked a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats, usually by the police or the army
He claims he was tortured during his interrogation.
Police interrogation methods have been questioned.
cross-examination an occasion when someone is asked questions about what they have just said, in order to see if they are telling the truth, especially in a court of law
Under cross-examination, the only witness said she could not be sure about what she saw.
consultation a meeting with a doctor or an expert to discuss treatment or to get advice
The therapist charges $100 for a half hour consultation.
Would you like to come back for another consultation?
audience a formal meeting with a very important person
He was granted an audience with the Pope.

37
Q

seasonal

A

فصلی

  • seasonal rains
  • باران‌های موسمی
38
Q

skilled worker

A

skilled ˌworker [countable]
a worker who does work that involves special skills that they have gained through training
skilled workers such as plumbers and electricians

39
Q

craftsman

A

هنرمند، نویسنده، هنرپیشه، صنعت‌گر
- Shah Abbas brought many artists and craftsmen to Esfahan.
- شاه‌عباس هنرمندان و صنعتگران زیادی را به اصفهان آورد.
- Ferdowsi’s craftsmanship
- چیره‌دستی فردوسی
someone who is very skilled at a particular craft
Examples from the Corpus
craftsman
• Why commission a craftsman to labour for weeks on a design of guitar that was specifically intended for mass production?
• And like all craftsmen, they were not always taken seriously by the intellectually fashionable people of their times.
• There was much use of natural materials, and craftsmen expected like medieval masons to be given general rather than highly specific directions.
• Magazines of the day published architectural plans for craftsman bungalows that were affordable to working-class as well as middle-class families.
• The disproportionate population of samurai attracted vast numbers of retailers, craftsmen and servants to service the large and wealthy consumer market.
• However, the similarity between these motifs is sufficiently close to suggest the work of the same craftsman.
• The original designs were made by highly skilled craftsmen.
• First of all, it implies an apprenticeship period in which the craftsman learns control so that he can later abandon it.
• They were craftsmen, albeit craftsmen of a very high level.
From Longman Business Dictionary
crafts‧man /ˈkrɑːftsmənˈkræfts-/ noun (plural craftsmen /-mən/) [countable]
a skilled male worker in a job that involves making things with your hands
Each drawer is individually finished by craftsmen to bring out the full beauty of the wood.

40
Q

training

A

پرورش، تربیت، ورزش، مشق، تعلیم، کارآموزی

  • driver training
  • آموزش رانندگی
  • the training of new nurses
  • تربیت پرستاران جدید
41
Q

morale

A

دلگرمی، روحیه، روحیه جنگجویان، روحیه افراد مردم

  • The soldiers’ morale was low.
  • روحیه‌ی سربازان بد بود.
  • Their morale is high.
  • روحیه‌ی آن‌ها خوب است.
  • The arrival of help boosted their morale.
  • رسیدن کمک، روحیه‌ی آن‌ها را قوی کرد.
  • to keep up one’s morale
  • روحیه‌ی خود را حفظ کردن